2. Table of contents
Introduction to biodiesel
Applications of biodiesel
Advantages & disadvantages of biodiesel
Sources of biodiesel
Future of biodiesel
Case study on Iran
Conclusions

3. Introduction to biodiesel
History
Rudolf diesel was the inverter of biodiesel, estimated 100
years ago. It was developed in the year 1890s.
What is biodiesel?
Biodiesel is made up of monoalkyl esters of long chain
fatty acids that come from vegetable oil or animal fats.
After which, the feedstock is converted by trans-
esterification, into biodiesel.

4. Biodiesel is replacement for petroleum diesel fuel.
It can be blended with petroleum diesel fuel in any proportion.
Biodiesel can be used 100% (B100) or in blends with petroleum diesel
fuel.
Blends are indicated by B##, which correspond to the percentage of
biodiesel in the blended fuel.

5. Applications of biodiesel
Biodiesel has a wide variety of application in
all the fields where fuel is used. To add on, it
added advantages of efficiency improvement.
Examples includes:
Motorbikes, Airplanes, Mass transit (trains, buses)
Trucks & heavy equipment , Electrical generators
Farm equipments, Marine uses ,Biodiesel as lubricant & solvent

6. Biodiesel as lubricant and
solvent
• Potential markets for biodiesel extend beyond the
transportation and electrical-generation sectors.
Biodiesel can be used straight as
a machinery lubricant.
Biodiesel’s solvent properties
may be used to clean dirty or
greasy engine or other machine
parts.

7. Marine uses
Biodiesel is an ideal choice for the use in
marine applications.
Biodiesel have more environmental
benefits.
Biodiesel is “user-friendly”
Biodiesel can work in several marine
factions.

8. Advantages of Biodiesel
Renewable energy source Can distribute through
existing diesel fuel pumps
Less polluting
Can use in existing oil
heating systems and
Extends life of catalytic diesel engines
converters & engines
Can be mixed with
Utilizes excess production of petroleum diesel at any
soybeans for manufacture concentration and time

9. Disadvantages of Biodiesel
More expensive
Could harm rubber hoses in engines
Requires energy to:
Produce biodiesel from soy crops &
sow, fertilize and harvest
Requires frequent filter changing
Requires improvement in distribution
infrastructure

10. Sources of biodiesel
• Algal Biodiesel
• Fungus
• Used coffee grounds
• Exotic resources

11. Algal Biodiesel
Utilizing algae that contains
natural oil content>50%
Can be grown on algae
ponds at wastewater
treatment plants
Extracted from the system
and processed into biodiesel
Does not entail a decrease in
food production

12. Fungus
Utilizing single-cell fungi that contains
lipids .E.g.Cunninghamella japonica
Extracted from the cell and turned into
Biodiesel
Recent discovery of a variant of fungus
Gliocladium roseum
production of ‘myco-diesel’
(medium length hydrocarbons) from
cellulose
Discovered in the rainforests of northern
Patagonia

13. Used coffee grounds
Utilising used coffee grounds
that contains oil content 10-15%
Extracted and underwent
conventional processing into
Biodiesel

14. Exotic resources
Utilizing alligator fat which is a
primary waste product
• cheaper to refine
Biodiesel produced is similar
in composition to biodiesel
created from soybeans

15. Future of Biodiesel
Genetically Engineered
Microalgae

16. Microalgae
Its species are rich in oil
Abundant; almost in every
ecosystem
CO2+ sunlight -> oxygen + biomass
• Produce almost half of the
atmospheric oxygen

17. Microalgae Biodiesel
Under optimized condition, can produce up to 90%
oil of dry weight
Potential production of oil higher than oil crops
• Use little land resource w/o causing potential
biomass deficit
Can grow in extreme environment
Cultivated only by using seawater, CO2 and sunlight

18. Disadvantages
Low biomass concentration in the microalgae
culture
• Due to light penetration limit
Insufficient oil contents of microalgae cells
Extraction of fuel precursors from the biomass
• Most costly downstream processing steps

19. Microalgae Genetic
Engineering
• Optimization for enhanced
biofuel production
• Improve accumulation of
Why? targeted bioenergy carriers
• Quantity & quality of biodiesel
linked as to how lipid
metabolism is controlled
Solution
Manipulate the biology of microalgae
cells to allow for secretion of lipids

20. Case Study: Future of Bioenergy in
Iran
Extensive use & export of Iran’s crude
oil and natural gas will be limited in
the future. Thus renewable liquid
fuels will be heavily needed to
eventually totally replace petroleum-
derived transport fuels which in
addition, contributes to the emission
of greenhouse gases
Salt lake “Urmia” which have given rise
to new species of algae for biofuel

21. Case Study: Solution for Biodiesel
Production
Due to climate &
geographical problems
• Only 12% of total land
area can be use for crop
growing thus depending
on energy crops not
feasible
Overcoming the challenge, two • Looking at this table, microalgae come
options views itself as the only source that has
• Managing the agriculture the potential to completely replace
residues & energy production
like bioethanol and biogas petroleum-derived diesel
• Investing on non-food crops • Therefore, microalgae genetic
e.g. microalgae engineering would help to visualize
more the economic production of
biodiesel in Iran

22. Case Study: Project on
microalgae
Researches at Teheran’s Shiraz University carried a biofuel
project
Has succeeded in producing green fuel from the algae
Chlamydomonas
Microalgae were isolated during a screening program from
soil & water
• samples are collected from the paddy fields of Fars
province and the Maharlu Salt Lake
The researchers registered their findings at the National
Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)which is based
in the USA

23. Case Study: Having potential of using
microalgae genetic engineering
Iran has a good potential and possibilities due to:
Presence of saline lakes in
Iran, containing various Good capacity building
species of microalgae
Establishing microalgae
culture ponds in different Gained experiences in plant genetic
areas of Iran engineering within the last decade
• Unlimited access to saline
waters and sunlight
String government support
• Based on the law, production and
Presence of highly efficient release of transgenic organisms are
genetic engineering free in Iran provided that they pass all
technologies in the world the biosafety requirements imposed
by Iran’s National Biosafety Law (INBL)

24. Conclusions
Microalgae genetic engineering
have a very promising role in the
future as it has great potentials for
biofuel production.

25. Credits
• Design of power point slides : Soh Xiao Fen
• Creator of tumblr: Marhamah
• Slides number: 3- 7 (Soh Xiao Fen)
8-14 (Yeo ming)
15-24 (Marhamah)
Our group website:
• http://mesmerizedbynature.tumblr.com/

26. References
Introduction & applications of biodiesel
• http://www.biodiesel.org/markets/mar/
• http://alphabiofuels.sg/pages/bioOSR/osr_index.html
• Title: Biodiesel- growing a new energy economy (second edition)
Author: Greg Pahl foreword by Bill McKibben
Advantages and disadvantages of Biodiesel
• http://www.cpast.org/Articles/fetch.adp?topicnum=61
• http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Advantages_and_Disadvantages_of_Biofuels
• http://www.berkeleybiodiesel.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-biodiesel.html
Current Research
• http://web.archive.org/web/20060324084858/http://www.unh.edu/p2/biodiesel/article_alg
e.html
• http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/154/11/3319
• http://www.springerlink.com/content/c8l814q6064m0u75/
• http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/16/science/16objava.html
Case study
• http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/01/algae-biofuel-iran/
• An article titled Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews from www.elsevier.com

27. The end & thank
you!