El documento discute las políticas de regeneración urbana y vivienda social en Europa, con un enfoque en la densificación urbana y la mezcla social. Presenta un estudio sobre densificación en Londres que encontró que los residentes valoran atributos sociales como comunidad y acceso a servicios en áreas densas. Sin embargo, la alta densidad se vuelve problemática cuando coincide con exclusión social y hacinamiento. El documento también analiza los debates sobre si la mezcla social es deseable o efectiva, dado los riesgos de ingeniería social y pérd
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La regeneración urbana en Europa. Vivienda social en las políticas urbanas de integración
1. Regeneración urbana en Europa: La vivienda social en las políticas urbanas de integración Conferencia presentada en la XXIX Edición de los Cursos de Verano de la UPV/EHU Renovación urbana y cohesión social en un contexto de crisis. San Sebastián, 26 de julio 2010 Darinka Czischke Directora de investigación Investigadora asociada Observatorio Europeo de la Vivienda Social del CECODHAS Delft University of Technology (Países Bajos) [email_address] [email_address]
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5. 1. Políticas de regeneración urbana e integración social: Densificación y mezcla social
10. Síntesis de las cinco áreas estudiadas Bensham Manor Croydon ‘ Rough suburbia’ 111 pers./ha (68.6) 43 unidades/ha (29.7) Clissold Hackney ‘ Multi-cultural village’ 148 pers./ha (68.6) 67 unidades/ha (29.7) Ferndale Lambeth ‘ Brixton buzz’ 151 pers./ha (68.6) 66 unidades/ha (29.7) Town Hammersmith & Fulham ‘ Urban village’ 153 pers./ ha (68.6) 71 unidades/ha (29.7) Green Street East Newham ‘ Enclave asiático ’ 176 pers./ha (68.6) 54 unidades/ha (29.7) 3.27 phh (2.30) 16% blancos (71) 18.6% alquiler social (26.2) 2.15 phh (2.30) 84% blancos (71) 25.2% alquiler social (26.2) 2.27 phh (2.30) 59% blancos (71) 46.4% alquiler social (26.2) 2.22 phh (2.30) 68% blancos (71) 38.2% alquiler social (26.2) 2.54 phh (2.30) 39% blancos (71) 9.9% alquiler social (26.2)
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14. Espacio habitable por persona [habitable space per head] 31 sqm/pers. 54 sqm/pers. 50 sqm/pers. 47 sqm/pers. 35 sqm/pers. Green Street East, Newham, 176 Town, Hammersmith & Fulham, 153 Ferndale, Lambeth, 151 Clissold, Hackney, 148 Bensham Manor, Croydon, 111 A diferencia de la densidad residencial, espacio habitable por persona es un indicador relevante del nivel de satisfacción residencial
22. Modelos de vivienda social en la UE CRITERIO DE ATRIBUCION Fuente: Observatorio Europeo de la Vivienda Social (2008) >+ 20% 5 % - 10 % 0 – 4 % TAMANO SECTOR ALQUILER SOCAL Holanda Dinamarca Suecia Austria República Checa Finlandia Polonia Italia Eslovenia Luxemburgo Grecia Hungría Chipre Portugal Bulgaria Lituania Latvia España Reino Unido Residual Irlanda Estonia Malta 11 % – 19 % Alemania Bélgica Francia Generalista Universalista (Unitario) Focalizado (Dualista)
23. Fuente: Czischke, D. / Observatorio Europeo de la Vivienda Social - CECODHAS (2008) Tamaño del sector vivienda social y modelo de provisión Modelo de provisión Generalista Generalista / Residual Universalista Residual Tamaño del sector
26. Propietarios a mayor nivel de ingreso Bajos ingresos dominan en alquiler social Alquiler privado cubre diferencia Reino Unido: ‘ tenure mix ’ es proxy de mezcla social Fuente: R Rowlands, University of Birmingham (Reino Unido) Alquiler social ‘ Shared owners ’ Alquiler privado Propiedad
56. Reconocimientos EUROPEAN UNION European Regional Development Fund Contacto: [email_address] Burdett, Richard and Travers, Tony and Czischke, Darinka and Rode, Philipp and Moser, Bruno (2005) Density and urban neighbourhoods in London . Enterprise LSE Cities, London, UK. Esta presentación esta basada en investigación conducida por la autora en el marco de las siguientes instituciones y/o proyectos de investigación: Nota : las opiniones contenidas en esta presentación corresponden a las de la autora y no representan necesariamente las de CECODHAS ni de las otras instituciones citadas. Asesoria sobre Localización de vivienda social e integración social urbana realizada por la autora en 2008 para el Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo de Chile gracias al financiamiento de la Unión Europea y el Programa AGCI
Notes de l'éditeur
Note the contrast between Town (Hammersmith & Fulham) and Green Street East (Newham), both with the highest residential densities in our sample, but with the opposite patterns in terms of habitable space per head Here, the affluence-effect seems crucial to understand how density can work well in affluent areas where the “undesirable” effects of living at higher densities can be compensated for by factors such as: Good service provision (i.e. upkeep of local areas) Presence of public green space Relative perception of safety Possibility to “escape” on frequent holiday breaks Availability of more “personal” space (i.e. habitable space per head)
HERE EMPHASIZE ON TRANSPORT TO LINK UP WITH CONCLUSIONS
The visibility of large council estates within an area is associated negatively with high density. On the one hand, physical aspects such as scale and poor design generate a feeling of being ‘overwhelmed’ and ‘closed in’. On the other hand, the social stigma attached to council tenants is associated by non-council tenants with anti-social behaviour and poor maintenance.
Re-evaluate Density as a planning tool ‘Density’ per se does not account for positive/negative attributes of urban areas. Current standards (dwellings or people/hectare) should be modified to take into account more complex inter-relationships (eg. accessibility, internal occupancy levels, car use, parking, open space, distribution of facilities, etc). Minimum levels of 50 units/hectare will not guarantee high levels of satisfaction or dissatisfaction amongst residents in existing or new areas, eg. Thames Gateway Diversity : higher densities support diverse urban communities at different stages of residents’ lifecycles. Review planning guidance that promotes ‘life-time homes’, recognise different needs of ‘urbanites’, ‘suburban seekers’ and ‘trapped’ residents; study patterns of resettlement Overcrowding : negative associations with higher density areas are influenced by higher levels of internal occupancy within houses and flats. Further research required on achieving appropriate balance between internal and external density levels, leading to policy guidance for new urban communities. Public transport : new communities must be planned around appropriate levels of public transport provision (effective bus coverage sustains local communities) yet accommodate need for affluent residents for car use for non-work related journeys and car parking requirements. Car use and parking : in areas of appropriate public transport provision, encourage reduction of car ownership and car use, minimise impact of unused parked cars during week days (eg. promotion of car sharing schemes – Switzerland, Germany) Open space : ensure that well-managed large public open space (10-acres?) is located within 10-15 minutes walk from higher density areas; smaller local parks may feel unsafe and not provide sense of escape. (Unitary Development Plans, Supplementary Planning Guidance for opportunity areas in Thames Gateway) Facilities : distribution of social facilities (schools, community, health, sports, etc) across surface of neighbourhoods; commercial facilities near public transport hubs; encourage ground floor flexibility for retail and other public uses. Housing : promote seamless mix of market and social/affordable housing within similar building types (terraced houses, blacks, etc); avoid large clusters of single-use housing forms (large estates) that break the character and grain of surroundings.
A PARTIR DE ACA, TEORIA Y EVIDENCIA SOBRE LA MIXTURA SOCIAL, FUNCIONAL, ENFOQUES, ETC….
A PARTIR DE ACA, TEORIA Y EVIDENCIA SOBRE LA MIXTURA SOCIAL, FUNCIONAL, ENFOQUES, ETC….