Cross cultural survey_workshop_dublin_2012

Cross-Cultural Survey
Guidelines (CCSG) workshop

Dublin, Feb. 2012

Prof. Edwin van Teijlingen
www.bournemouth.ac.uk

Comparative research
Comparative studies

• Cross-national research helps one to look at
problems from a different angle, questioning
current practice, warn against side effects, etc.
I.e. there exist ways of doing things which
have not been considered in the UK (or
Germany or Finland or …..) .
• Cognitive psychology recognises that cognition
is a situated process and that knowledge is a
collaborative, culture-bounded effort.

Cross-Cultural Survey
Guidelines

Guidelines are part of
Comparative Survey Design & Implementation (CSDI)
Guidelines Initiative.
Initiative promotes internationally recognized guidelines that
highlight best practice for the conduct of comparative
survey research across cultures and countries.
Designed for researchers planning or engaged in cross-
cultural or cross-national research.

http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/index.cfm

Starter question

What makes a good quantitative
survey? What are the
characteristics of well designed
and implemented survey?

• How do student midwives in
Ireland see the job market in their
field developing over the coming
five years?

A good survey consists of:

• .….
• …..
• …..
• …..


Overview 15 chapters CCSG
1. Study, Organizational, and Operational Structure
2. Survey Quality
3. Ethical Considerations in Surveys
4. Tenders, Bids, and Contracts
5. Sample Design
6. Questionnaire Design
7. Adaptation of Survey Instruments
8. Translation
9. Instrument Technical Design
10. Interviewer Recruitment, Selection, and Training
11. Pretesting
12. Data Collection
13. Data Harmonization
14. Data Processing and Statistical Adjustment
15. Data Dissemination

CCSG Glossary
(as specifically relevant today
Adaptation
• Changing existing materials (e.g., management plans,
contracts, training manuals, questionnaires, etc.) by
deliberately altering some content or design
component to make the resulting materials more
suitable for another socio-cultural context or a
particular population.
Coordinating centre
• A research centre that facilitates and organises cross-
cultural or multi-site research activities.


CCSG: Survey Lifecycle


First 9 chapters CCSG

1. Study, Organizational, and Operational Structure

2. Survey Quality

3. Ethical Considerations in Surveys

4. Tenders, Bids, and Contracts

5. Sample Design

6. Questionnaire Design

7. Adaptation of Survey Instruments

8. Translation

9. Instrument Technical Design


Shaping a Network of
Local Researchers

COST brings together midwifery/maternity care
researchers from a range of different
academic disciplines working across Europe.
To conduct a cross-national survey there has to
be a balance between (a) standardisation of
implementation and (b) adaptation of the
cultural context.
This needs ‘leadership’/coordinating centre.


Guidelines: leadership

To establish study's overall
structure & locus of control at all
levels and across all aspects of
study's design &
implementation, and to
communicate this structure to
each participating country's
survey organization.

II. Survey
Quality

http://ccsg.isr.umich.edu/quality.cfm


II. Survey
Quality


Sampling frames

• As maternity services, health
systems and the was populations
are registered varies across
countries we may have to deal
with different sampling frames
across COST countries.


8 Translation

Translation is :
A.Language;
B.Culture;
C.Context & system (related).

Starting point cross-national
survey? Translate from Dutch into
German / French / English.

8 Translation / language

A. Language
Words have ‘meaning’ which
needs to be translated.
Translations from English into
other European languages
take more space.
Miles & lbs & pints………

8 Translation / Culture

B. Culture
Will we have a questionnaire in
German?
Or
A German questionnaire, a
Swiss questionnaire and an
Austrian questionnaire?


B. Culture
Will we have a questionnaire in
minority languages such as
Hindi, Urdu, Turkish, etc.
and use same questionnaire
in Hindi different European
countries?



B. Culture
Some colours and numbers
have special significance in
some cultures so should
perhaps be avoided answers
to multiple choice questions.


8 Translation / context

C. Context
• ‘Private health services’ means
something different in a state
health service system such as
in the UK than in a health-
insurance system such as the
Netherlands or Germany.


Problematising Terminology

Comparing like with like?
• Trained nurse-midwife
• Direct-entry midwife (NB: UK vs US meaning)
• Midwifery assistant / maternity care assistant
• Maternity benefits
• Economic migrant
• etc.


11. Pretesting
• Test instrument
• Test research protocol
• Training researcher/ Education
• Collect preliminary data
• Impress (potential) funders
• Help calculate sample size


Reasons for pilot studies
Test instrument:
• test questions;
• test possible answers for multiple
choice questions;
• test order of questions;
• test colour of paper;
• etc.
• etc.


Test research protocol:
• test way of questionnaire
distribution
• test process of returning them to
you
• test intervening factors (gate
keepers, etc.)
• try out different incentives to
increase response rates

Training researcher/ Education:
• Project as part of training/ degree
• Train new researcher on a study
• Train researcher in new technique


Ethics committees

Glasziou & Chalmers (2004) found
that piloting of leaflet aimed at
elderly to improve GP consultations
needed ethical review, in Belgium,
Slovenia and UK, but not in Austria,
France, Germany and Switzerland,
whilst UK has one of most
complicated ethical processes
(Hearnshaw 2004).

Ethics committees

• What if ethics committee in the UK
does not think question 17 in the
questionnaire is appropriate, but
ethics committee in Belgium and
in xxxx has accepted the
questionnaire as it stands?
• What do we do?


Balance

Uniformity
Context & cultural
sensitivity

Balance between the need to keep survey
as uniform as possible to be able to make
cross-national comparisons AND the need
to be as sensitive as possible to the local
context, culture & health system!


References
Glasziou P, Chalmers I (2004) Ethics review roulette: What can we learn? Brit Med J, 328:
121-122.
Hearnshaw H (2004) Comparisons of requirements of research ethics committees in 11
European countries for a non-invasive interventional study. Brit Med J, 328: 140-141.
Survey Research Center. (2010). Guidelines for Best Practice in Cross-Cultural Surveys.
Ann Arbor, MI: Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of
Michigan. Retrieved Feb. 2012 from http://www.ccsg.isr.umich.edu/
van Teijlingen ER, Sandall J, Wrede S, Benoit C, DeVries R, Bourgeault I. (2003)
Comparative studies in maternity care RCM Midwives J 6: 338-40.
Peat J et al. (2002), Health Science Research: A Handbook of Quantitative Methods,
London: Sage.
Teijlingen van, E., Hundley, V. (2001) The importance of pilot studies, Social Research
Update Issue 35, http://www.soc.surrey.ac.uk/sru/SRU35.html


Thank you!

Edwin van Teijlingen

Cross cultural survey_workshop_dublin_2012

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