1. ENERGY SOURCES
CHAPTER 6

2. RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
NON RENEWABLE RENEWABLE
 The energy sources which  The energy sources
when once finished cannot which are either
be got again or will take a unlimited or can be got
long time to get back back again in a short
 Fossil fuels like coal, time once finished
petroleum, natural gas,
 Solar energy, wind
wood, dung cakes, nuclear
energy (fission) energy, hydro energy,
tidal energy, bio-gas,
 Petroleum will last till
2020 while coal for another geothermal energy,
250 years nuclear energy (fusion)

3. RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
NON RENEWABLE RENEWABLE
 They cause pollution  They do not cause
 They should be used pollution
judiciously  They are expensive in
short run but are
cheaper in long run.
New research required

6. ENERGY SOURCES - VIDEO

7. RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
SOLAR ENERGY
WIND ENERGY
HYDAL ENERGY
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
TIDAL
GEOTHERMAL
BIO ENERGY

8. SOLAR ENERGY
 Thermo nuclear fusion reaction going on in interior
of sun release lots of energy
 This energy radiated by sun in space
 Earth and planets receive only a small portion
 Sun releases 3.8 x 1026 joules/sec of heat energy
 Only 1.7 x 1017 joules/sec reaches Earth which is only
0.000000045792% of total suns energy

9. SOLAR ENERGY
 Radiation from sun reaches in the form of heat and
visible light
 Solar energy reaching the outer surface of
atmosphere is called Solar Constant – taken as
reference

10. SOLAR CONSTANT
 Average distance between sun and earth is 1.5 x 108
km
 Solar Constant: The intensity of solar radiation
incident on the earth on a unit cross-sectional area,
exposed perpendicularly to the rays of the sun at an
average distance is termed as Solar constant
 Its value is: 1.353 KW/m2
 Around 47% (0.66kw)of energy that strikes the outer
atmosphere will reach the earths surface
 From the remaining, some is reflected back in space
and some absorbed by atmosphere

11. SOLAR CONSTANT
 Most UV rays are eliminated and solar energy
reaching earth is in form of heat (infrared radiation)
and visible light
 Land and water absorbs this energy
 This energy passes through many biological and
physical processes

12. COMPOSITION OF ENERGY SOURCES
 Light consisting of electromagnetic waves with
different wavelengths give different sensations to our
eyes.
 Red light has longest wavelength
 Violet light has shortest wavelength
 Visible light range: 4000A to 8000A
 1A = 10-10 m (A = Angstrom)
 So 4 x 10-7 m to 8 x 10-7 m
 Or 400 nm to 800 nm

13. COMPOSITION OF ENERGY SOURCES
 Violet light has wave length: 4000A
 Red light has wave length: 8000A
 Radiations with wavelength more than that of red
color are called Infrared rays
 Radiations with wavelengths less than that of violet
are called Ultraviolet rays
 X-rays and Gamma rays also have wavelength less
than Ultraviolet rays

14. COMPOSITION OF ENERGY SOURCES
 One-third of sunlight passing through atmosphere is
in form of Infrared rays (give heat)
 Rest in form of visible light (violet to red)
 Infrared rays transmit heat which we feel

15. COMPOSITION OF ENERGY SOURCES

16. SOLAR APPLIANCES
 Two categories on basis of working:
 1) the solar energy is converted in form of heat. Eg.
Solar cooker, solar water heater
 2) solar energy is converted into electricity. Eg. Solar
cells
 In 1885, Gunter, an Austrian scientist used a concave
mirror in solar boiler
 In 1876, John Ericson, an American scientist used
solar energy to get hot air to run engines.

17. SOLAR APPLIANCES
 We get 0.66 kw solar energy per square metre of
earths surface
 It is very less
 We need to collect solar energy over large region and
for large period
 Devises should be able to collect and store energy
until needed

18. SOLAR COOKER

19. SOLAR COOKER

20. SOLAR COOKER

21. SOLAR COOKER
 Body made of wood, plastic or a fibrous material
which is a bad conductor of heat
 Coated with insulating material on outer surface to
prevent loss of heat
 Plane mirror is fixed on top of box – reflects light
into the box
 Box covered with glass sheet – retains heat inside
due to green house effect
 Inside box – painted black – to absorb heat
 Cooking vessels (painted black) put inside box

22. SOLAR COOKER
 Temperature ranges from 100 to 140 c when placed
for 2-3 hours in sun
 Used to prepare foods like rice, dal, pulses and
vegetables
 In 1962, India was first country to industrially
prepare solar cookers

23. SOLAR COOKER - Advantages
 No fuel required for combustion
 Maintenance is negligible
 Pollution free
 It conserves all the nutrients and vitamins
 Maintains natural taste of food
 No personal attention to be given while food being
prepared

24. SOLAR COOKER - Limitations
 Food cannot be cooked on cloudy as well as rainy day
 Takes more time for cooking
 Cannot do frying, roasting, baking where high and
fast heat and cooking required

25. SOLAR WATER HEATER

26. SOLAR WATER HEATER
 Same principle as solar cooker
 A copper pipe with its outer surface painted black is
fixed in form of a coil in a box
 This increases the surface area for water to heat
 A reservoir (water tank) kept at a higher level from
the ground is used to store cold water, which is
connected to a smaller tank slightly above the water
heater

27. SOLAR WATER HEATER
 One end of the copper pipe is connected to the
bottom of the small tank whose other end is
connected halfway between the top and bottom
 Due to such arrangement, water in the tank
repeatedly circulates through copper pipes due to
difference of pressure at both ends
 As water moves through the pipe, it absorbs solar
energy, gets heated, and this hot water goes into the
tank while cold water replaces it.
 Hot water being lighter, remains in the upper part of
the tank which can be removed by a tap

28. SOLAR WATER HEATER - Industrial

29. SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
 When a parallel ray of light is focused on a concave
mirror, after reflection it is focused on the Principal
Focus.
 Using this fact, solar appliances are made which
receive energy from a large area and concentrate into
a small area.
 Such device is called a Solar Concentrator
 Higher temperature is obtained
 They can be rotated to face the suns direction

30. SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
 Temperature ranging from 180C – 200C can be
obtained
 Commercial designs use large number of small
mirrors fitted together. It brings down the cost
 Using concentrator kept at height of 50 – 70 metre
from ground, water is vapourised and this moves the
turbine in generator to generate electricity
 Such is known as Solar Tower
 Solar furnace at Mount Louis in France attains
temperature of 3000 c and has more than 3500
small mirrors

31. SOLAR CONCENTRATORS – at Mount Louis

32. SOLAR CONCENTRATORS

33. SOLAR CONCENTRATORS – Power Plant

34. SOLAR CELLS- VIDEO

35. SOLAR CELLS
 Device which converts solar energy directly into
electrical energy is called a Solar Cell
 Simpler compared to converting solar heat into
electricity
 Few hundred years ago – found – solar energy falls
on thin wafer of Selenium – electricity produced
 Only 0.7% conversion – hence impractical

36. SOLAR CELLS
 First solar cell – year 1954 – conversion 1%
 Modern solar cells – efficiency upto 25%
 Silicon is normally used – it is ecofriendly and easily
available
 R&D efforts – bought down the cost of production
 Modern solar cells can convert energy from visible
light and infrared radiation into electricity

37. SOLAR CELLS
 Typical solar cell – 2 x 2 cm square piece – work
efficiency 10% - can produce 0.7 watt electricity –
which is very small
 Solar cells – connected to one other – Solar Panel
 Gives more energy – can be used anywhere – many
uses – ecofriendly
 Limitations: expensive – high grade silicon in less
amount – use of silver in connection – lack of good
storage devices (batteries) because conversion of DC
into AC wastes energy

38. SOLAR CELLS - Uses
 Artificial satellites
 Radio wireless transmissions
 TV transformers
 Traffic signals
 Street lights
 Solar cars
 Domestic use

39. SOLAR POWER PLANT

40. SOLAR POWER FOR HOUSES

41. SOLAR CELLS-HOUSES

42. SOLAR CELLS-CARS

43. SOLAR CELLS-CARS

44. SOLAR CELLS-CARS

45. WIND ENERGY
 Modern wind mills are designed to convert Wind
energy into Mechanical energy.
 Modern wind mill – structure similar to large fan –
located at a height
 Necessary parameters: Number of blades, shape and
height of windmill.
 When wind blows the blades rotate, this rotational
motion of the blades can be utilised for mechanical
work

46. WIND ENERGY
 Number of wind mills erected over a large area is
known as Wind Energy Farm
 In Gujarat, Wind farms located at Lambha near
Porbandar, Okha, Mandvi and Dhank
 Largest wind farm at Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu
which generates 300MW electricity
 Advantage: Renewable source
 Limitation: Can be established only where wind
speed is high, velocity of wind atleast 16 km/h, cost
of installing high, lots of land required, creates noise
pollution

47. WIND ENERGY

48. HYDEL ENERGY
 Energy of flowing water is utilised to produce
electricity on large scale by hydro electric power
stations
 High rise dams built to collect water (potential
energy)
 Water from bottom of dam is allowed to flow
through turbines (kinetic energy) to produce
electricity

49. HYDEL ENERGY

50. HYDEL ENERGY
 In Gujarat, Hydroelectric plant of 300 MW capacity
of river Tapi at Ukai
 Also Sardar Sarovar dam on river Narmada
 Mini or micro hydro electric plants can be
constructed in hilly areas where water falls at height
of at least 10 metres

51. HYDEL ENERGY
 Advantages:
 Once plant is installed then needs only maintenance
 Dam has other uses like irrigation and flood control
 Limitations:
 Very costly to instal
 Large amount of land is lost in the lake thus formed,
so forests are destroyed and imbalance is created in
nature

52. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY(OTEC)
 Oceans cover 70% of earths surface
 During day, water of ocean absorbs very large
amount of solar energy
 Due to this, temperature of water on surface is more
while that at depth is less
 This temperature difference can be used to convert
thermal energy into electric energy by Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion Process (OTEC) also
known as SRPP (Solar Run Power Plant)

53. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY(OTEC)
 Temperature difference should be atleast 20C which
is available at depth of 700m – 900m
 Such places found between 20N and 20S latitudes
 Benefit: energy is available round the clock, whereas
in solar energy it is available during the day only

54. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY(OTEC)

55. TIDAL ENERGY
 Level of water in sea keeps changing near the coast,
twice a day
 This everyday movement of water level is called
Tides
 Energy can be obtained by this rising and falling
tides

56. TIDAL ENERGY
 Usually a dam is constructed across a narrow
opening of a sea
 Water moves in and out through the openings and
flows over the turbines fixed inside the dams which
generate electricity
 High tides are found only at few places
 Hence tidal energy not considered as major source of
energy

57. TIDAL ENERGY

58. ENERGY OBTAINED FROM OCEAN WAVES
 Waves can also be used to generate energy
 Motion of waves can move turbines kept in their
path, thus generating electricity
 Limitations:
 They have to be kept far in the sea, thus need lots of
maintenance hence not economically cheap

59. GEO THERMAL ENERGY
 Energy obtained from within the earth is called
Geothermal energy
 At certain places the magma in the interior of earth
comes up through cracks. It is called Hot spots. It
heats the underground water. This water (steam)
comes up to surface in form of geysers, it is very hot
and can be used to generate electricity
 Average temperature of hot water geysers is 70C and
are found at depth of 800m to 3500m

60. GEO THERMAL ENERGY
 Av. Temperature of steam:150 to 400C
 Advantages:
 Most eco-friendly source of energy
 Cost is half than that of other sources
 Can be used 24 x 7 throughout the year
 Is clean (pollution free)

61. GEO THERMAL ENERGY
 In India: Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh. Our
country has nearly 300 hot water resources
 World: USA and New Zealand
 Gujarat: Unai near Valsad, Tulsi Shyam in
Saurashtra and Lasundra and Tuva villages in
Godhra districts

62. GEO THERMAL ENERGY- Geyser

63. GEO THERMAL ENERGY – Power Plant

64. BIO ENERGY
 A small fraction of solar energy which reaches the
earths surface gets converted into chemical energy
by plants during the process of photosynthesis which
becomes available in form of Bio-mass
 Solar energy – photosynthesis – bio mass - energy

65. NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
WOOD
BIO GAS
HYDROGEN AND ALCOHOL
COAL
PETROLEUM
NATURAL GAS

66. WOOD
 Main source of energy in most villages
 Inefficient way to utilise energy source
 Only 8% to 10% efficiency
 Smoke formed is harmful to health and polluting
 Invention of smoke less chulha has helped

67. WOOD

68. WOOD – smokeless chulha

69. DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF WOOD

70. DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF WOOD
 Arrange apparatus as shown in figure
 Put a few pieces of wood in hard glass test tube and water
in other
 Heat the tube containing wood in absence of air
 Observe: black liquid begins to drip in other test tube
containing water and settles at bottom
 This thick black semifluid is Tar
 Bring a lighted match stick near the open end.
 Observe: it starts burning. This is Coal Gas
 Residue left in test tube is Charcoal
 Ammonia is also left which is dissolved in water

71. BIO GAS
 Contains 65 to 75% methane, 30 to 40% carbon
dioxide and traces of hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide
and nitrogen
 Produced in absence of oxygen during decay of
biomass
 Methane is excellent fuel
 Calorific value of bio gas: 35 to 40 kJ/gm
 Traditionally known as Gobar gas as it is made from
animal dung, sewage, crop residue

72. BIO GAS
 Two designs of bio-gas plants in India:
 1) Fixed dome type
 2) Floating dome gas holder type (prepared by Khadi
and Village Industry Commission KVIC)
 Fixed dome type more popular
 Its dome can by constructed by bricks
 Has longer life. So economical

73. BIO GAS - Working
 Slurry (semi fluid mixture) of dung, water, waste is
prepared in mixing tank
 Now fed into digestor which is underground tank
 Biomass decompose into biogas
 Biogas is used as fuel in industries and also for
housing purposes
 Slurry left behind is good manure
 Biogas advantages: provides energy, good fertilizer,
cleans village, avoids air pollution as no need to burn
residue

74. BIO GAS PLANT

75. BIO GAS PLANT WORKING

76. HYDROGEN AS FUEL
 Hydrogen can be used as alternate to traditional fuel
 It has great potential for future
 Burning of hydrogen produces large amount of heat
and water is by-product
 It does not cause pollution
 Still uses are limited. Used in space ships and high
temperature flames (welding)
 Reasons: highly explosive nature, lack of technology
at present

77. ALCOHOL AS FUEL
 Good option to traditional sources
 Manufactured by fermentation of sugar and even
other cereal crops
 Can be mixed with petrol and used as fuel

78. FOSSIL FUELS
COAL
PETROLEUM
NATURAL GAS

79. COAL
 Used since centuries
 First coal mine in India: Raniganj at West Bengal in
1854
 Main constituent: carbon
 Other constituents: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium in compound form
 Coal burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and large
amount of heat is liberated

80. COAL
 Types of coal:
 Anthracite: 94-98% carbon. Best quality. No ash as
residue when burnt
 Bituminous: 78-87% carbon.
 Lignite: 28-30% carbon
 Peat: 27% or less of carbon.
 Coal is converted into coke by destructive distillation
process.
 Coke is used as a reducing agent in metallurgy, especially
for extracting metals from their ores and in making steel

81. COAL – Destructive Distillation of coal

82. PETROLEUM
 Blackish, oily liquid
 In Greek the word „petro‟ means rock and „oleum‟ means
oil
 Normally formed under sedimentary rocks
 In 1855 Professor Benjamin proved that crude oil can be
used as substitute of coal
 In 1859 Smith and his two sons dug the first oil well in
the world in Pennsylvania in USA
 In 1867 the first oil well in India was dug at Makkum in
Dibrugarh district in Assam. This was first oil well of Asia
too

83. PETROLEUM
 Normally obtained at depth of 1500m
 In india it is found in Assam, Gujarat mainly and in
small amounts in Rajasthan, Kashmir, WB,
Arunachal pradesh, Tripura and near the banks of
Godavari and Krishna rivers
 In Gujarat: Ankleshwar, Khambat, Navagam,
Sanand, Kalol, Jotna, and Bombay High near South
Gujarat in the sea
 50% of oil comes from Gujarat

84. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM

85. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM
 Petroleum purified in Fractional Distillation Tower
 Tower: 31m high and 3m wide
 Made of iron. Inner part is lines with specially
designed bricks in tray shape, they are porous

86. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM
 Process:
 Petroleum is introduced from base of tower at
temperature of 400 – 430 c.
 All hydrocarbons are vaporised
 Residue of tar and bitumen remains at bottom
 Hot vapour rises up the tower and product having
highest ignition temperature first gets condensed to
liquid form
 Hence main components are seperated

87. PETROLEUM – MAIN COMPONENTS
 Petroleum gases
 Petrol
 Kerosene
 Diesel
 Lubricating oil
 Petroleum wax
 Tar (asphalt)

88. PETROLEUM GASES
 Usually contains hydrocarbons like methane, ethane,
propane, butane
 Butane is easily combustible
 At high pressure it is converted to liquid, filled in
cylinders and used in households and industries.
 It is called Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
 LPG is highly inflammable. Should be used with care
 Foul smelling chemical gas Mercapton is added to
detect leakage

89. PETROL
 Temperature range: 40 to 200 c
 Proportion in petroleum is 45%
 Calorific value: 47 kJ/g
 Carbon atoms: 5 – 10
 Also called Gasoline
 Uses: as fuel in automobiles

90. KEROSENE
 Temperature range: 200 – 300 c
 Calorific value: 48 kJ/g
 Carbon atoms: 10 - 14
 Uses: fuel in kitchen and in lantern
 Highly refined kerosene is used as fuel in Jet planes

91. DIESEL
 Temperature range: 300 – 350 c
 Calorific value: 45 kJ/g
 Carbon atoms: 14 - 20
 Uses: As fuel in heavy vehicles like trucks, bus, etc. ,
in pumps, railway engines, generators and steamers
 Diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel

92. LUBRICATING OIL
 temperature range: 350 400 c
 It is in semi fluid state
 Carbon atoms: more than 20
 Uses: to prepare grease and wax

93. PETROLEUM WAX & ASPHALT
 Petroleum wax: obtained at temperature of more
than 400 c. it is semi fluid. Used to prepare candles
 Tar (Asphalt): the left over residue, thick, black,
viscous liquid, called Asphalt (bitumin or tar) is used
in the preparation of roads and as water repellent so
used in terraces of buildings for water proofing.

94. NATURAL GAS
 Mainly contains Methane
 Ecofriendly gas. Produces carbon dioxide and water
with no hazardous effects on environment
 India has 100 billion cubic metres of natural gas
 found in Khambat, Tripura, Jaiselmer, Bombay
High and basins of Godavari and Krishna rivers
 Hydrogen can be extracted to prepare ammonia and
urea as artificial fertilizers
 Dhuvaran power plant in Gujarat runs on gas.

95. COMBUSTION OF FUELS
 Fuel is a source of energy
 The process in which a substance is burnt in
presence of air is termed as Combustion
 Oxygen is required in this process. Heat and light are
produced as it is an Exothermic process

96. CONDITIONS FOR BURNING
 1) Ignition Temperature
 The minimum temperature at which a substance starts
burning in presence of air is called Ignition temperature
 A substance does not catch fire if it is heated below its
ignition temperature
 2) Adequate supply of oxygen
 Yellow or smoky flame indicates incomplete combustion
 Blue flame indicates complete combustion
 3) Maintaining the minimum level of fuel supply

97. HOW TO STOP COMBUSTION
 If any of the above three conditions are not met, the
process of combustion will stop
 Spray water – increase ignition temperature
 Cover with sand, carbon dioxide – cut off supply of
air
 Stop the fuel supply

98. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL FUEL
 Available easily & in enough quantity
 Rate of combustion should be higher than room
temperature. It should burn completely
 Should have high calorific value
 Ignition temperature according to need
 Minimum amount of non-volatile material
 Economical
 Storage and transportation easy and safe
 Minimum pollution
 No poisonous gases in combustion

99. CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELS
 We can find out quality of fuels by knowing how
much heat they produce
 Calorific Value: The heat liberated in joule on
complete combustion of 1g of fuel.
 Unit: kilo joule per gram
 Hydrogen has highest calorific value
 Among hydrocarbons – methane has highest value
 Wood – hydrocarbon – also has oxygen – so burns
well due to oxygen – but low calorific value

100. CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELS
State of fuel Name of fuel Calorific value kJ/g
Solid Charcoal 33
Coal 25-33
Wood 17
Dung cake 7-8
Liquid Kerosene 48
Fuel Oil 45
Ethanol 30
Gas Hydrogen 150
Methane 55
Butane (LPG) 55
Biogas 35-40

101. EXPERIMENT: TO FIND OUT THE CALORIFIC
VALUE OF WAX
 Let W1 be the weight in gram of candle
 Take 100 ml water in beaker
 Note its initial temperature: t1
 Ignite the candle, heat the water
 Note down final temperature: t2
 Find out final weight of candle: W2
 Calculate rise in temperature: t = t2 – t1
 Calculate loss of weight in candle: W = W1 – W2

102. EXPERIMENT: TO FIND OUT THE CALORIFIC
VALUE OF WAX
 Mass of water is 100 gms
 Specific heat of water is 4.186 J/g C
 Heat absorbed by water: Q = m x s x t
 By burning 1g of wax candle the heat generated will
be Q/W, which is its calorific value

103. NUCLEAR ENERGY

104. UNITS OF MASS & ENERGY
 UNITS OF MASS:
 In solid state physics or Nuclear Physics the units of
mass is considered as Atomic Mass Unit
 Symbol: u
 One atomic mass unit is defined as the mass
equivalent to 1/12th the mass of unexcited carbon
atom of C12 isotope
 1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg

105. UNITS OF MASS & ENERGY
 UNITS OF ENERGY:
 In Solid State Physics and Nuclear Physics, “
electron volt” is the unit of energy.
 It is defined as the change in the energy of an
electron when it passes through two points having
potential difference 1V
 Expressed as eV
 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 joule

106. UNITS OF MASS & ENERGY
 k.eV = kilo electron volt
 MeV = mega electron volt
 As per Einsteins theory of Relativity, if „m‟ is the
change of mass and E is the energy, relation between
m and E is E = mc2 where c is the speed of light in
vacuum
 This shows that mass can be converted into energy
and vice versa.
 Energy obtained from 1 u mass is given by
 1 u (mass) = 931.48 MeV (energy)

107. NUCLEAR ENERGY
 PPT. ENERGY SOURCES 1
 PPT ENERGY SOURCES 2

108. NUCLEAR REACTOR - VIDEO

109. NUCLEAR FUSION - VIDEO

110. NUCLEAR HAZARDS AND SAFETY
 PPT