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入門篇 植栽第二十二講-光合作用之葉綠素-V1
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Eddie Chang 張銘順
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Chloroplast
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入門篇 植栽第二十二講-光合作用之葉綠素-V1
1.
光合作用之葉綠素 14/May/2015 光通平台-植栽
2.
光通平台-植栽 光和葉綠體
3.
葉綠體在哪裡? Chloroplast 光通平台-植栽 葉綠體 氣孔 葉綠餅/基粒 內膜 外膜 基質 葉綠囊 維管束 葉肉組織 上表皮細胞 液泡 葉肉細胞 葉肉細胞內葉綠體
4.
在高等植物中葉綠體型態像雙凸或平凸透鏡,長 徑5~10 um,短徑2~4um,厚2~3um。高等植 物的葉肉細胞一般含50~200個葉綠體,可占細胞 質的40%,葉綠體的數目因物種細胞類型,生態環 境,生理狀態而有所不同。 葉綠體由葉綠體外被(chloroplast envelope)、 類囊體(thylakoid)和基質(stroma)3部分組成。 類囊膜的内在蛋白主要有細胞色素b6/f複合體、 質體醌(PQ)、質體藍素(PC)、鐵氧化還原蛋 白、黄素蛋白、光系統Ⅰ、光系統Ⅱ複合物等。 葉綠體形態和結構 光通平台-植栽
5.
外被 葉綠體外被由雙層膜組成,膜間爲10~20nm的膜間隙。外膜的滲透性大,如核苷、 無機磷、蔗糖等許多細胞質中的營養分子可自由進入膜間隙。 内膜對通過物質的選擇性很強,CO2、O2、Pi、H2O、磷酸甘油酸、丙糖磷酸,雙 羧酸和雙羧酸氨基酸可以透過内膜,ADP、ATP已糖磷酸,葡萄糖及果糖等透過内膜較慢 。蔗糖、C5糖雙磷酸酯,C糖磷酸酯,NADP+及焦磷酸不能透過内膜,需要特殊的轉運 體(translator)才能通過内膜。 類囊體 單層膜圍成的扁平小囊,沿葉綠體的長軸平行排列。膜上含有光合色素和電子傳遞鏈 組織,又稱光合膜。許多類囊體象圓盤一樣叠在一起,稱葉綠餅(基粒)。基粒直徑約 0.25~0.8μm,由10~100個類囊體組成。每個葉綠體中約有40~60個基粒。 基質 是内膜與類囊體之間的空間,主要成分包括:碳同化相關的酶類如RuBP羧化酶占基 質可溶性蛋白總量的60%。 葉綠體DNA、蛋白質合成體系:如,ctDNA、各類RNA、核糖體等。一些顆粒成分 :如澱粉粒、質體小球和植物鐵蛋白等。 葉綠體形態和結構 光通平台-植栽
6.
植物綠色細胞特有的能量轉換胞器。一般呈橢球形﹐外 圍有雙層膜﹐內有纇囊膜夾疊成的葉綠餅﹐葉綠餅間則 由片層膜相連。類囊膜上含光合作用相關的色素,其中 光反應系統的中心色素是葉綠素a。類囊膜與內膜間的 空間稱為基質,暗反應在此處進行,葉綠體間質含有光 合作用中暗反應所需的酶系。 葉綠體 葉綠體 光通平台-植栽 Thylakoid
7.
光通平台-植栽 葉綠體 如植株在陰暗或缺硫情況下葉綠 餅堆疊數明顯增多。 stroma 葉綠餅 葉綠體
8.
類囊體之形態與構造(光合作用場所) 光通平台-植栽 葉 綠 餅 類 囊 體 LHCII(PSII light harvesting
complex) LHCI(PSI light harvesting complex) Cytochrome 細胞色素b6f複合體 基質 類囊體腔 類囊膜
9.
類囊膜 光通平台-植栽
10.
類囊膜(光合作用場所) 光通平台-植栽 類囊膜 類囊體內腔(thylakoid lumen) 基質(Stroma)
11.
光通平台-植栽 在1980年代,科學家利用一些介面活性劑從類囊膜上分離 出四種主要的色素蛋白複合體,分別為: ■ 光系統I (photosystem
I,PSI) ; ■ 光系統II (photosystem II,PSII) ; ■ 細胞色素b6/f複合體(cytochrome b6/f complex); ■ ATP合成酶(ATP synthase)。 ■ 其中光系統I和光系統II在結構上是由光合色素和蛋白質所 組成,在功能上則是光反應中吸收光能的單位 。 ■ 細胞色素複合體主要由細胞色素和含鐵蛋白質組成,其功 能則是進行電子的傳遞 。 ■ ATP合成酶顧名思義是合成ATP的酵素。 類囊膜上四種主要的色素蛋白複合體
12.
光系統組成 每個光系統由吸收光的外圍光合色素複合物(統稱為天 線色素系統)和一個反應中心組成,反應中心內含有兩 個特殊的葉綠素a分子和第一個電子受體。 兩個特殊的葉綠素分子 天線色素複合物 為何叫做天線色素? 就像天線一樣,吸收不同波長的光能,將能量傳遞到反應中心。 光通平台-植栽
13.
光系統 I(PSII) 組成 光通平台-植栽 PSII
由外圍光合色素群(統稱為天線色素系統)和反應中心組成; 反應中心內有一對特殊葉綠素a分子,稱為P680(意即此色素的最高吸收波長為 680nm 。 核心周圍的輔助色素系統內含有大量葉綠素a、葉綠素b、葉黃素及胡蘿蔔素等色 素蛋白質複合體。 天線色素系統 第一電子受體 反應中心
14.
光通平台-植栽 光合色素 通常葉綠素和胡蘿 蔔素的比例約為3:1, chla與chlb也約為 3:l,全部葉綠素和 幾乎所有的胡蘿蔔 素都在類囊膜中, 與蛋白質以非共價 鍵結合,一條肽鏈 上可以結合若干色 素分子,各色素分 子間的距離和取向 固定,有利於能量 傳遞。 玉米黃素β-胡蘿蔔素葉綠素 a 葉綠素
b
15.
葉綠素常與類囊體膜上的蛋白質結合而存在,是一種 色素蛋白複合體。綠葉中的葉綠素含量約占鮮重量的 0.05~0.20%,乾重的5%左右。葉綠素含量的變異甚大。 葉綠素的基本單位是普菲林環(porphyrin ring),是 由4個比咯環(pyrrole)連成一個大環,而環中央是鎂(Mg) 原子。葉綠素a與葉綠素b在構造上稍異,前者在側鍵(II的 3C位置)上是-CH3-,但後者則為-CH0-。其分子式分別為 C55H72O5N4Mg與C55H70O6N4Mg。葉綠素在有機溶 媒中,顯示普菲林化合物獨特的光吸收特性。葉綠素主要 是吸收紅光與藍光。於乙醚溶劑中,葉綠素a的兩處吸收高 峰的位置是430nm和660nm,而葉綠素b則在435nm及 643nm。 光通平台-植栽
16.
葉綠體基質中的澱粉粒 光通平台-植栽
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