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“Margin of Safety” as the
 Central Concept of Investment

All experiencedinvestorsrecognizethatthe margin-of-safety concept isessential tothechoice
ofsound bonds andpreferred stocks. Forexample,a railroadshouldhaveearneditstotalfixed
chargesbetterthanfivetimes(beforeincometax),takingaperiod
ofyears,foritsbondstoqualifyasinvestment-grade issues.This pastabilityto earnin excessof
interestrequirementsconstitutesthe marginofsafetythatiscountedontoprotecttheinvestoragainst loss
or discomfiture in the event of some future decline in net income.

Benjamin Graham đã đưa ra 10 tiêu chuẩn để chọn cổ phiếu:

1 - Tỷ số lợi nhuận/thị giá (E/P) cao gấp đôi lãi suất trái phiếu xếp hạng AAA (AAA là hạng mức tín dụng cao nhất dành cho trái
phiếu của các công ty).

2 - P/E của cổ phiếu thấp hơn hoặc bằng 40% so với P/E của toàn thị trường.

3 - Tỷ suất cổ tức/giá của cổ phiếu (dividend yield) lớn hơn 2/3 của lãi suất trái phiếu xếp hạng AAA.

4 - Giá trị vốn hóa của công ty nhỏ hơn 2/3 giá trị sổ sách của tài sản hữu hình.

5 - Giá trị vốn hóa của công ty nhỏ hơn 2/3 giá trị tài sản lưu động ròng.

6 - Tỷ số nợ/vốn chủ sở hữu theo giá trị sổ sách nhỏ hơn 1.

7 - Tài sản ngắn hạn lớn hơn nợ ngắn hạn ít nhất 2 lần.

8 - Toàn bộ nợ nhỏ hơn 2 lần giá trị tài sản lưu động ròng.

9 - Tỷ suất lợi nhuận trên cổ phiếu (EPS) tăng trưởng 7%/năm trở lên trong vòng 10 năm qua.

10 - Công ty có sự tăng trưởng lợi nhuận hàng năm ít nhất 7 lần trong vòng 10 năm qua.


(chưa dịch kịp, dịch sau)
Themargin-of-safety              ideabecomes             muchmoreevident              when
weapplyittothefieldofundervaluedorbargainsecurities.We
havehere,bydefinition,afavorabledifferencebetweenpriceon          theonehandandindicatedor
appraisedvalueontheother.That difference isthesafety margin. Itisavailable forabsorbing the
effectof                  miscalculationsor               worsethanaverageluck.Thebuyerof
bargainissuesplacesparticularemphasisontheabilityof           the              investmentto
withstandadversedevelopments.

 TheoryofDiversification
    There      isaclose    logical   connection     between     the      concept    of          a
 safetymarginandtheprincipleofdiversification.                                     Oneiscorrela-
 tivewiththeother.Evenwithamarginintheinvestor’sfavor,an          individualsecuritymayworkout
 badly.For the marginguarantees onlythathehasabetterchanceforprofitthanforloss—notthat lossis
 impossible.Butasthenumberofsuchcommitmentsis                      increasedthemorecertaindoesit
 becomethattheaggregateofthe           profitswillexceedtheaggregateofthelosses.Thatisthesimple
 basisoftheinsurance-underwritingbusiness.
    Diversificationis anestablishedtenetofconservativeinvest- ment.Byacceptingitsouniversally,
 investorsarereallydemon- stratingtheiracceptanceof themargin-of-safetyprinciple,to which
 diversificationisthecompanion.Thispointmaybe                                     mademorecol-
 orfulbyareferencetothearithmeticofroulette.Ifamanbets$1on a single number, he is paid $35
 profit when he wins—but the chancesare37to1 thathewilllose.Hehasa “negativemarginof
 safety.”Inhiscasediversificationis                                   foolish.Themorenumbershe
 betson,thesmallerhischanceofendingwitha                                         profit.Ifheregu-
 larlybets$1oneverynumber(including0                                         and00),heiscertainto
lose$2oneachturnofthewheel.Butsupposethewinnerreceived$39profitinsteadof$35.Thenhewould
haveasmallbutimpor-                 tantmarginofsafety.Therefore,themorenumbershewagerson,
thebetterhischanceofgain.Andhecouldbecertainofwinning$2 on everyspinby simplybetting$1
eachon all thenumbers.(Inci- dentally,the twoexamplesgivenactuallydescribethe respective
positionsoftheplayerandproprietorofawheelwith0and00.)*
Benjamin graham

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Benjamin graham

  • 1. “Margin of Safety” as the Central Concept of Investment All experiencedinvestorsrecognizethatthe margin-of-safety concept isessential tothechoice ofsound bonds andpreferred stocks. Forexample,a railroadshouldhaveearneditstotalfixed chargesbetterthanfivetimes(beforeincometax),takingaperiod ofyears,foritsbondstoqualifyasinvestment-grade issues.This pastabilityto earnin excessof interestrequirementsconstitutesthe marginofsafetythatiscountedontoprotecttheinvestoragainst loss or discomfiture in the event of some future decline in net income. Benjamin Graham đã đưa ra 10 tiêu chuẩn để chọn cổ phiếu: 1 - Tỷ số lợi nhuận/thị giá (E/P) cao gấp đôi lãi suất trái phiếu xếp hạng AAA (AAA là hạng mức tín dụng cao nhất dành cho trái phiếu của các công ty). 2 - P/E của cổ phiếu thấp hơn hoặc bằng 40% so với P/E của toàn thị trường. 3 - Tỷ suất cổ tức/giá của cổ phiếu (dividend yield) lớn hơn 2/3 của lãi suất trái phiếu xếp hạng AAA. 4 - Giá trị vốn hóa của công ty nhỏ hơn 2/3 giá trị sổ sách của tài sản hữu hình. 5 - Giá trị vốn hóa của công ty nhỏ hơn 2/3 giá trị tài sản lưu động ròng. 6 - Tỷ số nợ/vốn chủ sở hữu theo giá trị sổ sách nhỏ hơn 1. 7 - Tài sản ngắn hạn lớn hơn nợ ngắn hạn ít nhất 2 lần. 8 - Toàn bộ nợ nhỏ hơn 2 lần giá trị tài sản lưu động ròng. 9 - Tỷ suất lợi nhuận trên cổ phiếu (EPS) tăng trưởng 7%/năm trở lên trong vòng 10 năm qua. 10 - Công ty có sự tăng trưởng lợi nhuận hàng năm ít nhất 7 lần trong vòng 10 năm qua. (chưa dịch kịp, dịch sau) Themargin-of-safety ideabecomes muchmoreevident when weapplyittothefieldofundervaluedorbargainsecurities.We havehere,bydefinition,afavorabledifferencebetweenpriceon theonehandandindicatedor appraisedvalueontheother.That difference isthesafety margin. Itisavailable forabsorbing the effectof miscalculationsor worsethanaverageluck.Thebuyerof bargainissuesplacesparticularemphasisontheabilityof the investmentto withstandadversedevelopments. TheoryofDiversification There isaclose logical connection between the concept of a safetymarginandtheprincipleofdiversification. Oneiscorrela- tivewiththeother.Evenwithamarginintheinvestor’sfavor,an individualsecuritymayworkout badly.For the marginguarantees onlythathehasabetterchanceforprofitthanforloss—notthat lossis impossible.Butasthenumberofsuchcommitmentsis increasedthemorecertaindoesit becomethattheaggregateofthe profitswillexceedtheaggregateofthelosses.Thatisthesimple basisoftheinsurance-underwritingbusiness. Diversificationis anestablishedtenetofconservativeinvest- ment.Byacceptingitsouniversally, investorsarereallydemon- stratingtheiracceptanceof themargin-of-safetyprinciple,to which diversificationisthecompanion.Thispointmaybe mademorecol- orfulbyareferencetothearithmeticofroulette.Ifamanbets$1on a single number, he is paid $35 profit when he wins—but the chancesare37to1 thathewilllose.Hehasa “negativemarginof safety.”Inhiscasediversificationis foolish.Themorenumbershe betson,thesmallerhischanceofendingwitha profit.Ifheregu- larlybets$1oneverynumber(including0 and00),heiscertainto
  • 2. lose$2oneachturnofthewheel.Butsupposethewinnerreceived$39profitinsteadof$35.Thenhewould haveasmallbutimpor- tantmarginofsafety.Therefore,themorenumbershewagerson, thebetterhischanceofgain.Andhecouldbecertainofwinning$2 on everyspinby simplybetting$1 eachon all thenumbers.(Inci- dentally,the twoexamplesgivenactuallydescribethe respective positionsoftheplayerandproprietorofawheelwith0and00.)*