7. What do you mean by Measure of
Central tendency?????
A measurement of data that indicates
where the middle of the data lies.
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education
12. Measure of Dispersion
way of describing how
spread out a set of data is
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education
13. Range
The Range is the difference
between the lowest and
highest values.
Example: In {4, 6, 9, 3, 7} the
lowest value is 3, and the
highest is 9.
• So the range is 9-3 = 6.
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education
14. Variance
• Variance is a measurement of
the spread between numbers in a data
set. The variance measures how far each
number in the set is from the mean.
• Formula:
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education
15. Standard Deviation
• a quantity expressing by how much the
members of a group differ from the mean
value for the group.
• Formula: The positive square root of the
Variance
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education
31. Standard scores
• Standard scores use a common scale to
indicate how an individual compares to other
individuals in a group. The simplest form of
standard score is a z score.
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education
32. Techniques for summarizing
Quantitative data
• Frequency polygon
• Skewed polygon
• Histogram
• Stem and leaf plots
• The Normal curve
• Averages
• Correlation
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education
33. Normal Curve and 68-95-99.7 Rule
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education
40. -ve and +ve Correlation
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education
41. Correlation Co-efficient
• It shows the degree of relationship between
two variables.
• Denoted by “r”
• Value lies between -1 to +1
Bushra Kazim Roll no.809 M.phil Education