1. Guided by :- Submitted By :-
Dr. Aulak sir Dr.Laximan Sawant
(L-2011-V-91-M)

2.  It is an acute to chronic disease characterized
by pustular skin lesions , multiple abscess
, necrosis in respiratory tract , pneumonia and
sepsis .

3. • It is called “glanders” when the principal
lesions are seen in the nostrils, submaxillary
glands and lungs &
• It is called “farcy” when lesions are on the
surface of limbs or body.

4.  Horse , donkey , mules are principle
animals affected by disease
 Sheep , goats , dogs and cats become
infected only if they come in contact
with infected animals or if they eat their
meat .
 Cattle and pigs are immune
 Man is also susceptible for glanders

5. Etiology :-
 Burkholderia mallei
 Gram negative bacillus
 Non motile
 Non sporulating rod
 Also known as Pseudomonas
mallei, Malleomyces mallei and
Actinomyces mallei.
 predominatantly exists in infected hosts but
may remain viable for several months in
warm moist environments.

7.  3rdCentury BC
› Described by Aristotle
 1664: Contagious nature recognized
 1830: Zoonotic nature suspected
 1891: Mallein test developed
 1900: Control programs implemented

8. History
 World War I
 Suspected use as biological
agent to infect Russian horses
& mules
○ Affected troops and supply convoys
 Large number of human cases
Were repoted in Russia
during and after WWI

9. History
 World War II
 Japanese infected horses, civilians
and Prisoners of wars ’s
 U.S. and Russia investigated its use as
biological weapon

10. EPIDEMIOLOGY

11. Epidemiology
 Endemic
 Parts of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia
 Sporadic cases
 South and Central America
 Glanders was once widespread throughout the world
but it has been eradicated from many countries by test
and slaughter programs.

12.  Affects solipeds
 Donkeys and mules
 Acute form
 Horses
 Chronic form
 Carnivores, humans and goats
susceptible
 Swine and cattle resistant

13. Transmission: Humans
 Direct contact with infected animals
 Abraded skin
 Mucous membranes
 Inhalation
 Person-to-person (rare)
 Ingestion has never been recorded in
humans

14. Transmission: Animals
 Ingestion: Major route
 Inhalation: Less likely
 Direct contact: Minor route
 Enhanced by shared food and water facilities

15. Who Is At Risk?
 Veterinarians
 Groomers
 Horsemen
 Butchers
 Lab workers

16. Clinical Signs :-
▫ Chronic form in horses
▫ Acute form in donkeys and mules
Classical descriptions of glanders is
distinguish between
1. Nasal
2. Cutaneous and
3. Pulmonary forms

17. NASAL FORM OF GLANDERS:-
 Characterized by unilateral or bilateral nasal
discharge.
 The yellowish-green exudate is highly
infectious.
 The nasal mucosa has nodules and ulcers.
These ulcers may coalesce to form large
ulcerated areas

18. CONT…
 Insome cases the septum may even be
perforated.
 Nasal lesions are accompanied by
enlargement or sometimes rupture and
suppuration, of regional lymph nodes

19. Purulent mucous nasal
discharge in donkey

20. CUTANEOUS FORM OF GLANDERS:-
 Multiplenodules may develop in the skin of the
legs or other parts of the body .
 Thesenodules may rupture, leaving ulcers that
discharge a yellowish exudate to the skin surface
and heal slowly.

21. CONT…
 Cutaneous lymphatic vessels in the region
become involved. They become distended and
firm by being filled with a tenacious, purulent
exudate .(referred to as "Farcy pipes” )

23. PULMONARY FORM OF GLANDERS:-
 lesions in the lungs develop along with nasal
and cutaneous lesions or there may be the sole
manifestation of the disease (typical of latent
cases).
 The lung lesions begin as firm nodules or as a
diffuse pneumonic process.

24. CONT…
 The nodules are gray or white and
firm, surrounded by a hemorrhagic
zone, and may become caseous or
calcified.
 Clinical signs in animals with lung lesions
may range from inapparent infection to mild
dyspnea, or severe coughing

25. • Lesions may also occur in the liver or spleen
and,
• In male animals , glanderous orchitis is a
common lesion

26. Gross Lesions-Necropsy
 Ulcers, nodules, stellate
scars in upper respiratory
 Pneumonia
 Firm rounded miliary nodules
 Swollen lymph nodes
and vessels

27. Granulomatous lesion in An extensive
the lip pyogenic granulomatous
pneumonia in a donkey
of a donkey.

30.  Melioidosis
 Strangles
 Lymphangitis
 Other forms of pneumonia
 Gutter pouch empyema
 Dermatophilosis
 Dermatomycoses

31. Diagnosis: Humans
 Isolation of Burkholderia mallei
 Blood, sputum , urine or skin lesions
 Gram negative bacilli
 Safety pin appearance
 Agglutination tests
 May be positive after 7-10 days
 High background titer in normal sera
makes interpretation difficult

32. Diagnosis: Humans
Complement fixation
– More specific
– Positive if titer is equal to or greater than
1:20
 Chest radiograph- demonstrates
o bilateral bronchopneumonia,
o miliary nodules or
o cavitating lesions.

33. Diagnosis: Animals
o Isolation of Burkholderia mallei
– Blood, sputum , urine or skin lesions
o Mallein test
Intra palpebral or conjunctival injection
Swelling 1-2 days later

34. • Serological tests :-
1. Indirect hemagglutination,
2. Counter-immunoelectrophoresis
3. Immunofluorescence
4. Compliment fixation and
5. ELISA
Compliment fixation and ELISA
– Most reliable in horses
– Cannot be used in donkey or mule

35. Prevention & Control
1. No vaccine is available for animal use
2. Identification and elimination of foci of
infection
i. Surveillance and monitoring of equine herds
especially in endemic areas
ii. Positive animals should be slaughtered immediately &
carcass should be disposed off by incineration or deep
burial
iii. In-contact & exposed animals should be segregated ,
Re- tested to detect and destroy the positives
according to The Glander & Farcy Act XIII, 1899

36. 3. Public education – owners must be educated
about
1. contagious nature of disease ,
2. limitations of treatments
3. sanitary measures to be adopted
4. Disease notification – cases of Glanders
should be reported to monitoring agencies

37. Treatment :-
• Antibiotics may be effective but
treatment is not generally
recommended, as infections can
be spread to humans and other
animals, and treated animals
may become asymptomatic
carriers