Designing & Learning from Passivhaus Education Buildings
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Keynote presented on behalf of Architype UK at the second South Pacific Passive House Conference, Melbourne, February 2016. Presentation covered: - Pre-Passivhaus Schools designed by Architype - Passivhaus Schools 1.0 - Learning from the first generation of Passivhaus Schools - Passivhaus Schools 2.0 - Monitoring the first and second generation of Passivhaus Schools - Passivhaus Schools 3.0 - Passivhaus University
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Designing & Learning from Passivhaus Education Buildings
- 1. Designing and Learning from PASSIVHAUS Education Buildings #SPPHC16 Melbourne 13 Feb 2016
- 2. We design Life Enhancing Genuinely Sustainable Architecture Elrond Burrell, Associate
- 3. Overview Pre-Passivhaus Schools Passivhaus Schools 1.0 Learning Passivhaus Schools 2.0 Monitoring Passivhaus Schools 3.0 Passivhaus University
- 5. St Luke’s
- 10. The Willows
- 15. Cwm Ifor
- 22. Optimise the form Oakmeadow Primary School Bushbury Hills Primary School
- 23. How deep? Single storey Two storey 14m deep 18m deep 22m deep 22mdeepfaceE/W 14m deep 18m deep 22m deep 22mdeep faceE/W
- 24. (More) rational plan Oakmeadow Primary School
- 25. Bushbury Hills Primary School
- 26. GROUND FLOOR Total Gross Internal Area 1427.6 Sq m CANOPY CANOPY CANOPY CANOPY NURSERY TOILETS RECEPTION TOILETS B SHOWER TROLLEY Nom. 1950 x 750mm A B C A C KEY TEACHING AREAS STAFF AREAS AUXILLARY AREAS STORAGE MULTI-USE AREAS COMMUNITY FACILITIES CIRCULATION NURSERY 79.3m! RECEPTION PE. STORE STAGE/ SPECIAL STORE 9.8 CENTRAL STOCK ROOM ACC. TOILET ACC. TOILET REPRO. COMMU. STORE SPEC. STORE 4.5 COMMUNITY ROOM YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5YEAR 6 KITCHEN SERVERY/ CHAIR STORE INTERVIEW ROOM 8.3 GROUP ROOM SENco HYGIENE ROOM MAIN HALL YEAR 1 YEAR 2 KS2 BOYS TOILETS 9.1 KS2 GIRLS TOILETS 9.1 SPECIAL STORE 12.5 GROUP ROOM KS1 BOYS TOILETS KS1 GIRLS TOILETS SOFT READING AREA LIBRARY AREA ICT AREA PRACTICAL AREA FOOD TECHNOLOGY READING AREA OFFICE DRY STORE TOILET LOBBY LOCKERS LOCKERS LOCKERS LOCKERS LOCKERS LOCKERS LOCKERS STAFFROOM FOOD PREP STO. 1.1 GENERAL OFFICE SEN THERAPY/ MI ROOM HEAD OFFICE/ MEETING ROOM MAIN RECEPTION/ WAITING AREA 18.1 Possiblefuturefoldingpartition LOBBY 6.7 OPENING ROOF LIGHT BARRIER MATTING WET AREA BARRIER MATTING WET AREABARRIER MATTING WET AREA BARRIER MATTING WET AREA BARRIER MATTINGWET AREA BARRIER MATTING WET AREA BARRIER MATTING WET AREA BARRIER MATTING WET AREA CANOPY LOW LEVEL PARTITION LOWLEVELPARTITION 2.2mFOLDINGPARTITION 2.2mFOLDINGPARTITION BARRIER MATTING BARRIER MATTING BARRIER MATTING SERVER LOCATION (TBC) CARETAKER/ CLEANER STORE LOCKERS CLOAKS CLOAKS 2.2mFOLDINGPARTITION CIRCULATION 32.6 CIRCULATION 10.2 CIRCULATION 11.6 KEY STAGE 2 HUB SPACE 152.8 KEY STAGE 1 HUB SPACE 78.6 Possible Access Hatch PLANT ROOM 26.8 void CIRCULATION 16.7 FIRST FLOOR Total Gross Internal Area 44.3 Sq m Swillington Primary School
- 27. (More) rational section Section: Oakmeadow Primary
- 28. Design out thermal bridges Structural slab Load Insulation Insulation Structural slab Load Insulation Insulation
- 29. Model + Test Structural slab Load Insulation Insulation Structural slab Load Insulation Insulation
- 31. . . . or outside
- 33. Optimise daylight & solar gain Oakmeadow Primary School Bushbury Hills Primary School
- 34. . . . and ventilation Simple secure night ventilation grilles Wolfgang loves it!
- 35. Reduce demand by design Induction hobs & low energy appliances • reduce surplus heat • reduce ventilation • reduce PE
- 36. Collaborate Across the whole team - consultants, specialists, client, contractor, and supply chain
- 37. Maintain design quality No compromise of brief, client aspiration, architectural quality or sustainable materials Bushbury Hills Primary School
- 46. Client Outcomes “We feel that our children are more alert and attentive in lessons due to the amount of daylight in classrooms and the fresh air throughout the school. The fact that the new school is built to passivhaus standards means that learning has been enhanced. Our pupils are comfortable, secure and stimulated by their new environment; hence they learn very well!” Sara Morris, Head Teacher, Oak Meadow Primary School
- 47. Comparative costs (1.0) Capita Symonds ‘typical sustainable school’ St Luke’s 2009 BREEAM Excellent school Oakmeadow Passivhaus school Bushbury Hills Passivhaus school BCIS Schools Current Excludes: external works, fees, abnormals, ICT, FF&E Adjusted to current date and national average £2,151/sqm £2,080/sqm £1,855/sqm £1,820/sqm £1,782/sqm
- 48. Building services costs (1.0) Capita Symonds ‘typical sustainable school’ St Luke’s 2009 BREEAM Excellent school Oakmeadow Passivhaus school + Reduced M&E = Reduced maintenance costs £454/sqm £357/sqm £323/sqm
- 49. Construction budgets If you think it will cost more, it will
- 50. Passivhaus on budget 1. Work to the budget 2. Cost planning & design optimisation 3. Value engineer early (not cost cutting later) 4. Holistic design team approach 5. Procurement (Cost of competitive tender?) 6. Supply chain involvement 7. Open book negotiation (?)
- 54. Timber frame Airtight detailing: on site
- 55. Airtight detailing: on site Windows
- 56. MVHR & duct routes Fresh air supplied to all main rooms MVHR
- 57. MVHR & duct routes Cascade & simplified extract (even shorter routes) MVHR
- 58. Windows & curtain walling Clerestory windows, not curtain walling Actuators mounted on windows Only on high level windows = significantly less actuators
- 59. Bushbury Hill Primary School Figures are based first year readings. Gas 21kWh/(m2.a) Space heating*: 14kWh/(m2.a) Hot water*: 7kWh/(m2.a) Electric 55kWh/(m2.a) Lighting: 12kWh/(m2.a) Power & plant: 22kWh/(m2.a) Kitchen: 7kWh/(m2.a) Sprinklers: 14kWh/(m2.a) Primary energy is higher than the target 120 kWh/(m2.a) Sprinklers = 38kWh/(m2.a) PE Main success: Kitchen energy & comfort Main lessons: Issues with automatic lighting controls and sprinkler systems. Sprinklers
- 60. From standard uninsulated sprinkler pump housing to super-insulated pumphaus Sprinkler pumphouse
- 61. Great daylighting compromised by over complicated controls Lighting controls
- 62. Users and maintenance teams engage with a Passivhaus school Operations & maintenance
- 63. One gas boiler is more than enough Heating
- 68. Ground Floor
- 69. First Floor
- 70. Sections
- 75. Just 1 boiler!
- 76. Comparative costs (2.0) Oakmeadow Passivhaus school Bushbury Hills Passivhaus school Wilkinson Passivhaus school BCIS Schools Current Excludes: external works, fees, abnormals, ICT, FF&E Adjusted to current date and national average £1,855/sqm £1,820/sqm £1,800/sqm £1,782/sqm
- 77. Monitoring
- 78. Monitoring method & studied parameters
- 79. 4 Oak Meadow 2011 5 Bushbury Hill 2011 6 Wilkinson 2013 Monitored Primary Schools Passivhaus schools Non-Passivhaus schools 1 Much Birch 1970 2 St Luke’s 2009 3 Willows 2010
- 80. 4 Oak Meadow 2011 5 Bushbury Hill 2011 6 Wilkinson 2013 Monitored Primary Schools Passivhaus schools Non-Passivhaus schools 1 Much Birch 1970 2 St Luke’s 2009 3 Willows 2010
- 81. 4 Oak Meadow 2011 5 Bushbury Hill 2011 6 Wilkinson 2013 Monitored Primary Schools Passivhaus schools Non-Passivhaus schools 1 Much Birch 1970 2 St Luke’s 2009 3 Willows 2010
- 82. 4 Oak Meadow 2011 5 Bushbury Hill 2011 6 Wilkinson 2013 Monitored Primary Schools Passivhaus schools Non-Passivhaus schools 1 Much Birch 1970 2 St Luke’s 2009 3 Willows 2010
- 83. 4 Oak Meadow 2011 5 Bushbury Hill 2011 6 Wilkinson 2013 Monitored Primary Schools Passivhaus schools Non-Passivhaus schools 1 Much Birch 1970 2 St Luke’s 2009 3 Willows 2010
- 84. 4 Oak Meadow 2011 5 Bushbury Hill 2011 6 Wilkinson 2013 Monitored Primary Schools Passivhaus schools Non-Passivhaus schools 1 Much Birch 1970 2 St Luke’s 2009 3 Willows 2010
- 85. Energy consumption Note: Gas / Biomass boilers supply both heating and hot water, except some localised electric water heating
- 86. 150 100 50 0 Total thermal energy consumed kWh/m2 TFA p.a. [All included: not just heating] Gas Biomass 2013 2014 Wilkinson 2nd generation PH / 2013 11 2013 2014 Bushbury Hill 1st generation PH / 2011 3733 Oak Meadow 1st generation PH / 2011 2013 2014 28 29 2013 2014 Willows pre-PH / 2010 St Luke’s pre-PH / 2009 5253 2013 2014 30 107 117 9 28 17 Monitoring Energy Use / Heating & hot water
- 87. kWh/sqm/year 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 CIBSE CIBSE TM46 BREEAM2Very2Good BREEAM2Excellent Passivhaus Passivhaus Passivhaus Typical Good2 pracGce Median Willows St2Lukes Oakmeadow Bushbury Wilkinson 90+%reduction Monitored thermal energy consumption vs UK Benchmarks
- 88. kWh/sqm/year 0 50 100 150 200 250 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 2013 2014 CIBSE CIBSE TM46 BREEAM2Very2Good BREEAM2Excellent Passivhaus Passivhaus Passivhaus Typical Good2 pracGce Median Willows St2Lukes Oakmeadow Bushbury Wilkinson Monitored total energy consumption vs UK Benchmarks 70+%reduction
- 89. Why monitor CO2 levels? A good proxy of indoor air quality Provides information on the ventilation rates Affects learning and performance Affects health, exposure to high concentration associated with symptoms, eg headaches
- 90. UK regulations for classrooms Absolute maximum 5000 ppm Average should not exceed 1500 ppm Occupants should be able to reduce to below 1000 ppm at any point
- 91. Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Winter
- 92. Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Winter
- 93. Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Winter
- 94. Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Winter
- 95. CO2 concentrations typical winter day
- 96. Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Summer
- 97. Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Summer
- 98. Indoor Environment / Indoor Air Quality / Summer
- 99. CO2 concentrations in occupied hours by season
- 100. Thermal Conditions in Winter Thermal comfort Has an effect on energy consumption
- 101. UK Guidelines In education spaces air temperature should remain between 19 °C and 23 °C
- 102. Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Winter
- 103. Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Winter
- 104. Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Winter
- 105. Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Winter
- 106. Thermal Conditions in Summer? Future climate projections for the UK indicate longer and more frequent hot spells and higher average temperatures. Overheating risk for all buildings is expected to increase in the next decades Guidelines are currently being reviewed & are bound to become stricter, influenced by overheating risk
- 107. UK regulations for classrooms Building Bulletin 101, 2006 Absolute maximum of 32 °C The upper limit of 28° C should not be exceeded for more than 120 occupied hours (75th percentile) Aim for temperatures between 19 °C and 23 °C
- 108. Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Summer
- 109. Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Summer
- 110. Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Summer
- 111. Indoor Environment / Thermal comfort / Summer
- 112. Passivhaus Schools 3.0 . . . more simplification, especially controls
- 113. Burry Port Community Primary No BMS - all manual controls
- 116. Trimsaran Primary School BMS for monitoring only Glazing further simplified Timber frame detailing standardised
- 117. Ground Floor
- 118. First Floor
- 120. Parc Y Tywyn
- 121. Ground Floor
- 122. First Floor
- 124. The Enterprise Centre University of East Anglia “Exemplary Low Carbon Building” Passivhaus BREEAM outstanding
- 127. Sketch Aerial Perspective from South West Future Phase Earlham Hall Enterprise Centre
- 129. Ground Floor
- 130. First Floor
- 132. Embodied carbon
- 133. Low embodied carbon
- 134. Embodied carbon by element
- 135. Lifecycle carbon by element EG. Floor construction Competition proposal Revised proposal (built)
- 136. Lifecycle carbon (cumulative) University Benchmark The Enterprise Centre 70+%reduction
- 139. Future climate cooling analysis 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00 300.00 350.00 Base Case = 0.3 ACH nat vent, 0.3 ACH night purge, 1 ACH summer mech boost, med/light weight Base case - summer boost (no mech vent in summer) Base Case + 2 ACH summer nat vent Base Case + Increased efficiency cooling, COP 4 Base Case + 2 Massive surfaces (walls) Base Case + All massive construction Totalcarbonemissionsperm2to2100,kgCO2/m2 Total CO2 emissions over 87 yrs for different cooling strategies
- 140. + Typical embodied carbon 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00 Base Case = 0.3 ACH nat vent, 0.3 ACH night purge, 1 ACH summer mech boost, med/light weight Base case - summer boost (no mech vent in summer) Base Case + 2 ACH summer nat vent Base Case + Increased efficiency cooling, COP 4 Base Case + 2 Massive surfaces (walls) Base Case + All massive construction Totalcarbonemissionsperm2to2100,kgCO2/m2 LCA CO2 emissions, operational & typical embodied, for different cooling strategies Net LCA carbon Operational Carbon to 2100
- 142. 6 Months operation Electricity = 34,732.6 kwh Heat (from district heating) = 11,228 kwh Using current ‘recharge rates’ of £0.11297 per kwh for elec and £0.02904 for heat the costs are below… Electricity = £3923.74 Heat = £326.06
- 143. Measured primary energy (to 14 December 2015)
- 144. Total energy use (to 14 December 2015)
- 147. Conclusion
- 148. Be ambitious and show leadership Your client might not ask for Passivhaus or have even heard of it - that’s no reason not to introduce it!
- 149. Use the PHPP as a design tool from day one Work with skilled Passivhaus experts Collaborate with the wider team at every stage Constantly focus on simplicity of design and detailing Relentlessly focus on value engineering to achieve cost
- 150. Hold focussed workshops with all key sub-contractors Make rigorous and frequent site inspections Undertake building monitoring and rigorous analysis of data Work with and help end users understand their new environment Learn lessons from monitored data and end user feedback and apply them to the next project
- 151. Perfection is achieved, not when there is nothing more to add, but when there is nothing left to take away. Antoine de Saint-Exupery French writer 1900 – 1944
- 152. www.architype.co.uk