Mushroom cultivation plays an important role in environmental sustainability through waste disposal and recycling, bioremediation, and restoration of damaged environments. Mushrooms can degrade pollutants and toxic substances in soil through various processes. They also help convert organic wastes into useful products like biogas and biofertilizers. The mycelium of mushrooms is useful in mycoremediation to remove pollution and mycorestoration to repair forest and water environments. However, mushroom cultivation faces challenges of lack of awareness, technical issues, and marketing problems. Overall, promoting mushroom industry can generate income while improving the environment.

1. Topic: Environmental impacts of
Mushrooms Cultivation
Presented by: Ebadet Ali Alvi (MS scholar)
Email: alvibotanist176@gmail.com
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
HAZARA UNIVERSITY MANSEHRA
PAKISTAN

2. Contents Table:
1- Mushrooms cultivation ……………………………………………………………….
1.2- Introduction………………………………………………………………………
2- History of Mushrooms Cultivation ………………………………………………….
3- Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms …………………………………………………..
3.1- Basic requirements of mushrooms cultivation …………………………………
3.2- Selection of Variety …………………………………………………………….
3.4- Terrarium method ………………………………………………………………
4- Environmental Factors for Mushrooms Cultivation ………………………………….
4.1- Temperature ……………………………………………………………………
4.2- Moisture ………………………………………………………………………...
4.3- Light ……………………………………………………………………………
4.4- pH value ……………………………………………………………………….
4.5- Oxygen ………………………………………………………………………..
5- Role of Mushrooms Cultivation in Environmental Sustainability ……………………
6- Mushrooms Cultivation role in Waste Disposal………………………………………..
7- Role of Mushroom in Bioremediation ………………………………………………….
8- Role in recycling of Organic Waste into Biogas and Biofertilizers ……………………
9- Role of Mushrooms Cultivation in Mycoremediation …………………………………
9.1- Biosorption ………………………………………………………………………
9.2- Biodegradation …………………………………………………………………..
9.3- Bio conversion …………………………………………………………………..
9.4- Advantage of Mycoremediation ………………………………………………...
10- Role of Mushroom in Restoration of Damaged Environment ……………………….

3. 10.1- Mycorerestoration ………………………………………………………………..
i- Mycoforestry ………………………………………………………………………
ii- Mycofiltration ……………………………………………………………………..
iii- Mycoremediation …………………………………………………………………
iv- Mycopesticides …………………………………………………………………….
11- Mushrooms as Biocontrol Agent …………………………………………………………
12- Importance of Mushrooms Cultivation …………………………………………………...
13- Challenges of Mushrooms Cultivation ……………………………………………………
14- Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………………….
15- References …………………………………………………………………………………

4. 4
1-Mushroom Cultivation:
1.1- introduction:
Mushrooms are found in different ecological zone of the world. They are used as source of
foods, source of medicine, and act as Natural bio control agent to protect the plants. Due to their
multidimensional nature the mushroom cultivation industry also contribute the human mankind
in the positive way. The mushrooms cultivation industry play important role in the agriculture
and environment, it has a great potential to generating the economy and impact in the human
welfare in local and international level. Mushroom cultivation also very helpful to decrease the
pollutant from environments. From the last decades the cultivation of the mushroom is rapidly
increase popular in all over the globe. According to the report of 2012 the production of
medicinal and edible mushroom is about 31 million ton. The cultivation of mushroom was first
started from China 600 year AD. Nowadays many different varieties of mushrooms are
cultivated are all over the world but according to cultivation and consumption China is a leading
country all over the world.
2- History of Mushroom Cultivation:
China is the country which cultivated all popular the mushroom first time at 600 AD. But the
Agaricus bisporus was first cultivated by France in 1650 AD. Chinese and Japanese used the
mushrooms for medicine from last many centuries. In the 20 century the widespread mechanism
techniques was used for producing better quality of mushroom on commercial scale. Agaricus
bisporus is the famous and most cultivated mushroom in the western countries. Agaricus
mushroom is also known as button mushroom. France is first country which introduces the
cultivation of mushroom to other European countries. Then now the cultivation of mushroom is
widely spread all over the world. After the World War II the production of mushroom was
rapidly increase. The advancement in mushroom cultivation industry is accountable for boost the
production of mushrooms.
3-Cultivation of Edible Mushrooms:
Mushrooms are considered one of the best delicious foods of worldwide. But mostly varieties of
mushrooms are very expensive in the super market therefore the best way is to growing the
mushroom in your own space.
3.1- Basic Requirements for Mushrooms Cultivation:
Knife
Suitable logs
Growing medium
Compost
Spore or spawn
Terrariums

5. 5
3.2- Selection of variety:
First of all you select the spawn of the desirable variety of Mushroom if you want to grow the
mushroom in the particular season. After then you bring the spore and inculcate it. And if you
like to get the paramount fruits then must use the pre- inculcated spawn that are available pre in
mixed bags. Then after you grow the mushroom in the best condition by using humid and dark
place which is favorable for the growth of mushroom.
3.3- Terrarium method:
Terrarium method is best method for the cultivation of Edible mushroom in the globe. For the
growing of Edible mushroom in best atmosphere you used the old grey trays and covered it
with the newspapers. After you filled the container or pod with the medium like rye meal,
manure and the saw dust are used for growing mushrooms. For the growing of the mushroom
the growing medium play very important role. Then you spread the spawn in the growing
compartment. In the next step keep the compartment at the temperature of 21 degree Celsius for
21 days for the spreading of roots. After 3week thin mycelium is formed which work as roots
base of mushroom then again transfer the compartment at the temperature of 16 degree Celsius.
Now regularly spray water and keep the soil surface moist. Then after you notice it if you soil is
over saturated or any other fungal growth it means it’s a time of harvesting the mushrooms.
Then the evil connect the cap to the step mushrooms. Now the mushroom are extremely ripe
and tasty so harvest it and pick the mushrooms form the substrate.
4- Environmental Factors for Mushrooms Cultivation:
For the cultivation of mushroom required some basic environmental factors for their proper
growth if these factors are not properly available then the cultivation of mushroom are affected.
Following are the some environmental factors which are required for mushroom cultivation.
Temperature
Moisture
Light
pH value
Oxygen
4.1- Temperature:
Temperature is one of the major important factors for the cultivation of mushrooms. For the
growth of the mushroom the maximum temperature which is required is 38 to 40 degree
Celsius. At the temperature of 35 to38 degree Celsius the fiber of mushroom are grow while the
cap of mushroom will be grow at the temperature of 30 degree Celsius and when the
temperature is so much hot the cap will be small and open faster as normal. When the
temperature exceed then their require temperature then it kill the mycelia and spores of
mushroom as result the production of mushroom is decreased.

6. 6
4.2- Moisture:
Moisture is also considered one of the major important aspects for the cultivation of mushroom.
The optimum moisture for the cultivation of mushroom is mostly depending upon species of
mushrooms and the substrate which is used for cultivation. But for the maximum growth of
mushrooms need 50 to 75% moisture contents. If the moisture content is very low as a result the
fruiting body of mushroom is death. While in same way when the moisture is very high as result
decrease the porosity of the substrate and restrict the oxygen transfer and also limited the growth
of mushrooms.
4.3- Light:
The light also plays it significance role for the cultivation of mushrooms. The growth of
mushroom is not responsive to the light while the strong light kills the mushrooms. The most
essential role of light for the cultivation of mushroom is phototropic response for reproductive
structure. The growth of fruiting body of mushrooms is also activate by light. In the button
mushrooms the light restrain the growth of the primordia and effect the stipe elongation and
pileous expansion. The ranges of ultraviolet light from 200 to300nm effect the vegetative
growth of mushrooms.
4.4-pH value
pH level is also the one of the major factor for the growth of mushroom. For the growth of
mushrooms the suitable pH level is in between 5 and 8 if the pH level is much acidic the
bacteria cannot grow then it will be less able to digest the molecule.
4.5- Oxygen:
Mushrooms need oxygen during every stage of their growth particularly when the cap is
coming out and after the bloomed. When the percentage of carbon dioxide is very high then the
fiber of mushroom growing stop so the mushrooms grow abnormally and the skin of mushroom
will be effected.
5-Role of Mushroom Cultivation in Environmental sustainability:
Mushrooms have play important role in the sustainability of Environment. The cultivation of
mushrooms helps to transform of the natural and agricultural waste in to marketable products.
The mushrooms are easily grow in different waste like the leaves of Banana straw and the Coffee
and recyclable and they are very good source of food and medicine due to such features the
mushroom cultivation is increased. The cultivation of the mushroom also help to manage the
communities and small family. In many countries the peoples also cultivate the mushroom in
their house and their own plots by using low technology methods. The using of mushrooms help
to protect from many diseases like Cancer heart attack, Diabetes

7. 7
6-Mushroom cultivation role in Waste Disposal:
The cultivation of mushrooms perform importance role to control the pollution in our society.
The mushrooms industry provides great services to dispose our waste and provide clean
environments to our community. For the cultivation of mushrooms we use different wastes of
the organism like the leaves of banana waste of other Animals which very helpful to control the
pollution in our environments. The disposal of the poultry manure is also one of the major
problem for the peoples because the accumulation of the poultry manure is very big problem for
the industries and the public health, but now a days the poultry manure is also used for the
growing of mushrooms so in this way it also helpful to dispose the manure of poultry.
7- Role of Mushrooms in Bioremediation:
Mushrooms are considered as ubiquitous and they are help to degradation of toxic substance in
the soil. The mushroom are grow in both non hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon contaminated soil.
And the mushroom secret the enzyme which is manganese dependent perioxidase and lignin
peroxide which are use for remediation. The extra cellular ability of mushrooms access to
degrade the non popular compound and non soluble toxic substance. The growing of mushroom
also helpful to removal of toxic metal from the environments. Mushrooms inoculate locally
sourced substrates shows assure in bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil. The mushroom s
show little specificity of enzyme which facilitate them to degrade the anthropogenic compound
and recalcitrant.
8- Role in recycling of organic waste into Biogas & Biofertilizers:
The mushrooms also play important role in the recycling of waste product into the beneficial
products. The production of mushrooms biogas and biofertilizers from the wastes was a great
beneficial operation. The peoples harvesting the mushroom from the wild as source of food but
till their nutritive value were not assessed. Lignocellulosic substrate, use for mushroom
production after harvesting the mushrooms, is used as organic fertilizer. The production of
mushrooms biofertilizers and biogas is measured as reasonable approach for the utilization and
disposal of lignocellulosic wastes. The production of mushrooms biogas is also used for the
maintenance of optimum temperature in the houses.
9-Role of mushroom cultivation in Mycoremediation:
The Mushrooms uses various techniques to disinfect pollution and stimulate the environments.
The mushrooms are the cheap and environmentally sound way to help the removing of toxic
compounds from the damaged environments. Following are the some different method of
Mycoremediation
Biosorption
Biodegradation
Bioconversion

8. 8
9.1-Biosorption:
Biosorption is the one of the important process of removal of the pollutant from the
environment by mean of mushrooms is called Biosorption. The Biosorption is another way of
remediation of industrial effluents and recovery of metals presents in effluent.
9.2- Biodegradation:
Biodegradation term is mostly used to explain the recycling and degradation of the complicated
molecule into minerals constituents Biodegradation is a process which guide to complete
mineralization of starting compounds to simpler one. The biodegradation is considered as one
of the complex process. The mushroom manufacture some perioxidase and ligninase, pectinases
and cellulases which capable them to oxidize recalcitrant pollutants
9.3- Bioconversion:
Bioconversion is of the method of mycorediation, the important bioconversion product is
mushrooms. The lignocellulosic waster which is generated by the industries is mostly used for
the cultivation of the mushroom. Various industries wastes are used for the cultivation of the
mushrooms. Mushrooms are also used for solving of pollution problems in the environments.
9.4- Advantages of Mycoremediation:
Following are the some important advantages of the Mycoremediation.
The cost of Mycoremediation technology is very cheap as compared to other technology
and methods.
The Mycoremediation technology always show urgent results as compared to
phytoremediation and bacterial remediation
Mycoremediation works on the variety of inorganic and organic compounds in a friendly
environment
This technology is very simple as compared to other technologies
Mycoremediation is natural system it does not introduce any caustic or harmful chemicals
cleanup.
10- Role of Mushrooms in Restoration of Damaged Environment:
One of the important roles of mushrooms in our ecosystem is decomposition. The mycelium of
mushroom produces the extracellular enzymes which degrades and utilized the lignocellulosic
waste and help to decrease the pollution in our environments. The mycelium of the mushrooms
plays a very major function in the restoration of damaged environments. Bioremediation is also
a important technique which help restoration of damaged environment by using the mycelium
of mushroom and remove the pollutant from the environments.

9. 9
10.1-Mycorestoration:
Mycorestoration is the process by using of mushroom mycelium restored the damaged
environments and it performed the work in four different ways.
Mycoforestry
Mycofiltration
Mycoremediation
Mycopesticides
i- Mycoforestry:
In Mycoforestry by using of mushrooms mycelium restore the forest.
ii- Mycofiltration:
In Mycofiltration by using of mushroom mycelium filter the toxic compound and the
microorganism from the water in the soil.
iii- Mycoremediation:
In Mycoremediation by using the mushroom mycelium decontaminated the environmental
area.
iv- Mycopesticides:
In Mycopesticides by use of mycelia control the insect pests.
11- Mushrooms as Biocontrol agents:
The mushrooms act as Biocontrol agent and play a fundamental role in sustainable environments by
controlling the unfavorable effect of pests and weeds and develop the quality of the crops. The use
of mushrooms reduced the usage of toxic chemical and chemical pesticides and helps to maintain
the quality of crops .The mushrooms have ability of openly infect the host insect by penetrating the
cuticle and ingest as bio control agents. The Trichoderma harzianum is the common species of
mushroom which is mostly used as bio control agents.
12- Importance of Mushrooms cultivation:
The cultivation of mushrooms has many significance aspects some of important aspects are as
follow
Source of income generation
Source of Medicine
Protect from many different diseases like Diabetes, Cancer, Heart attack etc.
Cultivation of mushroom creating employments
Nutritional value

10. 10
13- Challenges of Mushrooms Cultivation:
The cultivation of mushrooms face many challenges some of major challenges of mushrooms
Cultivation are as follow.
Marketing issues
Technical’s issues
Cultural belief of some peoples
Lack of skills of Mushrooms production
Lack of awareness of peoples about mushroom cultivation
14- Conclusion:
Mushrooms plays important role in the maintenances of environments due their outstanding
properties it help the communities of environments by overcome the shortage of foods. The
cultivation of mushrooms also help to recycling of toxic compound and reduce the pollution in
our surrounding areas. The promoting of mushrooms cultivation in all over the world also help
to provide a friendly environments to the communities. But due to lack of awareness in
communities the industry of mushrooms face many challenges for it cultivation so it need to
pay the attention to promote the cultivation mushrooms in all over the globe which is very
beneficial to overcome the poverty from the worlds .
15-References:
1. https://oxfordre.com/environmentalscience/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.001.0001
/acrefore-9780199389414-e-231?print=pdf
2. https://www.lowimpact.org/infoarticle/history-of-mushroom-cultivation/
3. https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S1319562X16301814?token=5D751B3530D34CF5
479C8E84A7D248F794C121690A2B96179AAF6010AE9B5D279162AE5B147CFBD03D4
AE770335930F0
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q=environmental+Application+of+mushroom+cultivation+&ots=fcWOZLd5f3&sig=KToxIc
HotJ6IbNxJIDAjNcMD1pQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=environmental%20Application%2
0of%20mushroom%20cultivation&f=false
5. file:///C:/Users/Abadat/Desktop/mushroom%20cultivation/Chapter_16.pdf
6. file:///C:/Users/Abadat/Desktop/mushroom%20cultivation/APPLICATION_OF_MUSHROO
M_FUNGI_IN_SOLID_W.pdf