By Rejeet Mathews/WRI India

1. Managing Urban Expansion
Rejeet Mathews,
Manager, Integrated Urban Planning
WRI India
5th April, 2016
rejeet.mathews@wri.org

2. Municipal Boundary
Urban Area (2005-06)
Urban Area (2011-12)
Delhi NCR Mumbai Pune
54 sqkm/ year 5 sqkm/ year 42 sqkm/year
Inevitable Urban Expansion in Indian Cities…
• Rapid growth in satellite towns of Delhi (Gurgaon, Noida, Grt Noida, Faridabad etc)
• Mumbai, little movement in peripheries, but witnessing inner city redevelopment
• Pune capitalising on Mumbai’s slow down, attracting new economies like IT/ ITES
Source: Generated by WRI India using data from Bhuvan NRSC

3. Ahmedabad Chennai Bengaluru
13 sqkm/ year 18 sqkm/ year 39 sqkm/year
Inevitable Urban Expansion in Indian Cities…
• Chennai and Ahmedabad have moderate transport corridor oriented growth
• Bangalore is witnessing high-tech and IT/ ITES offices proliferating and clustering at the peripheries
Source: Generated by WRI India using data from Bhuvan NRSC
Municipal Boundary
Urban Area (2005-06)
Urban Area (2011-12)

4. While aiming for the benefits of compactness, and preventing the
externalities of sprawl, the inevitability of urban expansion must be
recognized and planned for by cities aiming to be smart…
Concern:
‘The country’s march to the city will then be merely demographic...’ KCS

5. Case: Bangalore

7. • Peripheries
with over a
100% growth
rate
• Core city
starting to de-
densify

8. Metropolitan Region Authority| Development Authority |
Municipal Corporation
BMRDA | BDA | BBMP
60 sqkm | 29 sqkm | 13 sqkm increase per year
1,223 sqft | 594 sqft | 265 sqft every minute
Bengaluru’s rapid rate of expansion…
BIAL
Airport
Electronics
City
Whitefield
Source: Generated by WRI India using data from Bhuvan NRSC

9. Areas around
Bangalore
International
Airport…
Disconnected, Dispersed
and Un-serviced
urbanisation near
Bengaluru Airport…
Data Source: Open Street Map and Google Maps, Google Earth, Water bodies from LULC (50K) 2011-12 NRSC-ISRO

10. Large campuses with few roads in Whitefield…
• EPIP - 500 acres
• ITPB - 70 acres
• Bagmane World Trade
Centre – 50 acres
• GE - 36 acres
• Gopalan SEZ – 25
acres
• Divyasree Technopark
– 22 acres

11. Density of Road Networks in periphery abysmal…
Jaynagar Vijaynagar Whitefield
Data Source: Open Street Map and Google Maps, Google Earth,

12. Dead end streets…

13. Contrasting traditional settlements and newer developments…

14. Photo: Rejeet Mathews, WRI India
Private havens and public apathy…

15. Traditional and cultural public spaces accessible to all disappearing…

16. Self provisioning of basic services…

17. Environmental degradation…

18. Environmental degradation…

19. 1. Introducing Missing
Scales of Plans…

20. Karnataka
State
District/
Bengaluru
Metropolitan
Region
Bengaluru
Local Planning
Area
Municipal
Zonal and
Ward Area
State Five Year Plans
Urban Vision 2020
Annual Plans
South Karnataka
Region Plan
BMR Revised Structure
Plan 2031
Interim Master Plans for
local planning areas
within Region
Revised Master Plan for
BMA
JNNURM CDP
JNNURM DPR
Smart City / AMRUT
Development projects
for zones
Actual Situation Model Law
State Perspective
Plan
Perspective Plan for
Districts;
Development Plan
for Districts
Perspective Plan for
Metropolitan Area;
Development Plan
for Metropolitan Area
Perspective Plan for
Local Planning Area
Development Plan
for Local Planning
Area
Development
Scheme
Land Pooling
Scheme
KTCP Act, 1961
Outline Development
Plan/ CDPs for LPAs
within Region
Master Plan / Outline
Development Plan
Town Planning
Scheme
State Perspective Plan and
Urban Vision
Inter-Regional Development
Strategy
District / Bengaluru
Metropolitan Region
Perspective Strategy and
Development Plan
Bengaluru Strategic Spatial
Plan and Strategic Projects
+
Land Use and DCR oriented
Development Plan
City Development Plan and
Strategic Projects for other
Medium and Small Sized
Urban Centres
Municipal Zonal Plans
Ward Plans
Schemes and Projects
Proposed Karnataka Urban
and Regional Planning and
Development Act

21. 2. Exploring Alternatives to
Access Planned and
Serviced Land…

22. Land Owners - Public Agencies – Private Developers – Political Economy
Alternatives to Access Planned and Serviced Land…

23. Broad Public Purpose
• Strategic and defence purposes at
national and state levels
• Social and physical infrastructure
projects
• Large scale industrial corridors
• Affordable housing
• Emergency needs, natural calamities
Types of Land Accessed
• Rural
• Urban (Redevelopment – Renewal –
Retrofitting)
• Combination (Rural + Urban)
Types of Stakeholders accessing land
for public purposes
• Government
• Private parties/ developers
• Public private partnerships
• NGOs/ Institutions
• Owners themselves
Various mechanisms and methods used to access land
• National Land Acquisition Act (RFCTLARR 2013) - Employs eminent
domain to compulsorily acquire land
• Town Planning Scheme - Employs a land readjustment technique
• Land Pooling Scheme - Employs a land pooling technique
• Joint Development Model - Employs a public private partnership
method
• NAINA Scheme - Employs a land pooling cum eminent domain
technique
• Accommodation Reservation and Transferable Development
Rights - Employs a built up area in lieu of land lost for public
purpose technique
• Cluster Redevelopment Scheme - Employs a built up area and
redeveloped building in lieu of urban renewal technique
• Market Price Negotiation - Employs a direct price negotiation for
land purchase
• Informal Squatting - Use and occupation of land occurs
informally without access to titles
• Land Lease - Payment of a lease amount (rent) to use the land
for a specified period

24. 3. Adopting Strategic Spatial
Planning and Projects…

25. Source: Generated by EMBARQ India using data from Bhuvan NRSC and Census data
One size fits all…!
• An urban centre with 8 million people
follows an identical process of city
master planning as one of 8 thousand
people as per current Town and Country
Planning Acts
• Settlements vary in population size,
spatial spread and complexity, but yet
follow a one size fits all policy

26. Image and Data Source: One New York, Mayor Bill de Blasio
Strategic Spatial
Planning | New York

27. Image and Data Source: One New
York, Mayor Bill de Blasio
Strategic
Spatial
Planning |
New York

28. Strategic
Spatial
Planning |
Greater
London

29. Strategic
Spatial
Planning |
Greater
London

30. 4. Leveraging Coalitions
and Civic Networks…

31. • Capacity and capability of
urban local bodies remains low
• Long range critical decisions
and sustained follow up are
hindered by election cycles,
administrative boundaries etc.
• The scale and pace of
urbanisation in India is resulting
in several efforts at
restructuring municipal and
development authorities to
face new challenges.
• BBMP Restructuring Committee
and DDA Act Restructuring
Committee are examples…

32. • The coming in of a non partisan,
evidence driven organisation/ think tank
that sits outside of political and
administrative pressures and time lines
has seen good results in some global
cities
• One such example is the Regional
Planning Association of the New York tri
state region.

33. Thank You.