Pressures, impacts and risk on surface water. Concept and examples European Union Water Initiative Plus for the Eastern Partnership EU Member States Consortium. International Office for Water (France) Kyiv, 16 April 2019

1. PRESSURES, IMPACTS AND RISK
ON SURFACE WATER
CONCEPT AND EXAMPLES
European Union Water Initiative Plus for the Easter Partnership
EU Member States Consortium, Kyiv, 16 April 2019

2. EUROPEAN UNION WATER INITIATIVE
PLUS FOR THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP

3. БЕЛАРУСЬ МОЛДОВА УКРАЇНА
ВІРМЕНІЯ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАН ГРУЗІЯ
АВСТРІЯ ФРАНЦІЯ
МЕЖНАРОДНІ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ :
EUROPEAN UNION WATER INITIATIVE
PLUS FOR THE EASTERN PARTNERSHIP

4. РЕЗУЛЬТАТ 3
Залучення
зацікавлених сторін
Комунікація
РЕЗУЛЬТАТ 2
Планування
управління
річковими
басейнами
Управління даними
Моніторинг та
лаболаторії
Правова база та система регулювання
поліпшені відповідно до Водної рамкової
директиви ЄС (ВРД), інтегрованим
управлінням водними ресурсами та
багатосторонніми природоохоронними
угодами.
Плани управління водними ресурсами
розроблені і виконуються відповідно до
принципів ВРД ЄС, від пілотних басейнів і до
масштабів країни.
Залучення зацікавлених сторін та
комунікація
Отримані уроки регулярно збираються,
поширюються і передаються зацікавленим
сторонам.
РЕЗУЛЬТАТ 1
Національний
політичний діалог
Реформа
законодавства і
регулювання
Зміцнення потенціалу

5. PRESSURES, IMPACTS AND RISK ON SURFACE WATER

6. Management at River Basin District Scale
Non deterioration of the current status
Good status not later than 2027*
Dangerous substances reduced or removed
Protected areas concerned by others directives
Consultation & participation
Water Framework European Directive (WFD), Oct. 2000
Objectives: obligatory results
* Possibility of exemptions (delay 2021 or 2027 or less stringent objectives) :
technical feasability, disproportionate costs, and/or natural conditions
80% of French regulation for water
come from European regulation
3 planning cycles: 2010-2015;
2016-2021; 2022-2027

9. Pristine river basin

10. Human activities &
river basins changes:
Pressures

11. Pristine river basin
Climate change is a pressure on water resources.
But solutions are not at River Basin level.

12. APPROACH
1. What are the human activities in the River Basin?
2. What are the Pressures due to human activities?
3. What are the trends of the Pressures in the coming years?
4. What is the Status of the water bodies from the available monitoring
results?
5. What will be the status of the water bodies at the end of the planning
cycle?
12

13. APPROACH
• What are the human activities in the River Basin?
• What are the Pressures due to human activities?
• What are the trends of the Pressures in the coming years?
• What is the Status of the water bodies from the available monitoring
results?
• What will be the status of the water bodies at the end of the planning
cycle?
13

14. DATA COLLECTION
• Required first step: Inventory and collection of relevant data
• Data sharing between the data producers
• To produce the River Basin characterisation

15. In red, a lot of urban areas:
urban pressure on water supply
In yellow, agriculture, main land
user, pressure on water quality
Land use

16. France
552,000 km²
66 million inhabitants

17. Loire-Bretagne basin example
2,000 rivers water bodies
Loire-Bretagne: 160,000 km², 13 million inhabitants

18. Water body identification (rivers)
Loire-Brittany:.
135,000 km watercourses, 2,250 WaterBodies:
1900 River WB (30 main river basins and 1,870 small
river basins more than 10 km²), 140 Lakes WB, 30
Esturian WB, 40 Coastal WB, 140 GroundWB Waterbodies delineation (rivers)

19. Land use
In red, a lot of urban areas: urban
pressure on water supply
In brown, agriculture, main land user,
pressure on water quality
Urban area
Agriculture area
Forest area
Water area
Baseline data

20. Population
Growth more than 30% in
ten years
Increased pressure
-
+++
Population growth for 2000 river water bodies
Decreasing population
Decreased pressure
Growth of population between 1999
and 2009
Baseline data

21. Agriculture - breeding
-
+++
Concentration of the
production in the
western river basins
Increased water
pollution (nutrient)
Livestock for 29 river sub-basins
-
+++
Growth of hens between
2000 and 2010
Growth of pig between
2000 and 2010
Cattles density per agricultural
area, 2010
-
+++
Baseline data

22. APPROACH
• What are the human activities in the River Basin?
• What are the Pressures due to human activities?
• What are the trends of the Pressures in the coming years?
• What is the Status of the water bodies from the available monitoring
results?
• What will be the status of the water bodies at the end of the planning
cycle?
22

23. WFD Annex 7 – River Basin Management Plans:
A summary of significant pressures and impact of human activity on the
status of surface water and groundwater, including:
• Estimation of point source pollution,
• Estimation of diffuse source pollution, including a summary of land
use,
• Estiation of pressures on the quantitative status of water including
abstractions,
• Analysis of other impacts of human activity on the status of water.

25. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/facts_figures/guidance_docs_en.htm

26. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/facts_figures/guidance_docs_en.htm

27. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/facts_figures/guidance_docs_en.htm

29. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/facts_figures/guidance_docs_en.htm

30. MORPHOLOGICAL PRESSURES
SOLUTION

31. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/facts_figures/guidance_docs_en.htm

32. ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES

33. ECOLOGICAL STATUS IN EUROPEAN UNION
VERSUS POPULATION DENSITY / % ARABLE LAND
European water –assessment of status and pressure p 39 – 2012, WIE Database May 2011-2012

34. Pressure Main Driver(s) Clarification on pressures
1.1 Point – Urban waste water Urban development Included or not in the UWWT Directive. Includes discharges from non-manufacturing commercial
areas which can largely be assimilated to urban waste water. Includes discharges of raw or
partially treated urban waste water which are identified as point sources.
1.2 Point - Storm Overflows Urban development Overflows from separated or combined sewers identified as point sources (for diffuse see ‘Diffuse
– Urban run-off’ below).
1.3 Point - IED plants Industry Industrial point sources from plants included in the E-PRTR.
1.4 Point - Non IED plants Industry Any industrial point sources not included in the E-PRTR.
1.5 Point - Contaminated Sites/Abandoned
industrial sites
Industry Pollution resulting from an abandoned industrial site or a site contaminated due to past industrial
activities, illegal dumping of industrial waste or a pollution accident and which is identified as
point source (for diffuse see below ‘Diffuse – Contaminated sites/abandoned industrial sites). This
category does not cover existing industrial activities.
1.6 Point - Waste disposal sites Urban development Point sources due to urban or industrial waste disposal sites.
1.7 Point - Mine waters Industry Point sources due to the collection of water in an open pit or underground mine which has to be
brought to the surface in order to enable the mine to continue working. It does not include waste
water from the industrial processes.
1.8 Point - Aquaculture Aquaculture
1.9 Point – Other Other point sources not included in the categories above.
2.1 Diffuse - Urban run off Urban development, Industry Storm overflows and discharges in urbanized areas not identified as point sources
2.2 Diffuse – Agricultural Agriculture
2.3 Diffuse – Forestry Forestry
2.4 Diffuse – Transport Transport Diffuse pollution from road and train traffic, aviation and infrastructure.
2.5 Diffuse – Contaminated
sites/Abandoned industrial sites
Industry Pollution resulting from an abandoned industrial site or a site contaminated due to past industrial
activities, illegal dumping of industrial waste or a pollution accident and which is identified as
diffuse source (for point see above ‘Point – Contaminated sites/abandoned industrial sites). This
category does not cover existing industrial activities.
2.6 Diffuse - Discharges not connected to
sewerage network
Urban development Pollution resulting from urban waste water not connected to sewers and identified as a diffuse
source.
2.7 Diffuse - Atmospheric deposition Agriculture, Energy non-
hydro, Industry, Transport,
Urban development
Diffuse pollution from atmospheric deposition from any origin
2.8 Diffuse – Mining Industry Pollution from mining activities which are identified as diffuse (for point sources see categories
above )
2.9 Diffuse – Aquaculture Aquaculture
2.10 Diffuse – Other Any driver/Other Other diffuse sources not included in the categories above.
3.1 Abstraction/Flow Diversion –
Agriculture
Agriculture Includes water transfers and abstractions for irrigation and livestock breeding.
3.2 Abstraction/Flow Diversion – Public
Water Supply
Urban development Includes water transfers. Affection to TW and/or CW possible only in case of desalination plants.
3.3 Abstraction/Flow Diversion – Industry Industry Abstraction for industrial processes (cooling water is covered under the category ‘Abstraction –

35. 3.4 Abstraction/Flow Diversion – Cooling water Industry; Energy non-hydro
3.5 Abstraction/Flow Diversion - Fish farms Aquaculture Typically off-line fish farms
3.6 Abstraction/Flow Diversion – other Recreation Abstraction for any other purpose not listed above.
4.1.1 Physical alteration of channel/bed/riparian
area/shore of water body for flood protection
Flood protection Refers largely to longitudinal alterations to water bodies.
4.1.2 Physical alteration of channel/bed/riparian
area/shore of water body for agriculture
Agriculture Refers largely to longitudinal alterations to water bodies. Includes land drainage to
enable agriculture activities.
4.1.3 Physical alteration of channel/bed/riparian
area/shore of water body for navigation
Transport Refers largely to longitudinal alterations to water bodies.
4.1.4 Physical alteration of channel/bed/riparian
area/shore – other
Refers largely to longitudinal alterations to water bodies.
4.1.5 Physical alteration of channel/bed/riparian
area/shore – unknown or obsolete
In case the driver for the physical modification is unknown.
4.2.1 Dams, barriers and locks for hydropower Energy – hydropower
4.2.2 Dams, barriers and locks for flood protection Flood Protection
4.2.3 Dams, barriers and locks for drinking water Urban development
4.2.4 Dams, barriers and locks for irrigation Agriculture
4.2.5 Dams, barriers and locks for recreation Recreation Small dams are used in rivers to create recreational areas (bathing waters) and also
angling areas
4.2.6 Dams, barriers and locks for industry Industry, Energy non-hydro Dams are sometimes created to provide freshwater for large industry e.g. typically for
cooling purposes
4.2.7 Dams, barriers and locks for navigation Transport
4.2.8 Dams, barriers and locks – other
4.2.9 Dams, barriers and locks – unknown or obsolete
4.3.1 Hydrological alteration – agriculture Agriculture, Transport A change in the flow regime (e.g. due to land drainage).
4.3.2 Hydrological alteration – transport Transport A change in the flow regime - typically due to inland navigation
4.3.3 Hydrological alteration – hydropower Energy – hydropower A change in the flow regime (e.g. hydropeaking)
4.3.Hydrological alteration – public water supply Urban development A change in the flow regime
4.3.5 Hydrological alteration - aquaculture Fisheries and aquaculture A change in the flow regime
4.3.6 Hydrological alteration – other
4.4 Physical loss (or part of) whole water bodies Flood Protection, Climate
change
Dry river beds etc.
4.5 Other hydromorphological alterations Other hydromorphological alterations not included in any of the categories above,
including alteration of water level or volume for purposes not identified above.
5.1 Introduced species and diseases Transport, Fisheries and
aquaculture, Tourism and
recreation.
Includes invasive alien species.

36. 5.2 Exploitation of/removal of
animals/plants
Recreation, Fisheries and
aquaculture
Commercial fishing or recreational/sports angling, commercial
harvesting of plants or algae from water bodies.
5.3 Litter/fly tipping Urban development, Transport Includes illegal waste deposits, litter from ships, etc. (All waste
from land area)
6.1 Groundwater recharges Agriculture
Energy – non-hydro
Industry
Urban development
6.2 Groundwater – alteration of water level
or volume
Industry
Urban development
This category includes activities to alter the level of groundwater
in order to carry out an underground activity (typically mining or
large civil works). This does not include the alteration of the water
level due to current or past overexploitation of the groundwater
resources (this case is captured under the categories ‘Abstraction’
above).
7 Other anthropogenic pressures Other pressures not included in any other category.
8 Unknown Pressures Only relevant where status is lower than good and pressure is
unknown.
9 Historical pollution In cases where for example a groundwater body is significantly
polluted by past activities / pressures that no longer exist.
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/facts_figures/guidance_docs_en.htm

37. GEOLOCALISATION OF THE PRESSURES
• Point sources: which waterbody is concerned?
• Diffuse source: as data are available at administrative level
(Oblast, Rayon), pressures are estimated in proportion to the
area at water body or sub-basin scale.
ORDER OF MAGNITUDE OF IDENTIFIED PRESSURES
• Comparison with monitoring results (water bodies status)
• Relative significance between the water bodies in the basin
• Simple estimation (0 low, 1 medium, 2 high pressure)
• Fixed thresholds (e.g. Ukrainian National Methodology)
• Experts’ judgement
WHAT ARE THE PRESSURES DUE TO
HUMAN ACTIVITIES?

38. PRESSURES: RBMP CONTENT
1. Point source pollution (macro pollutants, micro pollutants,
fishfarm, drug and pesticides residues, polluted sites,
thermal discharges)
2. Non point source pollution or diffuse pollution (nitrates,
phosphorus, pesticides, rural sanitation, breedings,
micropollutants)
3. Abstractions (abstractions, transfers, impact of ponds,
drainage, hydrological pressures)
4. Hydromorphological alterations (hydrological regime –
abstractions, works, hydropeaking-, continuity,
morphological conditions -channeling, river bed, banks-)
5. Other pressures (fishing, pests, alien species proliferation)
If necesary, distinction between pressures on surface water and
pressures on groundwater.

39. • Data collection
• Analysis with European, National
and Basin methodologies
• Technical local consultation (6,300
comments collected for 2016-2021
cycle)
Main data
Land use
Population
Agriculture
Abstractions
Fishing
Navigation
Tourism
Industry
Energy
Transport
Pressures: RBMP content

40. • Level 1: pressures with high stakes for Loire-
Bretagne River Basin and easy to characterise
(e.g. macropolluants from point discharges);
waterbodies scale
• Level 2: pressures with high stakes for Loire-
Bretagne River Basin but uneasy to characterise
(e.g. pesticides from diffuse sources); sub-basins
scale
• Level 3: pressures with low stakes and uneasy to
characterise (e.g. rural sanitation); light analysis
Pressures: RBMP content

41. Pressures
Point source pollution
Discharges of Chemical Oxygen Demand
Industries, wastewater treatement plants

42. Pressures
Diffuse sources pollution
Nitrogen surplus + Nitrates quality
Agriculture

43. Pressures
Hydromorphological: Continuity
Height rate = Sum of artificial falls / natural drop
Risk of Sum of artificial falls / natural drop > 40%

46. FROM HUMAN ACTIVITIES TO PRESSURES
FROM SOCIO-ECONOMY DATA TO INTEGRATED WATER
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IWRM) DATA
• How to estimate pressures from socio-economic data
(population, agriculture census, etc) in order to compare
pressures of various origins?
• Example: pressures on water quality
ESTIMATION OF POLLUTION FLOWS

47. Pollution mass balance
or pollution flow estimation

48. HOW TO ESTIMATE POLLUTION FLOWS SIMPLY ?
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Industrial
Treatment
plant
Fish
farming
Rural
sanitation
Manure
Fertilizers
Pesticides
R
I
V
E
R
Direct discharge
Direct discharge
Direct discharge
Indirect discharge 5 % or more
Surplus
Harvests
Manure treatment
Percolation N
15-80 %
Erosion P
3-10 %

49. • Inventories in the river basin : population
Population (connected to waste treatment plant or not, coverage rate)
Waste treatment plant (location, process, polluting load, performance,
discharges) for towns or industries
1 population equivalent (per day) :
90 g SS (suspended solids)
60 g oxidizable matters (=2/3 BOD5 + 1/3 COD)
15 g organic nitrogen and ammonia compounds
2 - 4 g Phosphorus compounds
100 – 150 liters/day
SCREENING POLLUTION SOURCES (1)
BOD5 : 5-day biochemical oxygen demand, COD : chemical oxygen demand)

50. Inventories of industrial activities in the river basin :
• Fish farming : type of species, food
Pollution downstream (theoretical) :
30 kg N/year/t food
5 kg P/year/t food
• Beer :
Pollution downstream (theoretical) :
400 g SS/100 liters
1700 g OM/100 liters
20 g N/100 liters
5 g P/100 liters
SS: Suspended solids
SCREENING POLLUTION SOURCES (2)

51. AGRICULTURE: BALANCE METHOD
INPUT
Mineral fertiliser
Organic fertiliser
OUTPUT
Harvested crops
Grazing
Manure
treatment
Agricultural land
Surplus =
Input - Output
river
Transfer assumption

52. AGRICULTURE: BALANCE METHOD
INPUT
Mineral fertiliser:
from statistics
Organic fertiliser:
Number of
animals from
statistics
OUTPUT
Harvested crops:
From statistics
Grazing
Manure
treatment
Agricultural land:
Agricultural area
in the sub-basin
or the catchment
area of the water
body
Surplus =
Input - Output
river
Transfer assumption: to be estimated

53. QUANTITIES OF
NITROGEN FROM
LIVESTOCK
Comparison with a
cow (kg N/year)

54. QUANTITIES OF NUTRIENTS REQUIRED FOR CROPS
(KG/100 KG GRAIN)
Kg/100 kg grain harvested
Common wheat
Oat
Barley
Triticale
Rye
Corn
Colza
Sunflower

55. ESTIMATION PER WATER BODY OR PER SUB-BASIN
INPUTN = mineral fertilisers + number of animals x nutrientsproduction per
animal
OUTPUTN = CROP (nitrogen need x average yield x area)
SURPLUS = INPUT - OUTPUT
For phosphorus: P2O5 in agriculture (P2O5 X 0.44 = P)
• AGRICULTURE: NUTRIENTS PRESSURE
Depend on data
available

57. t N/day Municipalities Industries Agriculture Total
Gross 157 112 3614 3883
Net 109 13 490 612
Net/Gross % 69% 12% 14% 16%
12 millions inhabitants 10 millions hectars
g/day/inhabitant 9 50g/day/hectare
Kg/year/inhabitant 3 18kg/year/hectare
Loire-Bretagne Basin (160,000 km², 13 millions inhabitants)
NITROGEN N

58. t N/day Municipalities Industries Agriculture Total
Gross 157 112 3614 3883
Net 109 13 490 612
Net/Gross % 69% 12% 14% 16%
12 millions inhabitants 10 millions hectars
g/day/inhabitant 9 50g/day/hectare
Kg/year/inhabitant 3 18kg/year/hectare
Loire-Bretagne Basin (160,000 km², 13 millions inhabitants)
NITROGEN N
Collectivities
Industry
Agriculture

59. t P/day Municipalities Industries Agriculture Total
Gross 27 19 489 535
Net 17 2 28 47
Net/Gross % 63% 11% 6% 9%
12 millions inhabitants 10 millions hectars
g/day/inhabitant 1,5 3g/day/hectare
Kg/year/inhabitant 0,5 1kg/year/hectare
Loire-Bretagne Basin (160,000 km², 13 millions inhabitants)
PHOSPHORUS P

60. t P/day Municipalities Industries Agriculture Total
Gross 27 19 489 535
Net 17 2 28 47
Net/Gross % 63% 11% 6% 9%
12 millions inhabitants 10 millions hectars
g/day/inhabitant 1,5 3g/day/hectare
Kg/year/inhabitant 0,5 1kg/year/hectare
Loire-Bretagne Basin (160,000 km², 13 millions inhabitants)
PHOSPHORUS P
Muncipalities
Industries
Agriculture

61. WHAT ARE THE PRESSURES DUE TO
HUMAN ACTIVITIES: RECOMMENDATIONS
• Data available: Collect the data at the smaller
administrative unit in order to be able to valorise
them at different scales (water bodies, sub
basins, etc).
• Relevant Pressures: Focus on very relevant data
as population, waste water treatment plants,
significant industries, fertilising practices (mineral,
organic), irrigation areas, significant structures on
rivers.
• Pressures ranking: Use simple approach to define
“high, medium, low” level of pressures.
• Link pressures/rivers: Small discharges can
produce big impacts on small rivers.

62. CONCLUSIONS
• The pressures analysis gives objective elements
to communicate with decision-makers and
stakeholders in order to raise awareness and
mobilise for actions.
• The pressures analysis gives rational elements to
establish a programme of measures in order to
improve the water resources in balance with
socio-economics uses and ecosystems functions.

63. www.euwipluseast.eu
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THANK YOU
International Office for Water (France):
p.seguin@oieau.fr