China and Mena Forum of young Scholars along the Belt and Road

1. Egypt as a main player in the One Belt and One Road
Initiative (OBORI), Falling the wall of yesterday's with
tomorrow's sustainable vision, Between threats and
opportunities
November 17-18, 2019
MUTUAL LEARNING BETWEEN CIVILIZATIONS:
CHINA AND MENA REGION
Egypt as a main player in the One Belt and One Road Initiative
(OBORI), Falling the wall of yesterday's with tomorrow's
sustainable vision, Between threats and opportunities
Dr. Mohammed Abdelrahman Ghorab
DBA, MBA, M.A, Dipl, Vet. Specialist

2. 1
About the Author:
Mohammed Ghorab is a Professional Certified Trainer and Instructor, Consultant and HR training developer,
Project Manager, Innovative strategic player in planning, Quality and Safety Manager with over than 13 years
of national and international professional experiences. Most recently, Mohammed was an assistant of the
Egyptian Civil Aviation Minister as well as a Human Resources Training Consultant.
There he set the strategic training direction and develops soft and technical skills and prepares HR trainings
for over than 30.000 employees. Mohammed conducted and delivered several training programs,
conferences, workshops and seminars to employees’ in-house (Egypt air 9 holding companies), as well as
external clients within Egypt or abroad in: Germany, USA, Thailand, Austria, Switzerland, France, China.
Prior to this role, Mohammed served at several international organizations as a consultant community
promoter in the Alumniportal-Deutschland one of the German government projects, Comprise the Support of
registered members of the Alumniportal Deutschland and enhance activities, particularly in the field of
professional social networking, promotional activities, through his dedicated work he made Egypt on the top
list country activities. He has also experienced being a university visiting lecturer for both marketing and
management in China, business researcher for online mobile marketing and E-Learning in Germany. His
specialty includes delivering training courses in the area of Quality Management Systems, Safety, OHSHA,
Food Safety, Marketing, Sales, Communication, Organization development, Risk management, HR, Diversity
and sustainability, SWOT Analysis, Management of Change, Innovation entrepreneurship and personal Skills,
as well as many other organizational related topics meeting the training strategies and needs of the
organization. Mohammed outstanding strengths include innovation presentation skills mixed with scientific
backgrounds and international image of global updated business information with motivation and coaching
to all the training team.
Mohammed Ghorab enjoys taking communication roles and team leading. He creates a huge number of
workshops and seminars nationally and internationally, Leading example of his dedicating proactive
competencies to any organizational training, he fully transfers all his knowledge to trainees according to best
practices and latest modern techniques. Mohammed Ghorab has a Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
as well as a Master of Business Administration (MBA) in International Management and Marketing from
Nuertingen, Germany. His undergraduate is a Bachelor of Veterinary Medicine Sciences.

3. 2
Introduction:
In the past few years, the world has been living in a complex and profound changes. At all political, economic
and social levels, the impact of these changes is on the economic side, what he has suffered. Slow recovery of
the world economy, unbalanced development at the regional and international levels, and deliberate
adjustment of international investment, trade and business rules Multilateral investment and trade, different
countries continue to face the difficult development problems of slowing economic growth, the decline of
international exchange rate and the vulnerability of free trade system Due to the impact of international
conflicts on the spirit of regional and international cooperation.
Silk Road revival initiative, or known belt and road, to adapt to the emergence of multi polarization in the
world, economic globalization, cultural diversity and the information society, emphasizing the spirit of
regional cooperation Open, seeking to protect the world free trade system and open world economy. Its
purpose is to promote the free and orderly flow of economic nations, efficient resource allocation and
market integration, and promote the coordination of economic policies along the line of each country.
Wider regional cooperation, at a higher and deeper level, so they work together to establish an open,
restricted, balanced and broad framework for regional economic cooperation. Participation in the
construction of safety belts and roads in line with the fundamental interests of the international community
embodies the common ideals and positive aspirations of human society, thus becoming a positive
exploration. The new model of international cooperation and global governance will add new positive forces
to the world.
The Belt and the Road is a positive endeavor to inject new energy into global peace and development
through new patterns of international cooperation and global governance. Foreign observers tend to see it as
an attempt by China to translate its economic performance into political leverage, while Chinese officials
consider it as an ambitious economic vision of opening to the rest of the world and cooperation.
the Belt and the Road is a strategic driver for China’s long-term development plans, but also for the
development of the other countries involved. Along the length of the Belt and the Road there will be varied
business activities and related supporting services, including engineering services, construction material
exports, transportation and logistics services, equipment exports and capital projects and infrastructure.
As for Egypt, the Belt and the Road will provide a unique opportunity in which it will become a significant
bond linking Chinese and Egyptian economic cooperation. On the one hand, after the New Suez Canal came
into being in 2015 the government has been placing great importance on upgrading the country’s ports,
establishing infrastructure projects and constructing industrial parks that are the main potential activities
that will be created along the length of the Belt and the Road.
On the other hand, China-Egypt economic and trade cooperation can take place close to one of the country’s
largest ports, Ain Sokhna, which is both a meeting point and a junction of the Belt and the Road, with the
Suez Canal Area Development project acting as a gateway to China-Egypt cooperation. China and Egypt have
concluded an agreement that the local currency of both countries can be used in dealings between them,
something that should significantly facilitate commercial relations.

4. 3
Content:
1) Background of Partnership
2) Cooperation principles:
- 4 Components
- Core:
a) Achieve common development through joint consultation and cooperation.
b) Make key breakthrough together with comprehensive cooperation.
c) Realize mutual benefits through advantage complementarities.
d) Observe market rules with government guidance.
3) Cooperation Priorities
a) Infrastructure
b) Industrial Cooperation
c) Energy and Mineral Resources
d) Investment and Trade
e) Finance
f) Cultural Exchanges
g) Other Areas
4) Mechanism
5) Validity
6) Miscellaneous
7) Summary and conclusion

5. 4
Egypt as a main player in the One Belt and One Road Initiative (OBORI), Falling the wall of yesterday's with
tomorrow's sustainable vision, Between threats and opportunities
China and Egypt are both countries with ancient civilizations. Keeping connected by the ancient silk road
through thousands of years, the trade, economy and people-to-people exchanges are promoted, with the
time-honored friendship. Egypt is the first country to establish diplomatic relationship with China in both
Arab region and Africa. In December 2014, when President Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi visited China, China and Egypt
decided to lift the bilateral relationship to be comprehensive strategic partnership. In January 2016, President
Xi Jinping visited Egypt, which has moved the bilateral relationship into the fast lane of development and
accelerated the bilateral practical cooperation.
China has become the No.1 trading partner of Egypt, whilst Egypt is an important economic and trading
partner of China in the West Asia and North Africa. Both sides have conducted effective cooperation in
economy, trade, investment, production cooperation, infrastructure, culture, tourism, etc. The bilateral
relationship is characterized with all-around and high-level cooperation.
It has been proved by the history and practices that, no matter how the international landscape changes and
what difficulties and challenges are faced, the relationship between China and Egypt have braved the winds
and waves, forging ahead. China and Egypt are always partners enjoying mutual-benefits and brothers
sharing weal and woe.
China and Egypt enjoy good political mutual-trust, high industrial-correlation, strong economic
complementarities and great cooperation potential. Egypt is one of the first countries to support Belt and
Road Initiative and has a significant sit under the Belt and Road Initiative as proposed by President Abdel-
Fattah al-Sisi. In January 2016, witnessed by Presidents of two countries, China and Egypt signed the
Memorandum of Understanding on Jointly Promoting Silk Road Economic Belt & 21st Century Maritime Silk
Road between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Arab Republic
of Egypt
Taking Egypt as an important and long-term cooperation partner to jointly build Belt and Road Initiative,
China supports economic recovery plans made by Egyptian government, will align with the development
strategies of Egypt including 2030 Vision and Suez Canal Corridor Development, to promote the practical
cooperation between two countries.
Looking ahead, jointly building Belt and Road Initiative will provide a broader and more energetic
cooperation platform for two countries and establish a more solid foundation for the sustainable and healthy

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development of bilateral relationship. Under the Belt and Road Initiative, both sides will construct a more
intimate development partnership in an equal, mutually beneficial and sustainable way, and support
respective modernization process.
Cooperation Principles
According to the basic cooperation principles relying on the China-Egypt Comprehensive Strategic
Partnership
These principles included,
first, cementing communications such that all the countries concerned engage in comprehensive
communications around economic development strategies. They should also conduct consultations on
preparing and planning regional cooperation and take due legal measures towards achieving regional
economic integration.
Second, they should cement connectivity and establish cross-border transportation networks in order to
secure economic development for countries and exchanges between peoples.
Third, they should facilitate the flow of trade, particularly since the potential trade and investment
capabilities of countries on the Belt and the Road are huge and the population of countries and the volume of
markets of the countries on the Belt and the Road are also very large. In this regard, all concerned parties
should work together to encourage trade and investment, to take due measures to eliminate trade barriers,
and to accelerate the process of regional cooperation in order to attain mutual benefits.
Fourth, they should enhance monetary circulation through the settlement of accounts using national
currencies. Using national currencies in the settlement of current and capital accounts will reduce the cost of
circulation, increase capabilities to deal with financial risks, and raise the international competitiveness of
regional economies. Fifth, they should boost the ties between peoples as these usually play a role in
establishing commercial relations between countries.
In order to accomplish cooperation in the above fields, it is necessary to obtain the support of the peoples of
the countries concerned, boosting mutual understanding and traditional friendships to create a solid popular
and societal base to complete regional cooperation.
China intends to lead the entire process of implementing the Belt and the Road initiative. It will set out the
framework of the cooperation mechanisms. The world trading system is currently witnessing economic
integration on the international level along with an upswing in trends on the regional level. In this
environment, China will rely on existing bilateral and multilateral mechanisms of cooperation in order to push
forward the completion of the Belt and the Road initiative to promote regional cooperation and
development.
It will exert all possible efforts to strengthen the comprehensive development of bilateral relations through
multi-level and multi-channel negotiations and consultations. To push bilateral cooperation ahead, plans,

7. 6
memorandums of understanding, joint working mechanisms and roadmaps are required for the
advancement of the Belt and the Road initiative.
There is no doubt that the Belt and the Road will create an advantage for firms located in the countries
involved, as well as for international firms, through facilitating trade flows within the connected areas
through infrastructure that may enable shortening of lead times and transportation costs between areas of
production and consumption. Most importantly, the movement of goods by rail will be more cost-effective
compared with air transportation, and this will benefit firms that rely on materials from international
markets.
The Belt and the Road initiative is expected to have implications for a wide range of activities in nearly 65
countries in Asia, Europe and Africa, with populations approximating four billion and producing $21 trillion in
GDP.
China has set out both a national and a regional strategy to achieve the Belt and Road initiative
including, inter alia, extending China’s circle of influence in both global economic and political affairs,
exporting excess capacities in certain sectors such as steel, construction, manufacturing and transportation,
finding new investment opportunities for China’s surplus of foreign reserves, developing new horizons that
work as engines for growth such as boosting trade activities and investing in infrastructure, expanding the
internationalization of the Chinese currency, and securing resource supplies.
Core of cooperation principles:
Achieve common development through joint consultation and cooperation.
Adhering to the Silk Road Spirit of peace and cooperation, openness and inclusiveness, mutual learning and
benefit, and the principle of wide consultation, joint construction and shared benefits, the two sides will
respect each other’s core interests and major concerns, seek “the biggest common dominator” for
cooperation, so as to realize the development targets serving respective benefits and increase the welfare of
two peoples along with win-win cooperation.
Make key breakthrough together with comprehensive cooperation.
Both sides will lay emphasis on holistic consideration, active planning and continuously unleash the dividends
of the traditional friendship and political mutual trust. Cooperation in key areas and major projects of
common and long-term interests will be promoted in priority, so as to deliver more visible achievements
under the Belt and Road Initiative and inject new impetus to the all-round and multi-disciplinary exchanges
and cooperation of two countries.
Realize mutual benefits through advantage complementarities.

8. 7
Both sides will take full account of their comparative advantages and development demand, continuously
expand cooperation at higher level and build a community with shared benefits under Belt and Road
Initiative. Based on the development targets and prioritized tasks made by the Egyptian government, Chinese
side will always commit to promoting a comprehensive practical cooperation, assist Egyptian side in
economic transition and development and benefiting from the development and prosperity of China.
Observe market rules with government guidance.
In line with principle of “led by the enterprise, decided by the market, and guided by the government”,
enterprises from both countries will be encouraged to observe market rules and international norms, make
independent decisions, be responsible for profit and loss at own risks. Establish and improve
intergovernmental cooperation mechanism to strengthen overall coordination and policy guidance and
create a favorable cooperation climate for a long-term and sustainable cooperation.
Cooperation Priorities
In the light of the MoU, based on their respective comparative advantages and development needs, China
and Egypt will deepen cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative, especially on infrastructure,
production capacity cooperation, energy resources, explore cooperation on digital economy, green economy,
marine economy, sharing economy, strengthen scientific and people to people exchanges, and financial
support, thus to expand new dimensions of bilateral practical cooperation, enrich China-Egypt
comprehensive strategic partnership, and create a new future of mutually beneficial cooperation.
I．Infrastructure
Egypt owns a maritime and air transport network to Eurasia and Africa, a land transport network linked to
Africa, and the Suez Canal as a shipping lifeline. In recent years, the government of Egypt set infrastructure
construction as a priority to stimulate economic growth. Chinese side is willing to support the Egyptian side in
this regard. The two sides are willing to deepen the infrastructure cooperation by leveraging their respective
advantages.
Following the Egyptian transportation development plans, both sides are willing to promote cooperation on
roads, rail ways, airports, bridges, waterway transport within Egypt, to strengthen Egypt’s overall transport
capacity, drive the development of relevant industries, and contribute new impetus to the economic growth.
Considering the road traffic is the main mode of transport in Egypt, Chinese side encourages domestic
enterprises to participate in the projects proposed in the road construction plan of Egypt, strengthen the

9. 8
exchanges and cooperation on traffic management experience and intelligent transportation management
network system, in a bid to ease traffic congestion in major cities, especially Cairo, and improve road
transport efficiency.
Both sides encourage Chinese enterprises to participate in the inner-city transport network and intercity
traffic improvement plan of Egypt to improve the efficiency and safety of urban transport, including the
planned subway route to ease the Cairo’s traffic pressure, and the rail transit projects connecting Greater
Cairo with its suburbs.
Both sides are willing to cooperate in the implementation of the Railway Improvement Plan of Egypt, support
Chinese enterprises’ engagement in upgrading the Egyptian railway traffic system, including the double line
transformation, separation of passenger and cargo tracks, automation of signal system and joint technical
research on high speed railway.
Chinese side is willing to implement “the China-Africa Regional Aviation Cooperation Plan” in Egypt, support
enterprises to establish the joint ventures, encourage the airlines companies to open more routes and flights
serving the market demand, and further expand the cooperation in fields of airport construction, airplane
financial leasing, civil regional aircraft sales with mature and suitable technology transfer and professional
aviation personnel training. Establishing a civil aviation academy in Egypt will be explored to provide civil
aviation professional personnel for African countries.
Following the Suez Canal Corridor Plan and Inland River Shipping Development Plan, both sides are willing to
encourage Chinese enterprises to take part in the canal dredging and the construction of inland river port,
dry bulk wharf, dry port and shipyards would strengthen cooperation on building and maintenance of large
ships and inland waterway transport vehicles, promote the full line navigation from Aswan to the estuary of
the Nile, enlarge the cargo handling capacity of Alexandria and Port Said, improve the transport efficiency of
import and export cargo, and reduce the pressure on road freight.
Considering the importance of information communication technology for the economic and social
development, in accordance with the memorandum of understanding on information communication
cooperation, both sides are willing to promote mutual beneficial investment and market expansion,
strengthen exchanges of policy, experience and human resources, carry out cooperation on technology
development, application and transfer, and jointly explore the Arab and African markets.

10. 9
Chinese enterprises will be encouraged to participate in the upgrading of the Egyptian communication
network, expand the coverage of broadband, and improve the efficiency and quality of internet.
Chinese side appreciates the efforts of the Egyptian side to cope with challenges rising from the population
growth and accelerating urbanization. China is willing to collaborate with Egypt in housing construction,
shantytown renovation, high-rise and super high-rise buildings, and municipal infrastructure construction like
water supply and drainage, electricity, roads and communication. Exchanges of experience in the
development of new urban district will be promoted.
Realizing the demonstration significance of major projects for the deeper and more practical cooperation,
both sides will take feasible measures, to promote the smooth implementation of projects involving Chinese
enterprises.
II. Industrial Cooperation
Egypt, with relatively good industrial base, desires to accelerate the industrialization process, whilst China
owns an industrial system with a complete range of industries and a high level of technology. Bilateral
production capacity cooperation enjoys good foundation and great potential. The two sides will develop
cooperation models and projects in line with Egypt's national conditions and economic growth demand, in
particular on resource-processing, capital and technology-intensive projects, with a bid to support structural
reform in manufacturing, and enhance Egypt's capacity to earn foreign exchange through export and create
jobs.
In accordance with the memorandum of understanding on strengthening cooperation signed in September
2015, both sides are willing to strengthen communication and cooperation under the framework of China-
Egypt production capacity cooperation mechanism, jointly promote identified major projects, economic and
technological feasibility, and initially confirmed financing, in particular, the priority projects listed by the two
sides. Both sides agree to regularly update the priority projects list based on the progress, jointly explore more
cooperation projects, and strengthen experience and technological exchanges in key industries under the
development plan of Egypt.
Chinese side realizes that the steel industry is one of the pillars of Egyptian industry, and will expand
cooperation with Egypt in steel industrial transformation and construction, renew production facilities and
improve technologies, thus to further fulfill the development demand of architecture building, shipbuilding and
automobile industries.
Both sides are willing to strengthen cooperation on equipment manufacturing industries such as railway,
electricity, shipbuilding, machinery, transportation and architecture building, support the localization of wind

11. 10
energy, solar panel, silicon plate industries in Egypt, to improve the product quality and competitive advantage
effectively.
Both sides are willing to strengthen cooperation on the automobile industry, encourage Chinese enterprises to
assembly and manufacture of spare and accessory parts, establish production lines or joint ventures with
Egyptian side, and produce various cars with new energy vehicles included, carry out joint research, improve
Egyptian independent innovation and production capacity, discuss the possibility to produce high speed trains
in Egypt.
Both sides are willing to enhance mutual beneficial cooperation in the field of military equipment, promote the
smooth implementation of cooperation projects under the China-Egypt Joint Committee on Science and
Technology for National Defense.
Both sides are willing to strengthen cooperation on the peaceful use of atomic energy, including the R&D,
design, construction, operation, and maintenance of the nuclear power station, research reactors, desalination
reactor and accelerator, strengthen the application of nuclear technology in medicine, agriculture, environment
and industry.
Both sides will explore cooperation on nuclear safety and radiation protection, exploration and development of
Uranium, manufacture and processing of nuclear fuel elements, radioactive waste disposal and management,
joint R&D of innovative reactor technology, and human resources development.
Both sides are willing to strengthen cooperation in satellite development, launching, monitoring, data sharing,
and the application of satellites in natural resources exploration, environment monitoring, crop yield estimation
by remote sensing, space science & technology education and training, etc. Chinese side is willing to provide
support for Egyptian capacity building of remote sensing, communication satellites and peaceful use of space.
On May 15,2018, the China National Space Administration （CNSA and Egyptian National Authority of
Remote Sensing and Space Sciences （NARSSS） signed a MOU for the cooperation to establish the
Egyptian Space City between CNSA and NARSSS within the Arab Republic of Egypt at Cairo.
In line with the memorandum of understanding on space information corridor construction under the Belt and
Road Initiative, both sides will implement the program of “Egypt No.2” remote sensing satellite, promote the
establishment of China-Egypt data and operation center on earth observations, finish the assembly integration
testing center for small satellites in Egypt in due time, and constantly promote the cooperation on Beidou
satellite navigation system to achieve progress.

12. 11
With the active implementation of the memorandum of understanding on strengthening digital silk road
construction to promote information connectivity signed in January 2017, both sides will enhance exchanges
and cooperation in technological innovation, smart city, “Internet +”, create friendly climate for practical
cooperation between the enterprises of two countries in digital economy, and jointly accelerate the digitization
process of both sides.
Both sides are willing to cooperate in biomedical industry, support the localization of drugs in Egypt, and
encourage enterprises of two countries to jointly produce vaccine, insulin, biomedical preparations and other
important medical products identified by both sides.
Both sides are willing to enhance cooperation on building materials and new materials, including the joint
establishment of R&D center, promoting joint research, explore the approaches to apply innovative research
output of advanced and new materials.
Both sides are willing to promote cooperation in manufacturing consumer electronics, like household
appliances, encourage Chinese enterprises to establish local manufacturing plants, boost localized production,
improve the consumers’ welfare, and increase local employment in Egypt.
Both sides are willing to strengthen whole chain cooperation in textile industry, including design, R&D，
production, and sales. As a result, joint efforts should be made to transform the outdated textile equipment
to upgrade the automation level and increase the added value of products. Egyptian textile products will be
exported more leveraging the QIZ policy under the tripartite agreement of Egypt, U.S. and Israel.
Both sides will proactively implement the memorandum of understanding signed in May 2016 on
strengthening postal service cooperation, carry out exchanges on laws & regulations, strategic planning,
universal service and network safety. Business cooperation and experience sharing will be encouraged
between enterprises of two countries in e-commerce and postal finance.
Under the working group mechanism on agricultural cooperation, enterprises and research institutes of two
countries will be encouraged to exchange in agricultural technology, soil improvement, crop planting,
livestock breeding, agricultural products &feed processing, agricultural machinery, organic agriculture, food
processing and preservation, modern storage equipment and capability building.

13. 12
Both sides will jointly formulate China-Egypt agricultural investment cooperation planning, promote the
establishment of China-Egypt demonstration base on agricultural technology research, promote the
technology of Egypt’s modern agriculture, maintain a steady growth of agricultural output, so as to improve
Egypt’s long-term crop supply capacity.
Both sides will strengthen experience exchanges in the construction and management of various
development zones (including industrial parks), support and encourage Chinese enterprises to invest in
industrial zones in Egypt, promote the Chinese competitive industries such as textile, steel, fiberglass, to
settle down in Egypt, so as to bring along the development of relevant industries. Under the
intergovernmental coordination committee of Suez Economic and Trade Cooperation Zone, both sides will
exert efforts to develop the Zone and make it into an important platform for bilateral production capacity
cooperation.
Chinese side will encourage domestic enterprises to involve in the construction of Suez economic and trade
cooperation zone, seek investment opportunities manufacturing, express logistics, sea transport, high and
new electronics and electricity, and support Egypt to build the zone into a world economic, trade, and
express logistics center. Egyptian side will, in line with domestic laws, launch investment promotion policies
to attract the investment of Chinese enterprises.
III. Energy and Mineral Resources
In view of Egypt as an important oil & gas producer in Africa, both sides will actively implement the
framework agreements on strengthening oil & gas cooperation signed in 2006, consistently lifting the
cooperation level in crude oil trade.
Emphasizing on the region along Gulf of Suez-Nile Delta-the Mediterranean, Sinai Peninsula and Western
Desert area, both sides will encourage domestic enterprises to carry out cooperation on oil & gas exploitation
and development, refining, natural gas production, processing, transporting, sales and distribution,
equipment manufacturing and marketing, etc. Chinese side will provide technical services in improving
recovery of old oilfields, so as to raise the crude oil & natural gas production of Egypt.
Both sides will tap the potential of traditional energy through technological innovation, enhance cooperation
on the high and new technologies, so as to provide high-level technology, equipment and service to oil & gas
industry. Enterprises of two countries will be encouraged to carry out service business through joint venture
on well drilling, seismic prospecting, manufacturing, marketing, leasing of equipment in oil & gas,
petrochemical industry, etc.

14. 13
Both sides will explore the joint establishment of research center to promote the technical innovation in
engineering service and enhance cooperation in human resources development, training and technological
transfer, etc. China will carry out all-round cooperation with Egypt in shallow and deep water oil & gas field,
support Egypt to continue the oil field exploitation in the Red Sea and the Mediterranean area.
Both sides will encourage enterprises of two countries to promote the development of Egyptian
petrochemical industry and jointly expand the east and north African market, through jointly establishing and
transforming refinery plants, LNG plants, FPSO, FLNG and various petrochemical materials producers in the
form of joint ventures etc., with an aim to raise productivity and efficiency.
Both sides will actively promote enterprises of both countries to participate in the upgrading
&transformation, regeneration, efficiency improvement of the Egyptian state grid, and dual energy
integration power grid, plants, transmission and distribution line, power connectivity with neighboring
countries, etc. to help Egypt gradually improve the installed capacity, bearing capacity of power grid and
services. Various technological exchanges and trainings will be promoted.
Both sides will enhance cooperation on coal power, strengthen experience and technological exchanges in
clean and efficient use of coal, actively promote relative institutions of two countries to carry out joint
researches and enhance exchanges and cooperation in technologies like coal-to-oil, combined cycle power
station, ultra-low emissions of coal power and advanced energy conservation.
Given that Egypt is decreasing the dependence on gas power generation, both sides will expand cooperation
in wind power, solar power, clean coal-fired power generation, pumped storage, combined-cycle power
station transformation, etc. and raise the share of new energy and renewable energy power generation.
Relying on the China-Egypt Joint Laboratory of Renewable Energy, both sides will continue to carry out joint
research, enhance technological exchanges and personnel training, and support capacity building of the
Egyptian side.
In a bid to increase the added value of Egyptian mineral products, both sides will strengthen all-round
cooperation in the exploitation and processing of minerals like phosphate, iron, marble and limestone, the
technological consultation services of beneficiation, exploitation, smelting, tailings’ utilization, environment
governance, etc. and the supply of mining machinery.

15. 14
IV. Investment and Trade
Both side will make a full play of China-Egypt Joint Trade Committee, China-Egypt production capacity
cooperation mechanism, and explore the establishment of the working groups on trade and investment
under the committee, in order to address respective concerns, promote investment facilitation, further
optimize the investment policies and business climate, and take measures to protect the legal rights of
counterpart investing enterprises.
Both sides will promote the process of inspection and quarantine access of Egyptian agricultural products
exported to China including vegetables, fruits, rice, etc., and expand the export of the unconventional
products to China besides crude oil and raw cotton, thus to promote the balanced development of bilateral
trade.
Both sides will properly leverage the China-Egypt trade remedy cooperation mechanism, enhance exchanges
and negotiation, deal with trade fraud and dumping, reduce trade friction, and jointly crack down illegal
practices like the tans-national producing and selling of sham and shoddy commodities, to ensure the quality
of import and export commodities.
Under the agreement of mutual administrative assistance of Customs, both sides will expand cooperation on
information exchange and verification, promote personnel exchanges and capacity training, and carry out
information exchanges centering on the new technology, new measures and new procedures of law
enforcement.
Both sides will promote cooperation on mutual recognition of AEO between two Customs to upgrade the
trade facilitation.
Both sides will take advantage of the positive role of export insurance in investment, strengthen technical
exchanges in the fields of project information sharing and technical exchanges in export credit, innovate
business models and provide safeguard for Chinese enterprises and financial institutions, to seek a
continuous expansion of the Chinese investment to Egypt.
Both sides support enterprises to invest in establishing express logistics infrastructure network, public
information platform and modern supply chain (frozen cargo transport / cold chain transport), to promote
the integrative development of transport logistics. China will support Egypt to develop an international
express logistics belt centering on Big Cairo to further unlock bilateral import and export potential.

16. 15
Both sides will promote the alignment of rules for bilateral transnational e-commerce to promote its
normalized development, jointly carry out trainings, exchanges between enterprises and education
programs, and share practices and innovation experience in e-commerce, to stimulate the development
potential of e-commerce and e-pay in Egypt.
Both sides will promote mutual visits and exchanges between investment and trade delegations of two
countries under the Belt and Road Initiative, strengthen exchanges of unofficial trade and investment
promoting organizations, support the other side to hold expos, enhance mutual understanding on respective
laws and regulations, and share business opportunities of common interests.
V. Finance
The Egyptian side has taken effective measures to promote the internationalization of RMB, including
promoting People’s Bank of China and Central Bank of Egypt to sign bilateral currency swap agreement and
supporting domestic banking institutions to be the overseas participants of CIPS.
Based on the development need of bilateral economic, trade and investment cooperation, both sides will
expand usage of local currencies in trade and investment and explore the possibility of RMB settlement in
cross-border trade and investment. Chinese side will encourage Egyptian banking institutions to open RMB
accounts in China and develop RMB business.
Financial institutions of two countries will be encouraged to make innovations of financing and guarantee
based on market and business, enlarge support channels, and provide financial security for major
cooperation projects through syndicated loan, bank credit, sovereign loan, trade financing, combination of
investment and loans, etc. on the premise of keeping the risks within control.
The Chinese side will support Egypt to undertake major infrastructure projects through various financing
mechanisms like Chinese concessional loans and export credits.
Both sides will deepen exchanges and cooperation between banks of two countries. The Egyptian side
encourages Chinese enterprises and financing institutions to access Egyptian banking and insurance market

17. 16
through equity participation and acquisition, etc. The Chinese side support eligible Egyptian financial
institutions to set up branches, subsidiaries and offices in China.
Both sides will strengthen exchanges and cooperation of capital markets, encourage stock exchanges of two
countries to further deepen cooperation under the signed MoUs, support eligible stock, fund and futures’
operators to carry out services in counterpart capital market through equity participation, acquisition, set-
ups, etc. The Chinese side supports Egypt's eligible institutions and companies to issue panda bonds in China.
The two sides are willing to strengthen cooperation in the field of banking supervision, by pushing forward
the signing of a MoU between the competent authorities of the two countries, and strengthen exchanges in
financial risk prevention, crisis management, supervision of banks and non-bank financial institutions. Both
sides will explore the establishment of an information exchange platform between the China Banking
Association and relevant Egyptian institutions in accordance with relevant laws and supervision regulations.
The two sides are willing to play the role of "China-Arab Countries Interbank Association" and use its special
loan for financial cooperation to support the construction of eligible projects. Continue to make good use of
special loans for supporting the industrialization of the Middle East Region and other preferential loans and
facilitate Chinese enterprises to participate in the development and construction, marketing and operation of
various parks in Egypt, in a bid to promote the Egyptian industrial agglomeration development.
The two sides are willing to take advantage of relevant investment and financing platforms, such as the
China-Africa Development Fund and the China-Africa Production Capacity Cooperation Fund, to promote the
joint implementation of or involvement of two countries' enterprises mutually beneficial infrastructure
projects.
The Chinese side supports Egypt's efforts in introducing Public and Private Partnership (PPP) cooperation in
infrastructure and other public utilities and encourages Chinese companies to participate in new energy
generation, urban and rural water supply and sewage treatment services.
The two sides are willing to strengthen cooperation in mobile payment, meet the needs of domestic
consumers for more convenient and safe payment, and create a new mode in the field of financial
cooperation between China and Egypt.

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VI. Cultural Exchanges
The two sides are willing to rely on the profound heritage of the two ancient civilizations, as of China and
Egypt, and make full use of China-Arab Cooperation Forum and UNESCO to promote personnel exchanges
and form a new upsurge of Sino-Egyptian cultural exchanges.
The two sides wish to strengthen cooperation in the field of education, by exchanging Chinese and Arabic
language teachers, and strengthening exchange of experience in public education. China and Egypt will
implement the Egyptian distance education program involving the upgrade of first and second phase and the
construction of the third phase, in a bid to improve the level of science and technology and information
teaching in schools.
To encourage cooperation between universities and academic institutions in two countries, Chinese side is
willing to provide more scholarships to support outstanding Egyptian science students majored in science to
China for master and doctor degrees’ study, as well as more scholarships while available for Egyptian
students to study Chinese in China. Egyptian side is willing to provide support to the establishment of the
Confucius Institute in Egypt.
The two sides wish to further strengthen cooperation in human resources development, to exchange
experience in controlling excessive population growth, and jointly explore to establish vocational training
school in Suez Economic Zone. Chinese side supports Egypt in the development of vocational education and
advanced job skills training and imparts technical experience and technical support to Egypt in key areas of
Egyptian development plan.
The two sides wish to give full play to the role of the Inter-Governmental Joint Committee on Science and
Technology and actively promote bilateral scientific and technological cooperation, especially in the field of
applied research, Various forms of innovative cooperation include but not limit to carry on joint laboratories,
joint research, advanced and applicable technology demonstration bases, technology transfer and
transformation, academic and technical exchanges, and in areas of mutual interest. Exchanges between
scientific and technological personnel, especially young scientists are strongly encouraged.
The two sides are ready to support the organization of cultural year in each other’s country, support the
holding of art festivals, cultural performances, art exhibitions, cultural relics exhibitions, film festivals, and
play the role of respective cultural centers in displaying long-standing civilization and colorful culture of their
own country.

19. 18
Both sides will strengthen cooperation in the protection of cultural heritage, support cooperation in the
protection and restoration of historical monuments, joint archaeology, together with world heritage
declaration, protection and management. Actively promote the joint archaeological excavation, research and
protection project between the Chinese and Egyptian sides at the Temple of Montu in the north of Karnak.
Both sides commit to taking measures to resist the smuggling of cultural relics and fulfill the obligations
stipulated by UNESCO in the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export
and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, effectively implement the "Agreement between the People's
Republic of China and the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt on the Protection and Restitution of
Stolen Cultural Property by Illicit Trafficking from the Country of Origin" signed in 2010, jointly implement the
aid project of Luxor Opera House.
The two sides wish to strengthen cooperation in the field of press, publication, radio and television,
encourage the joint production and exchange of news, television and film works. Expand the scale of
journalists sent to each other's countries and provide necessary facilitations. Actively promote the translation
of ancient books and records of two countries into each other’s language.
The two sides are willing to further enhance the level of tourism cooperation, support promoting activities in
the other country, encourage airlines of the two countries to increase air routes between China and Egypt,
carry out trainings for tourism practitioners, to further expand the scale of two-way tourism.
The two sides wish to carry out cooperation in the fields of the prevention against infectious diseases and
regional diseases, the response to public health emergencies, the emergency medical rescue, as well as
family planning and traditional medicine, including the production of family planning supplies. Conduct
quarantine cooperation in accordance with international conventions, relevant laws and codes, and
strengthen training, information and experience exchange.
Chinese side is willing to share experience with Egyptian side in developing health-care system and special
efforts for the disadvantaged groups and poor residents, to support Egypt to improve rural health and to
establish a health system, which an early warning system for public health crisis is included.

20. 19
The two sides are willing to encourage exchanges and cooperation in the field of sports and send sports
delegations to participate in international and other sports activities held in the other country. Encourage the
establishment of direct links between associations engaged in individual sport of two countries.
The two sides are ready to strengthen exchanges of experience in rural revitalization, promote the
integration development of urban and rural areas in Egypt. Chinese side supports the development plan of
valley areas and Sinai Peninsula of Egypt.
Both sides are willing to strengthen the exchange of experience in poverty reduction, jointly respond to this
global challenge and promote world inclusive and extensive growth. Chinese side is willing to support Egypt's
economic and social development plan and related projects in the form of development assistance within its
capacity.
Both sides are willing to strengthen exchanges between local governments and encourage more provinces
and cities to establish twinning relations. Both sides should push forward the direct contact between the
ancient cities along the Silk Road and explore cooperation in Silk Road archaeology and documentary filming.
VII. Other Areas
Both sides are willing to actively expand cooperation in energy conservation and energy efficiency
improvement, including energy management, industrial energy conservation and building energy
conservation.
Both sides will strengthen cooperation in waste management and recycling (including solid, agriculture and
hazardous waste), marine environmental protection and integrated coastal zone management, biodiversity
and conservation, ecological agriculture, environmental technology and other areas identified by both sides.
Both sides agreed to carry out technological exchanges and personnel training in sewage treatment and
reuse, and water environment comprehensive treatment, ect.
Both sides are willing to further strengthen cooperation in the field of water resources, including optimized
allocation and comprehensive management of water resources, groundwater management, water-saving
irrigation, drainage, desalination, artificial rainfall, rainwater collection and utilization, and water resources
informatization.

21. 20
Both sides are willing to strengthen cooperation in the field of forestry, especially in the area of
desertification control, and play an active role in regional cooperation in accordance with the forestry
bilateral cooperation agreement signed in 2017. Chinese side is willing to support Egyptians in efforts to
combat desertification, improve soil, plant trees and restore the ecological environment through the
establishment of demonstration centers and technical cooperation.
Both sides are willing to strengthen cooperation in the field of climate change and strengthen exchanges of
experience in advancing the transformation of the energy structure. Chinese side is willing to provide
affordable assistance to continuously improve the capacity of the two countries to cope with climate change.
Both sides are willing to strengthen cooperation in standards, explore the establishment of a long-term
mechanism for cooperation in standardization between China and Egypt, push for the conclusion of a
standard cooperation agreement, speed up mutual recognition of standards of engineering construction,
industry and other fields, and conduct expert exchanges and personnel training in this regard.
Both sides are willing to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the field of intellectual property, give full
play to the important role of intellectual property in promoting economic, social and cultural development,
and provide a sound intellectual property environment for enterprises of the two countries. Both sides will
exchange views on intellectual property issues of common interest and carry out cooperation in policy
communication and system building, intellectual property protection, awareness promotion personnel
training, patent and trademark examination, data information exchange and automatization.
Both sides are willing to play the role of the China-Arab Research Center for Reform and Development as a
platform to promote the exchange of experience on reform, opening-up and governance and provide more
intellectual support for countries development.
Both sides are willing to strengthen cooperation in the management of religious affairs and de-
externalization.
Part Four Mechanism

22. 21
Both sides will use high-level visits, existing inter-governmental cooperation mechanisms, annual meeting of
foreign ministers and vice-ministerial consultation mechanisms, to deepen communication and coordination
on major international and regional issues.
Both sides are willing to establish a high-level consultation mechanism to enhance cooperation in law
enforcement security, fighting drug trafficking and transnational organized crimes. Both sides should
strengthen cooperation on cyber security, jointly guard against and respond to cyber security threats, combat
cyber terrorism and crimes, and carry out cooperation on the security guarantee of key information
infrastructure. Chinese side is willing to provide affordable technical assistance to Egypt.
Both sides will keep consultations on risk assessment and early warning for major investment projects and
make efforts to carry out risk assessment and early warning throughout the whole implementation process of
the project. In accordance with international and domestic laws, both sides will take effective measures to
guarantee the safety and legitimate rights and interests of citizens and enterprises of the other country.
Within the scope of relevant laws and regulations, both sides are willing to offer eligible enterprises of the
other side the access to domestic projects and provide necessary conditions for business operation. The
simplification of granting visa and residence procedures for enterprise employees will also be explored.
Recognizing the importance of the policy coordination, regulating business activities, improved investment
environment, simplified operating conditions, both sides are willing to pay attention to investors’ reasonable
concerns under respective legal frameworks. Both sides will attach great importance to conduct exchanges
on laws, optimize investment protection and preferential tax policies by law, to improve the business
environment and create good conditions for investment and cooperation between two countries.
Both sides will maintain sound communication and consultation, coordinate and resolve major issues rising
from the implementation of the Plan, review and evaluate the implementation of the Plan, and make efforts
to push the smooth development of bilateral cooperation.
The Plan does not constitute an international treaty, hence does not create rights and obligations of
international law. It only expresses the willingness of both sides to jointly carry out bilateral cooperation
under the framework of Belt and Road Initiative.
All activities implemented under the framework of this Plan shall comply with domestic laws and procedures
and must not violate obligation carried by each side under international law.
Conclusion:

23. 22
We should consider the risks and the lost opportunities through understanding what is Business failure that
could happen and how to avoid it to reach the ideal business between Chinese-Egyptian partnership
1- Market appetite and market taste of both Chinese-Egyptian so It needs continues analysis and deep
interaction
2- Failure in some fields doesn`t mean anything than it’s just a step for success, which needs more trial
and errors to reach the best fitting model of bilateral cooperation
3- Don’t build the silk road initiative on one business or one service, it must be covering various fields in
a balanced basket of cooperation to prevent Dutch disease and inflation of prices due to over
importing or over exporting or even over investment in a certain area.
4- Common financial banking cooperation that may facilitate currencies exchange and projects
developments
5- It’s very important to link business theories and business models as well as logistics to the BRI
6- If Chinese investment is hesitated toward high risk, start with online business to establish E-
commerce and big E-business scale with high traffic to the region which link after a while everything
with the online payment and controls this market safely and easily, ex. Using Alipay or WeChat
model
7- Joining the financial institutes and banking system with your online system as a fund of good welling
will give you extra protection and will encourage your market penetration after your merging and
acquisition to the market
8- China must share more about their business culture and psychology including Rituals, Heroes,
Values, Symbols, and practices.
9- Building a human capital for both sides and train them in both sides including soft skills, language,
technical skills.
10- International system with a global standard in bilateral relation and balance it for mutual interests
11- A balance between Chinese investments especially in ports with the increase in demands
12- Media and culture interaction for promotion both businesses and initiate a starting point with a
content (story)
13- China needs to invest more on building success stories in Egypt, also to transfer more art and media
investment so that to attract a smooth bilateral business lobbies joint venture and smooth market
entry.
14- Educational interaction and more students exchange to analysis both sides opportunities
15- The signing of the BRI Plan shall not affect any other cooperation plans between the two countries.
The termination of this Plan does not affect any projects in progress.
In conclusion, the Belt and the Road is a form of win-win cooperation, an interaction depending on mutual
respect and trust, and a connection between civilizations. It is currently the largest single project in the world,
and it will help at least four billion people in the countries involved. Most importantly, it will cement people-
to-people bonds through fostering a friendly and harmonious cultural environment and positive public opinion.

24. 23
References:
1-Constance Anne Pence, China, the Middle East and the Global Economy–Where Might the “Silk Road”
Lead? and Timothy P. Stratford on July 8, 2015.
2- Robert Berke ,New Silk Road Could Change Global Economics Forever, May 21,2015.
3- Robert Berke , Cold War or Competition on the New Silk Road? Part 2,2015.
4-Valerie Hansen,In an era of tolerance, ancient Silk Road routes opened way to rich cultural exchange,
Friday, January 25,2015
5-Valerie Hansen, teaches Chinese history at Yale University. Her most recent book is The Silk Road: A New
History (Oxford University Press,2012 (
6-Valerie Hansen ,The Impact of the Silk Road trade on a local community, The Turfan Oasis,2015.