Glass blocks are hollow glass units with a partial vacuum that decreases heat transmission. They come in common sizes of 6, 8, or 12 inches square and 4 inches thick. A concern is that glass blocks expand more than brick walls, requiring expansion joints. Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered due to an interlayer like PVB bonding the glass layers. Toughened or tempered glass is processed to be stronger than normal glass and shatter into small fragments rather than large shards when broken.
1. GLASS part 1
BLD62003 BUILDING MATERIALS
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS.) BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
1
2. GLASS BLOCKS
FORMS
APPLICATION
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
UNIQUENESS
FACES/SURFACE TEXTURE
• Often used for their
decorative effect but also:
• Provide controlled light
transmission
• Good insulation
• Condensation
protection
• Good sound reduction
• The blocks are formed of 2
cast glass shells that are
fused together to form a
hollow unit containing a
partial vacuum. The
vacuum decreases heat
transmission and surface
condensation.
• Faces can be:
• Smooth – provides
vision through the
block
• Textured – provide
only light transmission
• Opaque – fired with a
ceramic finish
• Common sizes are 6”, 8”, 12”
sq. by 4 “ thick
• Mortar joints typically ¼ “
MORTAR JOINT
CONCERN
• Concern: glass block expands 1.5
to 2 times more than a brick wall
& therefore, must have expansion
joints
• Usually laid in a stack bond (can only
support their own weight)
2
4. GLASS
HISTORY
TIMELINE & EXAMPLE
COMMON PROCESS & HAZARD
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
APPLICATION
COMMON GLASS & SPECIAL GLASS
MINOR & MAJOR CONSTITUENT
GLASS MAKING PROCESS
GLASS ADDITIVE
COLOR
ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES
EXAMPLES
POTENTIAL HEALTHY& SAFETY HAZARD
ROLE IN BUILDING
4
5. GLASS ROLE IN BUILDING
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
HISTORY
GLASS
5
7. GLASS ROLE IN BUILDING
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
timeline
EXAMPLE
GLASS
7
8. GLASS
GLASS, CERAMIC AND RELATED MATERIAL COMMON PROCESS & HAZARDS
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
• glass
• synthetic vitreous fibres
• pottery
• ceramic tile
• industrial ceramics
• brick and tiles
• refractories
• synthetic gems
• optical fibres.
• Batch raw material processes
• Firing or melting processes
• Material handling in production,
fabrication, packaging and
warehousing
• Rebuilds and reconstruction activities
• an inorganic product of fusion that has
cooled to a rigid condition without
crystallizing
• When glass is cooled from the hot
molten state, it gradually increases in
viscosity without crystallization over a
wide temperature range, until it
assumes its characteristic hard, brittle
form. Cooling is controlled to prevent
crystallization, or high strain.
DEFINITION (glass)
• Glass, chemically, is actually more like a
liquid, but at room temperature it is so
viscous or 'sticky' it looks and feels like
a solid. At higher temperatures glass
gradually becomes softer and more like
a liquid. It is this latter property which
allows glass to be poured, blown,
pressed and moulded in various shape
• Glass technology has evolved for 6,000
years
• A most important development in glass
technology was the use of a blow pipe
• The first glass was coloured because of
the presence of various impurities such
as oxides of iron and chromium. Virtually
colourless glass was first made some
1,500 years ago.
• Today many products of glass are made
in fully automatic processing lines
• Although glass is one of the oldest
materials, its properties are unique and
not yet fully understood.
history
• Chemistry
• Pharmacy
• Electrical &
electronics
industries
• Optics industries
• Construction and
lighting industries
application
8
9. GLASS
COMMON GLASS Glass making
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
Pot process
Minor constituentMajor constituent
• Silica sand
• Soda ash
• Lime stone
• Dolomite
• Feldspathic
materials
• Lead oxide
• Boric acid
• Crushed glass
• The remainder of the batch consists of
several additional ingredients, chosen
from a group of some 15 to 20
materials commonly referred to as
minor ingredients.
• These latter additions are added with
a view to providing some specific
function or quality, such as colour,
which is to be realized during the glass
preparation process.
• Soda-lime-silica glass
(commercial glass)
• Lead-potash-silica glass
• Borosilicate glass
• Vitreous silica
• Aluminosilicate glass
• Alkali-barium silicate glass
• Technical glass
• Glass ceramics
• Opical glass
• Sealing glass
SPECIAL GLASS
• Pot process
• Tank process
• The manufactured of high quality
glass such as optical and mirror glass
& small quantities of specialty glass
• Hazard of hand shoveling & filling of
the pots
• Optical and specialty glasses contain
heavy metals (lead, barium and
manganese
• Permits enclosed &continuous
feeding of bath ingredient (reduced
dust exposure)
• Refractory blocks and bricks used in
the construction of the furnaces and
tanks contain free silica.
tank process
9
10. GLASS
Glass objects formed by;- Glass making
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
Pot process
colour
ACCELERATE MELTING
Glass additive
• Pot process
• Tank process
tank process
• Blowing
• Pressing
• Casting
• Rolling
• Drawing
• Floating
• Accelerate melting
• Stabilizer
• Improved optical
properties
• Remove bubbles
• Color
Fluorine
Calcium fluoride
Sodium silicafluoride
• Increased resistance
• Barium , Lead , Ca , Mg ,Zn oxides
STABILIZERS COLOR
• Rare earth metals
• Thorium
IMPROVED OPTICAL PROPERTIES
• Salts of arsenic
• antimony
REMOVED BUBBLES
• Salts of chromium ( green –
yellow)
• cobalt (red – blue )
• cadmium (yellow)
• manganese
• nickel (black)
• selenium ( red)
10
11. colour ADVANTAGES VS DISADVANTAGES OF GLASS
COMPOSITION
GLASS
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS 11
13. Laminated glass
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
• Laminated glass is a type of
safety glass that holds
together when shattered.
In the event of breaking, it is
held in place by an interlayer,
typically of polyvinyl butyral
(PVB), between its two or
more layers of glass.
•
The interlayer keeps the layers
of glass bonded even when
broken, and its high strength
prevents the glass from
breaking up into large sharp
pieces.
•
This produces a characteristic
"spider web" cracking pattern
when the impact is not
enough to completely pierce
the glass.
Laminated glass
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLASSES
Laminated
glass
13
14. TOUGHENED GLASS
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
• Toughened or tempered glass is
glass that has been processed by
controlled thermal or chemical
treatments.
• It has increased strength
compared with normal glass and
will usually shatter into small
fragments, rather than sharp
shards, when broken.
• Tempered glass is strong, has
enhanced thermal resistance, and
breaks into small cuboid
fragments rather than irregular
shards of glass and therefore is
less likely to cause injury.
TOUGHENED GLASS
OVERVIEW OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLASSES
TOUGHENED
GLASS
14
15. FUSED GLASS
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
FUSED GLASS
• Fused glass is a term used to
describe glass that has been
fired (heat-processed) in a kiln
at a range of high temperatures
from 593º C (1100ºF) to 816º C
(1500ºF).
• There are 3 main distinctions
for temperature application and
the resulting effect on the glass.
• Fused glass consists mainly of
silica.
• While the precise origins of
glass fusing techniques are not
known with certainty
OVERVIEW OF DIFF TYPES OF GLASSES
FUSED GLASS
15
16. MIRROR
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
MIRROR
•
A mirror is an object with a surface that has
good specular reflection; that is, it is smooth
enough to form an image.
• The most familiar type of mirror is the plane
mirror, which has a flat surface.
• Curved mirrors are also used, to produce
magnified or demagnified images or focus
light or simply distort the reflected
image.Mirrors are most commonly used for
personal grooming, decoration, and
architecture.
• Mirrors are also used in scientific apparatus
such as telescopes and lasers, cameras, and
industrial machinery.
OVERVIEW OF DIFF TYPES OF GLASSES
MIRROR
16
17. ETCHED GLASS
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
ETCHED
GLASS
ETCHED GLASS
• Etching refers to the technique of creating
art on the surface of glass by applying
acidic, caustic, or abrasive substances.
• Glass with excellent finish to match your
interiors.
• Float glass is a sheet of glass made by
floating molten glass on a bed of molten
tin.
• This method gives the sheet uniform
thickness and very flat surfaces. Modern
windows are made from float glass.
• Most float glass is soda-lime glass, but
relatively minor quantities of specialty
borosilicate and flat panel display glass
are also produced using the float glass
process.
FLOAT GLASS
FLOAT
GLASS
OVERVIEW OF DIFF TYPES OF GLASSES
17
18. OVERVIEW OF DIFF TYPES OF GLASSES
STAINED GLASS
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
STAINED GLASS
BEVEALED GLASS
• Are glass that has been coloured by
adding metallic salts during its
manufacture.
• The coloured glass is crafted into
stained glass windows in which
small pieces of glass are arranged
to form patterns or pictures, held
together (traditionally) by strips of
lead and supported by a rigid
frame.
• Painted details and yellow
stain are often used to
enhance the design.
• The term stained glass is also
applied to windows in which
all the colours have been
painted onto the glass and
then annealed in a furnace.
•
Bevealed glass is usually made by
taking one-quarter inch-thick clear
glass and creating a one-inch bevel
on one side around the entire
periphery.
• These beveals act as prisms in the
sunlight creating an interesting
color diffraction which both
highlights the glasswork and
provides a spectrum of colors
which would ordinarily be absent
in clear float glass.
• "Bevealed glass" can be
obtained as clusters
which are arranged to
create a specific design.
• These can vary from
simple three or four
piece designs.
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19. BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
FRAMELESS DOOR
•
A liquid material is (usually) poured into a
mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the
desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.
• The solid casting is then ejected or broken
out to complete the process.
• Casting may be used to form hot liquid
metals or various materials that cold set
after mixing of components (such as epoxies,
concrete, plaster and clay).
.
• Casting is most
often used for
making complex
shapes that would
be otherwise
difficult or
uneconomical to
make by other
methods
• Applied to :-
The frameless doors include bypass,
framed, frameless, and heavy glass
door units.
• Standard units can be customized
with side panels or return panels as
well as custom sizes.
OVERVIEW OF DIFF TYPES OF GLASSES
CASTING GLASSCASTING GLASS
19
20. FIGURED GLASS
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
FIGURED GLASS
TINTED GLASS
• Figured glass is a decorative and translucent glass
with figures on one face. In addition to diffusing
light and obstructing visibility from the outside,
the figures soften the interior lighting.
• The glass used for windows in buildings, homes,
and cars, while offering the advantage of letting
light in, often compromises the privacy that the
occupants desire, and can also let in more than
the desired amount of heat. Tinted glass,
however, provides an easy solution to these
problems. This term refers to any glass that has
been treated with a material such as a film or
coating that reduces the transmission of light
through it. Glass can be tinted with various
types of coating, which block and/or reflect
different amounts and types of light, according
to the needs and preferences of the consumer.
OVERVIEW OF DIFF TYPES OF GLASSES
20
23. LAMINATED
GLASS
DEFINITION DISPOSAL
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
SPECIFICATIONS
• Laminated glass is a type
of safety glass that holds
together when shattered.
In the event of breaking, it
is held in place by an
interlayer, typically
of polyvinyl butyral (PVB),
between its two or more
layers of glass. The
interlayer keeps the layers
of glass bonded even when
broken, and its high
strength prevents the glass
from breaking up into large
sharp pieces. This produces
a characteristic "spider
web" cracking pattern
when the impact is not
enough to completely
pierce the glass.
• waste laminated glass be placed into
a separating device such as a rolling
mill where the glass is fragmented
and the larger cullet is mechanically
detached from the inner film. The
application of heat then melts the
laminating plastic, usually polyvinyl
butyral (PVB), enabling both the glass
and the interior film to be recycled.
The PVB recycling process is a simple
procedure of melting and reshaping it
• A typical laminated makeup is
2.5 mm glass / 0.38 mm interlayer
/ 2.5 mm glass. This gives a final
product that would be referred to
as 5.38 laminated glass
• for minor impact damage
• using a process that involves
drilling into the fractured glass
to reach the lamination layer.
Special clear adhesive resin is
injected under pressure and
then cured with ultraviolet
light. When done properly, the
strength and clarity is
sufficiently restored for most
safety related purposes. The
process is widely used to repair
large industrial automotive
windshields where the damage
does not interfere with the
view of the driver
REPAIR
23
26. TOUGHENED
GLASS
ADVANTAGES
uses
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
disadvantages
• There are two main types of
heat-treated glass: heat-
strengthened and fully
tempered.
• Heat-strengthened glass is
twice as strong as annealed
glass while fully tempered
glass has typically four to six
times the strength of
annealed glass and
withstands heating in
microwave ovens. The
difference is the residual
stress in the edge and glass
surface.
• Fully tempered glass in the
US is generally rated above
65 megapascals (9,400 psi)
in pressure-resistance, while
heat-strengthened glass is
between 40 and 55
megapascals (5,800 and
8,000 psi
• must be cut to size or pressed
to shape before toughening,
• cannot be re-worked once
toughened.
• Polishing the edges or drilling
holes in the glass is carried out
before the toughening process
starts.
• used when strength, thermal
resistance, and safety are
important considerations.
• used for side and rear windows in
automobiles.
• used in buildings for unframed
assemblies (such as frameless glass
doors), structurally loaded
applications, and any other
application that would become
dangerous in the event of human
impact.
• Toughened glass can be made
from annealed glass via a thermal
tempering process. The glass is
placed onto a roller table, taking it
through a furnace that heats it above
its annealing point of about 720 °C
(1,328 °F). The glass is then rapidly
cooled with forced air drafts while
the inner portion remains free to
flow for a short time.
manufacturing
26
27. TOUGHENED
GLASS
ADVANTAGES
uses
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
• used when strength, thermal
resistance, and safety are
important considerations.
• used for side and rear windows in
automobiles.
• used in buildings for unframed
assemblies (such as frameless glass
doors), structurally loaded
applications, and any other
application that would become
dangerous in the event of human
impact.
• Toughened glass can be made
from annealed glass via a thermal
tempering process. The glass is
placed onto a roller table, taking it
through a furnace that heats it above
its annealing point of about 720 °C
(1,328 °F). The glass is then rapidly
cooled with forced air drafts while
the inner portion remains free to
flow for a short time.
manufacturing
27
30. FUSED
GLASS
DEFINITION
TECHNIQUE
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
FINISHES PRODUCT
• Fused glass is glass that has
been fired (heat-processed) in
a kiln at a range of high
temperatures from 593 °C
(1,099 °F) to 816 °C (1,501 °F).
There are 3 main distinctions
for temperature application
and the resulting effect on the
glass.
• Firing in the lower ranges of
these temperatures 593–
677 °C (1,099–1,251 °F) is
called slumping.
• Firing in the middle ranges of
these temperatures 677–
732 °C (1,251–1,350 °F) is
considered "tack fusing".
Firing the glass at the higher
spectrum of this range 732–
816 °C (1,350–1,501 °F) is a
"full fuse".
• Fused glass techniques are
generally used to create Art
glass, glass tiles, and jewellery,
notably beads. Slumping
techniques allow the creation
of larger, functional pieces like
dishes, bowls, plates, and
ashtrays. Producing functional
pieces generally requires 2 or
more separate firings, one to
fuse the glass and a
second slump it to shape.
• stacking, or layering thin sheets of
glass, often using different colors
to create patterns or simple
images.
• The stack is then placed inside the
kiln (which is almost always
electric, but can be heated by gas
or wood) and then heated through
a series of ramps (rapid heating
cycles) and soaks (holding the
temperature at a specific point)
until the separate pieces begin to
bond together.
• Once the desired effect has been
achieved at the maximum desired
temperature, the kiln temperature
will be brought down quickly
through the temperature range of
815 °C (1,499 °F) to 573 °C
(1,063 °F) to avoid devitrification.
• The glass is then allowed to cool
slowly over a specified time,
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33. DEFINITION
USES
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
• Mirrors are manufactured by
applying a reflective
coating to a
suitable substrate.
• The most common substrate
is glass, due to its
transparency, ease of
fabrication, rigidity, hardness,
and ability to take a smooth
finish. The reflective coating
is typically applied to the back
surface of the glass, so that
the reflecting side of the
coating is protected from
corrosion and accidental
damage
• interior decoration to create an
illusion of space and amplify the
apparent size of a room
• A decorative reflecting sphere of
thin metal-coated glass, working as
a reducing wide-angle mirror, is sold
as a Christmas ornament called
a bauble.
• Mirrors are a popular design
theme in architecture,
particularly with late
modern and post-
modernist high-rise buildings
in major cities. Early
examples include the
Campbell Center in Dallas
ART & DESIGN
• Mirrors are integral parts of a solar
power plant.
• Telescopes and other precision
instruments use front silvered or first
surface mirrors, where the reflecting
surface is placed on the front (or
first) surface of the glass (this
eliminates reflection from glass
surface ordinary back mirrors have
• In 2013, mirrors were installed
to reflect sunlight into the town
square in the Norwegian town
of Rjukan.Mirrors can be used
to produce enhanced lighting
effects in greenhouses or
conservatories.
SOLAR INDUSTRY
ASTRONOMYSEASONAL LIGHTING
MIRROR
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37. DEFINITION
USES
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
translucent
• Translucent
• Ability to soften the interior lighting
• In 2013, mirrors were installed
to reflect sunlight into the
town square in the Norwegian
town of Rjukan. Mirrors can be
used to produce enhanced
lighting effects in greenhouses
or conservatories.
PROPERTIES
APPLICATION
DESIGN & INSTALLATION PRECAUTION
FIGURED
GLASS
• sheet glass that is rolled
with figure or pattern on
one side and that has
powerful light-diffusing
properties but is not
transparent
• Figured glass is a decorative and
translucent glass with figures on one
face. In addition to diffusing light and
obstructing visibility from the outside,
the figures soften the interior lighting.
• The decorative patterns blend
with a wide range of decor.
ADVANTAGES & FEATURES
• This glass achieves soft and
comfortable interior lighting,
because its figured patterns
diffuse incoming light.
Transmission factors for solar
radiation energy and visible
light rays are much the same
as with float glass.
decoration
• It ensures privacy by
obstructing visibility from
the outside.
privacy
• Partition & interiors doors &
windows
• furniture
• Glass with a figured surface can
become dirty easily. Set with the
smooth surface facing the exterior.
Figured glass may become
transparent if the patterns absorb
water
mirror in architecture
37
40. DEFINITION
BLD62003_MAK_GLASS
ETCHED
GLASS
TECHNIQUES
• Etching refers to the technique of creating art on the surface
of glass by applying acidic, caustic, or abrasive substances.
Traditionally this is done after glass is blown or cast,
although mould-etching has replaced some forms of surface
etching.
• Done
using hydrofluorosilic
acid (H2SiF6) which,
when anhydrous, is
colourless.
• The acid is prepared by
dissolving silica in a
mixture of hydrofluoric
acid, quartz powder,
calcium fluoride and
concentrated sulfuric acid
derived after heating.
• Glass etching cream is used
by hobbyists as it is generally
easier to use than acid.
Available from art supply
stores,
• The fluoridation of the glass
causes the characteristic
rough, translucent qualities
of frosted glass.
GLASS ETCHING CREAM
• art was etched directly into the mould,
so that each cast piece emerged from
the mould with the image already on
the surface of the glass
MOULD ETCHING
• Abrasive sandblasting is another
common technique for creating
patterns in glassware, creating a
"frosted" look to the glass.
ABRASIVE SANDBLASTING
ACID ETCHING
ETCHED GLASS
I) ACID ETCHING
II) GLASS ETCHING CREAM
III) ABRASIVE SANDBLASTING
IV) MOULD ETCHING
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