Beam Dynamics Codes: Availability, Sophistication, Limitations. P.N. Ostroumov and B. Mustapha Argonne National Laboratory, J.-P. Carneiro Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

1. Beam Dynamics Codes:
Availability, Sophistication,
Limitations …
ESS Bilbao Initiative Workshop
March 16-18, 2009
Bilbao, Spain
P.N. Ostroumov and B. Mustapha
Argonne National Laboratory
J.-P. Carneiro
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory

2. Outline
Beam Dynamics Codes: History and Evolution
General Comments: Codes Availability, Sophistication, Limitations
Comparing Codes to Measurements: An example
Our Side of the Story: Comparing TRACK to few other Codes
Summary & Recommendations to the Users
Presentation of TRACK, If interested
- General Presentation
- Sample TRACK Applications
- Recent & Future Developments
ESS-Bilbao Workshop Beam Dynamics Codes … P. Ostroumov 2

3. Beam Dynamics Codes: History
(From R. Ryne’s Talk at HB-2008 Workshop)
CODES, CAPABILITIES & METHODOLOGIES FOR BEAM
DYNAMICS SIMULATION IN ACCELERATORS
IMPACT-Z
PARMELA WARP IMPACT-T
PARMTEQ ML/I
PARMILA SIMPSONS IMPACT Synergia
2D space charge
OPAL
rms eqns 3D space charge ORBIT
GCPIC
TRACK
DA Freq maps
Symp Integ Dynamion
Normal Forms DESRFQ
Integrated Maps BeamPath
COSY-INF BeamBeam3D
MXYZPTLK MAD-X/PTC
MaryLie
…
Dragt-Finn
MAD
Transport Partial list only; Many codes not shown
1980 1990 2000
1970
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4. Beam Dynamics Codes: Evolution
(From R. Ryne’s Talk at HB-2008 Workshop)
CODES, CAPABILITIES & METHODOLOGIES FOR BEAM
DYNAMICS SIMULATION IN ACCELERATORS
IMPACT-Z
PARMELA WARP IMPACT-T
3D COLLECTIVE
PARMTEQ ML/I
SELF-CONSISTENT
PARMILA
1D, 2D COLLECTIVESIMPSONS IMPACT MULTI-PHYSICS
Synergia
Parallelization begins
2D space charge
OPAL
rms eqns 3D space charge ORBIT
GCPIC
TRACK
DA Freq maps
Symp Integ Dynamion
Normal Forms DESRFQ
Integrated Maps BeamPath
COSY-INF BeamBeam3D
SINGLEMXYZPTLK
MAD-X/PTC
PARTICLE
MaryLie
…
Dragt-FinnOPTICS
MAD
Transport Partial list only; Many codes not shown
1980 1990 2000
1970
ESS-Bilbao Workshop Beam Dynamics Codes … P. Ostroumov 4

5. General Comments:
Codes Availability, Sophistication, Limitations
Availability: Many useful beam dynamics codes exist for the
simulation of proton and heavy ion linacs …
- The variety is good but comes also with redundancy …
- A lot of effort is put on benchmarking different codes …
Sophistication: A lot of them are pretty sophisticated
- 3D External and Space Charge Fields.
- Parallel Codes: Simulation of the actual number of particles in a
beam bunch 1E9, 1E12 particles.
- Detailed machine error simulations and corrections
Limitations: Still far from reproducing experimental data or
to be used to support real-time machine operations.
- Some effort is starting at SNS, J-PARC, GSI, …
- At Argonne, TRACK is being developed in this direction ...
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6. Example of Code-Code and Code-Experiment Benchmarking:
(From L. Groening (GSI), Talk at HB-2008 Workshop)
Schematic set-up of the experiments Comparison: 3 Codes vs experiments
Initial Distribution: Measured in front of DTL
Reconstructed and Input to Simulations
Horizontal Vertical
Horizontal phase space plots at the DTL exit.
Left: σo =35◦; centre: σo =60◦; right: σo =90◦.
The 6D Distribution is parameterized to
The scale is ± 24 mm (horizontal axis)
reproduce the measured 2D projections on
± 24 mrad (vertical axis)
phase space planes
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7. Our Experience: TRACK versus few other Codes
IMPACT
TRACK TRACEWIN
PARMILA
ASTRA
Ions &
Ions & Ions
Ions
Electrons &
electrons
electrons -
-
(H-)
Multi-beam Multi-beam Single beam
Single beam
Single beam
Support any Most elem. Most elem.
Most elem. No
Less elem.
element No RFQ Calls toutatis
RFQ
No RFQ
1D,2D,3D 1D, 2D,3D 3D fields
Hard-edge
1D, (3D)
fields fields -
2D fields
fields
3D Poisson 3D Poisson 2-3D Poisson
2D Poisson
3D Poisson
Fast Fast Fast
Fast
2-3x slower
Serial/Parallel Serial/Parallel Serial/-
Serial only
Serial only
Errors + Errors + Errors only Errors +
Errors only
Corrections corrections corrections
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8. RIA Driver Linac Beam Dynamics: TRACK vs IMPACT
Δφ-ΔW plane
X-X’ plane Y-Y’ plane
RIA driver linac, 0.2
0.2
0.5
Δφc (deg)
Xc (mm)
Yc (mm)
Medium-β section 0
0
0
-0.2
-0.2
0.1
Δφrms (deg)
X’c (mrad)
Y’c (mrad)
0.1
2
0
Beam: U-238 0
-0.1 1
5Q: 72, 73, 74, 75, 76 7.5
Δφmax (deg)
Xrms (mm)
Yrms (mm)
1
1
5
0.5
0.5
2.5
In W ~ 12 MeV/u
εzrms (deg*keV/u) ΔWrms (keV/u)
100
6 6
Xmax (mm)
Ymax (mm)
4 4
Out W ~ 90 MeV/u 50
2 2
εxrms (mm*mrad)
εyrms (mm*mrad)
In f = 115 MHz 60
0.1
0.1
40
0.095
Out f = 345 MHz 0.095
20
0.09
0.09
2
10
2
αx
αy
αz
0
0
IMPACT: Black 0
-2
0 50 100 0 50 100 0 50 100
TRACK : Blue Z-distance (m) Z-distance (m) Z-distance (m)
IMPACT TRACK IMPACT TRACK IMPACT TRACK
3 3 3 3 150 150
2 2 2 2 100 100
ΔW (keV/u)
ΔW (keV/u)
X’ (mrad)
X’ (mrad)
Y’ (mrad)
Y’ (mrad)
Excellent agreement 1 1 1 1 50 50
0 0 0 0 0 0
-1 -1 -1 -1 -50 -50
is obtained. -2 -2 -2 -2 -100 -100
-3 -3 -3 -3 -150 -150
-2 2 -2 2 -2 2 -2 2 -3 3 -3 3
References: Δφ (deg) Δφ (deg)
X (mm) X (mm) Y (mm) Y (mm)
“RIA Beam Dynamics: Comparing TRACK to IMPACT”, B. Mustapha et al, PAC-05
“The RIAPMTQ/IMPACT Beam Dynamics Simulation Package”, T. Wangler et al, PAC-07
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9. FNAL Proton Driver Beam Dynamics: TRACK vs ASTRA
FNAL-PD Linac: RFQ to Linac end
Beam: 0 mA H-
In: W ~ 2.5 MeV, Out: W ~ 8 GeV
ASTRA: Solid curves
TRACK: Dotted curves
Good agreement overall.
FNAL-PD Linac: RFQ to Linac end
Beam: 45 mA H-
In: W ~ 2.5 MeV, Out: W ~ 8 GeV
ASTRA: Solid curves
TRACK: Dotted curves
Good agreement overall.
Reference: “Benchmarking of Simulation Codes TRACK and ASTRA for the FNAL High-
Intensity Proton Source”, J.-P. Carneiro, LINAC-06.
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10. SNS RFQ Beam Dynamics: TRACK vs PARMTEQ
PARMTEQ
TRACK
SNS-RFQ: 32 mA H-, 1M particles simulated
Emittance: N-RMS Parmteq TRACK
ε-x (mm-mrad) 0.213 0.204
ε-y (mm-mrad) 0.211 0.203
ε-z (deg-keV) 99.63 105.86
References:
“End-to-end Simulation of the SNS Linac using TRACK”, B. Mustapha et al, LINAC-08.
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11. SNS Linac Beam Dynamics: TRACK vs PARMILA
-3 -3
Δφ-ΔW plane
x 10 x 10
X-X’ plane Y-Y’ plane
SNS linac: 0.2 0.2
ΔWrms (keV/u) Δφrms (deg) Wc (MeV/u)
Xc (cm)
Yc (cm)
DTL section 50
0 0
-0.2 -0.2 0
30
Xrms (cm)
Yrms (cm)
20
0.2 0.2
Beam: 38 mA H- 10
0 0 0
1 1
Xmax (cm)
Ymax (cm)
In W ~ 2.5 MeV 50
0.5 0.5
0
Out W ~ 87 MeV 5
0.125 0.125
4*εx,rms
4*εy,rms
4*εz,rms
4
0.1 0.1
In f = 402.5 MHz 0.075 0.075 3
Out f = 402.5 MHz 2 2
40
εx,100%
εy,100%
εz,100%
1 1
20
0 0 0
PARMILA: Black 5
10 10
αx
αy
TRACK : Blue
αz
0 0 0
-10 -10
-5
0.4 0.4
100
βx
βy
βz
Some differences: 0.2 0.2
0 0 0
- Fringe field in PMQ 0 20 40 0 20 40 0 20 40
Z-distance (m) Z-distance (m) Z-distance (m)
- SC calculations
PARMILA
TRACK
References:
“First TRACK Simulations of the SNS Linac”, B. Mustapha et al, LINAC-06.
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12. SPIRAL-2 Linac Beam Dynamics: TRACK vs TRACEWIN
End-to-end beam
dynamics for a
0.5 mA A/q=6 ion
beam along the
SPIRAL-2 linac
from the ion
source to end
of the linac.
The results were
not superposed.
But a good
agreement
between TRACK
and TRACEWIN
was observed.
References:
“Preliminary Conceptual Design of a Heavy-Ion Injector for SPIRAL-2 Linac at GANIL”,
Argonne Report to GANIL, unpublished.
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13. Summary and Recommendations to the Users
Summary:
Many useful beam dynamics codes exist for the simulation of
proton and heavy ion linacs …
With different levels of sophistication …
But they are still far from reproducing experimental data or
to be used to operate an accelerator …
Recommendations to the Users:
For consistency: Use 2-3 codes at least
Start with TRACE-3D or a similar envelope code
PARMILA & PARMTEQ are good to use because it comes
with very good documentation
Final design with error simulations should be done with more
advanced codes such as TRACK, IMPACT, TraceWin
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14. The Beam Dynamics Code: TRACK
ESS-Bilbao Workshop Beam Dynamics Codes … P. Ostroumov

15. The Beam Dynamics Code: TRACK
TRACK Main Features
A wide range of E-M elements with 3D fields
End-to-end simulations from source to target
Simultaneous tracking of Multiple charge states ion beams
Interaction of heavy ion beams with strippers
Automatic transverse and longitudinal beam tuning
Error simulations for all elements: Static and dynamic errors
Realistic correction procedure: Transverse and Longitudinal
Simulations with large number of particles for large number of seeds
Beam loss analysis with exact location of particle loss
Recent Updates
Possibility of fitting experimental data: beam profiles, …
H- Stripping: Black body, Residual gas and Lorentz stripping
The design and simulation of electron linacs – Genetic optimization
Parallel version is fully developed with good scaling up to 32K processors
Possibility of simulating the actual number of particles in a bunch
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16. TRACK: Extensive List of Supported Elements
Any type of RF resonator (3D fields)
Static ion optics devices (3D fields)
Radio-Frequency Quadrupoles (RFQ)
Drift Tube Linacs (DTL)
Coupled Cavity Linacs (CCL)
Solenoids with fringe fields (model and 3D fields)
Bending magnets with fringe fields (model and 3D fields)
Electrostatic and magnetic multipoles
Multi- Harmonic Bunchers (MHB)
Axial Symmetric electrostatic lenses
Entrance and exit of HV decks
Accelerating tubes with DC voltage
Transverse beam steering elements
Stripping foils or films for heavy-ion beams
Horizontal and vertical jaw slits
TRACK was heavily used in the design and simulations of the RIA/FRIB
and FNAL-PD linacs and recently in the simulation of the SNS linac.
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17. TRACK Application: Design and Simulations of the FRIB Linac
Injector: Two options w/wo MHB Error simulations: Before and after Corrections
ECR−IS LEBT RFQ MEBT SC LINAC ECR−IS LEBT MHB RFQ MEBT SC LINAC
2.5 2.5 0.5
2 2 0.4
1.5 1.5 0.3
ΔW/W (%)
1 1 0.2
x’ (mrad)
y’ (mrad)
No corrections
0.5 0.5 0.1
0 0 0
-0.5 -0.5 -0.1
-1 -1 -0.2
-1.5 -1.5 -0.3
-2 -2 -0.4
-2.5 -2.5 -0.5
-2 0 2 -2 0 2 -10 0 10
φ (deg)
x (cm) y (cm)
2.5 2.5 0.5
2 2 0.4
1.5 1.5 0.3
ΔW/W (%)
1 1 0.2
x’ (mrad)
y’ (mrad)
0.5 0.5 0.1
Corrections
0 0 0
-0.5 -0.5 -0.1
-1 -1 -0.2
-1.5 -1.5 -0.3
-2 -2 -0.4
-2.5 -2.5 -0.5
-2 0 2 -2 0 2 -10 0 10
φ (deg)
x (cm) y (cm)
100 % Transmission 80% Transmission
Different RF jitter errors: 0.5, 1 and 2 (deg, %)
Large long. emittance ~ 8 times smaller emittance
Chicane: Collimation and Matching 3 3
1.5
2 2 1
ΔW/W (%)
x’ (mrad)
y’ (mrad)
1 1 0.5
0.5 deg, 0.5 %
0 0 0
-0.5
-1 -1
-1
-2 -2
-1.5
-3 -3
-2 0 2 -2 0 2 -50 0 50
φ (deg)
x (cm) y (cm)
3 3
1.5
2 2 1
ΔW/W (%)
x’ (mrad)
y’ (mrad)
1 1 0.5
1.0 deg, 1.0 %
0 0 0
-0.5
-1 -1
-1
-2 -2
-1.5
-3 -3
-2 0 2 -2 0 2 -50 0 50
φ (deg)
Collim x (cm) y (cm)
3 3
Bunch
Quad
Quad
Quad
Quad
Quad
Quad
Quad
Quad
Quad
Bend
Bend
Bend
Multi
Multi
Multi
Quad
Quad
Quad
Bend
Bend
Multi
Bend
Bend
Bend
1.5
2 2 1
ΔW/W (%)
x’ (mrad)
y’ (mrad)
1 1
10 0.5
9
2.0 deg, 2.0 %
Xrms, Yrms (mm)
0 0 0
8
7 -0.5
-1 -1
6
-1
5 -2 -2
4 -1.5
3 -3 -3
2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -50 0 50
1 φ (deg)
x (cm) y (cm)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Z-distance (m)
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18. TRACK Application: Design and Simulations of the FNAL-PD
Error simulations: 100 seeds, 1M particles each Beam Emittances: before and after RF errors
0.5 0.5
4*εx-rms (cm-mrad)
4*εx-rms (cm-mrad)
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
Table: 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Z distance (m) Z distance (m)
0.5 0.5
Errors and
4*εy-rms (cm-mrad)
4*εy-rms (cm-mrad)
0 deg 0.4
1 deg
0.4
their typical 0.3 0.3
0% 1%
values 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Z distance (m) Z distance (m)
4*εz-rms (keV/u-ns)
4*εz-rms (keV/u-ns)
40 40
20 20
Beam Loss: Different RF errors 0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Z distance (m)
123 4 5 6 7 Z distance (m)
Beam Envelopes
Lost power (W/m)
1
0 deg Fraction: 2E-5
-1
10 3 3
0% Peak: 0.1 W/m
Xmax (cm)
Xmax (cm)
-2
2 2
10
1 1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Distance (m) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Lost power (W/m)
Z distance (m) Z distance (m)
1
Fraction: 1E-4 3 3
0 deg
1 deg 1 deg
Ymax (cm)
-1
Ymax (cm)
10 2 2
Peak: 0.4 W/m 0%
1% 1%
-2 1 1
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Z distance (m) Z distance (m)
Distance (m) 40 40
Lost power (W/m)
30 30
φmax (deg)
φmax (deg)
20 20
Fraction: 3E-2
10
2 deg 10 10
Peak: 35 W/m
1
2% 0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
-1 Z distance (m) Z distance (m)
10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
See Paper in LINAC-06
Distance (m)
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19. TRACK Application: End-to-end Simulation of the SNS Linac
RFQ Simulations Linac simulations from MEBT to HEBT
Envelopes: rms, max Emittances: 4*rms
Envelopes: rms, max Emittances: 4*rms
Phase space plots Phase space plots
LINAC-08
Next steps
Transmission is consistent within ±1%
- Error and beam loss simulations
- Compare with experimental data
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20. TRACK Application: Design and Simulations of an electron linac
Layout of a linac for a future X-Ray FEL Oscillator 10
Bunch compressor-II
RMS energy spread (MeV)
1
Bunch compressor-I
Energy spread
0.1
Velocity Buncher
12 3 4 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13
0.01
Energy Filter
1- RF cavity with thermionic cathode, 100 MHz, 1 MV; 2- chicane and
Monochromator
slits; 3- as an energy filter; 4- quadrupole triplet; 5- focusing solenoid; 0.001
6- monochromator of the beam energy, f=600 MHz; 7- buncher, f=300 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
MHz; 8- booster linac section, f=400 MHz; 9- RF cosine-chopper to form Distance (m)
rep. rate 1 MHz to 100 MHz; 10- bunch compressor – I; 11- SC linac 1000
Energy Filter
section, 460 MeV, f=1300 MHz; 12- bunch compressor – II;
Bunch RMS width (psec)
Velocity Buncher
13- initial section of the SC linac, f=1300 MHz. 100
Bunch compressor-I
Beam Simulations Bunch width
10
Bunch compressor-II
1
0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance (m)
0.16
0.14
0.12
Emittance ( m)
Ex
0.1
Ey
Emittance
0.08
0.06
0.04
2 deg 0.02
2% 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
See Paper in LINAC-08 Distance (m)
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