Auto power supply control from 4 different sources using pic microcontroller

Auto Power Supply
Control from 4 Different
Sources using PIC
Microcontroller

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Auto Power Supply Control from 4 Different
Sources using PIC Microcontroller
Introduction
 The main objective of this project is to provide uninterrupted power supply
to a load, by selecting the supply source automatically from any available
one out of 4 such as: mains, generator, inverter and solar in the absence of
power supply. The demand for electricity is increasing every day and
frequent power cut is causing many problem in various areas like industries,
hospitals and houses. An alternative arrangement for power source is thus
desirable.

Block Diagram

Hardware Requirements
 PIC16F8 series Microcontroller
 Relay Driver IC
 Relays
 LCD
 Lamp
 Push Buttons
 Transformer
 Diodes
 Voltage Regulator
 Crystal
 LEDS
 Capacitors
 Resistors.

Software Requirements
 MPLAB & CCS C Compiler
 Languages: Embedded C or Assembly

Embedded System
 Embedded System is a combination of hardware and software used to
achieve a single specific task.
 An embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable,
real-time control system, autonomous, or human or network interactive.
 Operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and
sold into a competitive and cost conscious market.

Embedded System
 An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for
processing, not a software system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business
or scientific application.
 High-end embedded & lower end embedded systems.
 High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers used with OS.
 Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc .

Embedded System
 Lower end embedded systems - Generally 8,16 Bit Controllers used with an
minimal operating systems and hardware layout designed for the specific
purpose.
 Examples Small controllers and devices in our everyday life like Washing
Machine, Microwave Ovens, where they are embedded in.

Characteristics of Embedded System
 An embedded system is any compute system hidden inside a product
other than a computer.
 There will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded
system software in addition to those we encounter when we write
applications.

Applications of Embedded System
Throughput :
 Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of time.
Response :
 Our system may need to react to events quickly.
Testability :
 Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult.
Debugability :
 Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software is doing
wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem.

Applications of Embedded System
Reliability :
 Embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without
human intervention.
Memory space :
 Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must make the
software and the data fit into whatever memory exists.
Program installation :
 You will need special tools to get your software into embedded systems.

Micro Controller
 Compatible with MCS®-51 products
 8K bytes of in-system programmable (ISP)
flash memory
 4.0V to 5.5V operating range
 Crystal frequency 11.0592mhz
 Three-level program memory lock
 256 x 8-bit internal RAM
 32 programmable I/O lines AT89S52

Relay
 It is A electro magnetic switch
 Used to control the electrical devices
 Copper core magnetic flux plays main role here

Relay Driver ULN2003
 ULN is relay driver application
 The ULN2003 is A monolithic high voltage and high current darlington
transistor arrays.
 It consists of seven NPN darlington pairs that features high-voltage
outputs with common-cathode clamp diode for switching inductive
loads.
 The collector-current rating of a single darlington pair is 500ma.
 The darlington pairs may be paralleled for higher current capability.

Relay Driver ULN2003
 The ULN functions as an inverter.
 If the logic at input 1b is high then
the output at its corresponding pin 1c
will be low.

Circuit Diagram

Circuit Description
 The circuit diagram of A simple 100 watt inverter using IC CD4047 and
MOSFET IRF540
 Cd4047 is a low power CMOS astable multivibrator ic
 Here it is wired as an astable multivibrator producing two pulse trains of
0.01s which are 180 degree out of phase at the pins 10 and 11 of the IC.

Bridge Rectifier
 A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration.
 It provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input.
 When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating
current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output.
 It is known as a bridge rectifier.

Bridge Rectifier
 A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input.
 Resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire
input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.
 According to the conventional model of current flow, current is assumed to
flow through electrical conductors from the positive to the negative pole.

Voltage Regulator
 A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage
level.
 A voltage regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include
negative feedback control loops.
 It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components.
 Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages.
 Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power
supplies.

Voltage Regulator
 Where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other
elements.
 In automobile alternators and central power station generator plants,
voltage regulators control the output of the plant.
 In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be installed
at a substation or along distribution lines.
 So that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much
power is drawn from the line.

Voltage Regulator
 7805 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of 78xx series of
fixed linear voltage regulator ICs.
 The voltage source in a circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the
fixed voltage output.
 The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant value.
 The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to provide
7805 provides +5V regulated power supply.
 Capacitors of suitable values can be connected at input and output pins
depending upon the respective voltage levels.

Working Principle
 This project uses an arrangement of 4 different sources of supply which are
channelized to a load so as to have an uninterrupted operation of the load.
 As it is not practicable to get 4 sources of supply such as mains supply,
generator supply, inverter supply.
 And Solar supply, we used one source and a set of relays.
 We have taken first source with mains supply and assumed as if being fed
from 4 different sources by connecting all the 4 incoming sources in parallel.

Working Principle
 The ac source to the lamp is connected to four relays by making the entire
normally open contacts parallel and all the common contacts in parallel.
 4 push button switches are used which represent failure of corresponding
supply respectively and are interfaced to the controller.
 Initially we have given high input signal to the microcontroller, so as a
result the controller generates a low output to activate the first relay driver.
 Which will result in the relay being energized and the lamp glows.

Working Principle
 While the push button for mains is pressed that represents failure of mains
supply as a result the supply is provided from the next source
 And the microcontroller receive high input and generates low output to
activate the second relay driver.
 Which will result in the second relay being energized and the lamp glows .
 When we press the generator button, it indicates the generator fails to
operate and the supply comes from the next source.
 The next source will supply high input to the controller and which will
provide low signal to the third relay and the lamp switches ON.

Working Principle
 When we press the third push button the supply will chose next source
now the fourth source will provide input to the microcontroller.
 Controller activates the fourth relay and the load will get the supply and
the lamp continues to glow.
 When all the relays are off leaving no supply to the lamp, the lamp is
switched off.
 One 16 x 2 lines LCD is used to display the condition of the supply sources
and the load on real time basis.

Applications
 Power supply can be control in :
 Industries
 Hospitals
 Schools
 Multiplexes
 Banks etc.

Advantage
 Power supply can be controlled from four different sources.
 if any problem occurred in one source then other sources can be
used.

Disadvantages
 Cost of equipment is very high.
 Its very difficult to install and maintain the kit.

Conclusion
 The main scope of this project is to provide a continuous power supply
control to the output load through any of the sources from which we are
operating the device, i.e. , generator, and inverter and solar automatically
in the absence of any of the source. The complete operation of Auto
power supply control from 4 different sources is based on the
microcontroller. This project is a low-cost, reliable, effective and efficient
system.

Auto power supply control from 4 different sources using pic microcontroller

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