2. The Risks of
Nuclear
Reactors

3. The Challenger
 Fatma Hanafy Mohammed Hanafy.
 Marwa Yehya Galal Gad.
 Naira Tarek Saleh Mohamed Abd Alla .
 Shaimaa Esam Abd_Elsalam.
Zeinab Hanafy Mohammed Hanafy.

4. introduction
Risks of
nuclear
radiation
and its
accidents
Solutions
Please press
on Title

6. The Definition:-
A nuclear reactor is a
device to initiate
and control a
sustained nuclear
chain reaction.

7. History:-
 The Enrico Fermi and Leo Chilard were the
first to:-
1) Built a nuclear reactor at the University
of Chicago in 1942.
2) Used the first nuclear reactors in the
forties of the twentieth century to
generate plutonium [t] of nuclear
weapons.
3) Then used the other reactors in the
Navy for the conduct of submarines .

8. History (cont.):-
 In the mid-fifties of the twentieth century were
in the Soviet Union and other Western countries
Research on the use of nuclear reactors for non-
military purposes.
 In 1951, electrical energy produced for the first
time from the nuclear-powered generators.
 The first reactor generates electricity for
commercial purposes was built in Russia in 1954.
And began operating the first nuclear reactor to
generate electricity in the United States in 1957.

9. The history (cont.):-
 Having created hundreds of reactors in many
countries stop built in some countries, including
the United States (in the eighties),
 and that was for economic reasons and then re-
consider that in 2004,
 and will build new nuclear reactors to generate
electricity because it does not cause the release
of gases harmful to the environment .

10. Uses:-
The most common use of nuclear reactors is
for the generation of electric energy and for
the power in some ships.
Heat from nuclear fission is used to raise
steam, which runs through turbines, which in
turn powers either ship's propulsion or
electrical generators.

11. Uses (cont.):-
Nuclear power provides the world with more
than 16% of electric power;
– they provide 35% of the needs of the
European Union.
– Japan gets 30% of its electricity from
nuclear energy,
– Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovakia and
South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovenia
and Ukraine relies on nuclear power to
provide the third of its energy.

12. How Nuclear Reactors Work:-
 When an atom undergoes
fission it splits into smaller
atoms, other particles and
releases energy.
 It turns out that it is possible
to harness the energy of this
process on a large enough scale
for it to be a viable way of
producing energy.

13. How Nuclear Reactors Work (cont.):-

14. How Nuclear Reactors Work (cont.):-
 The fundamental point about nuclear energy
is that the energy content of 1 gram of
Uranium is equivalent to approximately 3
tonnes of coal.
 This means that we need to consume about 3
million times less material with Nuclear
Power compared to using Coal or any other
Fossil Fuel.

15. How Nuclear Reactors Work (cont.):-
 This substantially reduces the volumes of
fuel and waste of nuclear power compared to
Fossil Fuels.
 Nuclear power stations that generate energy
occupy small areas of land compared to
power stations that rely on solar energy or
wind power

16. The Different Types of Nuclear Reactors:-
There are a number of different types of
Nuclear Reactors currently in operation
throughout the world. Some of the most
common types are described here.

22.  Any imbalances that might occur in a nuclear
reactor could cause a human catastrophe of
unforeseeable consequences,
 such as disaster Chernobyl which resulted in
thousands of tonnes of radioactive material
that leaked into the atmosphere,
 As the output fuel of the nuclear reactor is
considered hazardous materials ,
 its effects continuous for thousands of years
and can not be disposed of it easily.

23. Nuclear Power Carries Environmental Risks

24.  High level waste:-
Includes the fuel
used in the nuclear
reactor called spent
fuel. It is highly
radioactive and very
dangerous. A special
disposal site is
needed for this type
of spent fuel

25.  Low level waste:-
can come from
nuclear reactors or
from hospitals or
universities. Low-
level waste is not as
dangerous as high-
level waste

26.  Nuclear power has at least four waste
streams that contaminate and degrade
land:-
1) they create Spent nuclear fuel at the
reactor site (including plutonium waste)
2) they produce tailings at uranium mines and
mills
3) during operation they routinely release
small amounts of Radioactive isotopes
4) during accidents they can release large
quantities of radioactivity

27.  Disposal of nuclear waste is done in several
ways vary according to the strength of
outgoing radiation,
 including "the weak and medium," where is
placed after cooling in the earth,
 and surrounded by a layer of cement or
rocks,

28.  nuclear radiation at large doses of radiation
caused in deformities and disabilities are
difficult to treat
 and may be them effect reach to the extent
of death for who infected with it,
 also nuclear radiation affects directly on the
components of living cells as a result of
interactions not related to the natural
interactions in the cell

29.  AND the evidence on the harmful effects on
people is the risk of cancer where:-
 There have been several epidemiological
studies that claim to demonstrate increased
risk of various diseases,
 especially cancers, among people who live
near nuclear facilities.

30.  Among recent studies, a widely cited 2007
meta-analysis of 17 research papers was
published in the European Journal of Cancer
Care.
 It
offered evidence of elevated leukemia
rates among children living near 136 nuclear
facilities in:-
 the United Kingdom, Canada, France,
 United States, Germany, Japan, and Spain.

31.  Also
these radiations affect on aquatic where
there is another type of the pollution is the
thermal pollution which is produced by using
the water of oceans.
 or
seas or rivers in large quantities for
cooling the reactor
 andwhich are thrown in the source after
that ,so them temperature is increased
resulted

32.  imbalance in the environmental system (Eco-
system)
 and damage all the aquatic which are living
in the water
 whereit decreases the rate of dissolved
oxygen in the water and required for the life
of marine organisms.

33.  And to overcome this problem, some states
put laws committed these stations by cooling
hot water before throwing them in the sea
 orlakes, and some stations established
artificial lakes for them to use them in
cooling purposes

34.  The amount of radioactive waste resulting
from the nuclear fission in the stations of
producting electricity by nuclear reactors is
limited compared to the amount of waste in
thermal stations powered by fossil such as oil
or coal ,
 the nuclear waste reach to (3 mg/kwh)
compared to about (700 gm /kwh) of carbon
dioxide in normal thermal stations

35. A nuclear power plant may be safer than a coal power plant, but it still
hurts the surrounding environment.

36.  butthis tiny quantity of nuclear radiation
may be fatal or may cause deformities and
distortions there isn't a treat for them.
 Forthis, all countries that use nuclear
energy for electricity production are working
to disposal from radioactive waste by buring
them in deep geological layers beneath the
surface of the earth away from the people,

37.  and may the effectiveness of radiation
continues for centuries but for thousands of
years,
 until the radiation dies down or reach to a
level equivalent to natural radiation So
scientists are trying currently to generate
nuclear energy through nuclear fusion
instead of nuclear fission

39.  In March 2011 an
earthquake and
tsunami caused
damage that led to
explosions and partial
meltdowns
at the Fukushima I
Nuclear Power Plant
in Japan.

40.  Radiation
levels at the stricken Fukushima I
power plant have varied up to 1,000 mSv/h
 (millisievert
per hour), which is a level that
can cause radiation sickness to occur at a
later time following a one hour exposure.
 The level of radiation within the 20 km
exclusion zone surrounding the power plant
is such that people have been advised to
evacuate,

41.  and people within the 20-30km zone are
being advised to stay indoors.
 Explosions and a fire have resulted in
dangerous levels of radiation, sparking a
stock market collapse later, the UK, France
 and some other countries told their nationals
to consider leaving Tokyo, in response to
fears of spreading nuclear contamination.

42.  New Scientist has reported that emissions of
radioactive iodine
 andcesium from the crippled Fukushima I
nuclear plant have approached levels evident
after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.

43.  As of April 2011, water is still being poured
into the damaged reactors to cool melting
fuel rods. John Price,
 a former member of the Safety Policy Unit
at the UK's National Nuclear Corporation,
 has said that it "might be 100 years before
melting fuel rods can be safely removed from
Japan's Fukushima nuclear plant".

44.  During
the 2011 Fukushima nuclear
emergency in Japan, three nuclear reactors
were damaged by explosions.

45.  Mapshowing
Caesium-137
contamination in
Belarus, Russia, an
d Ukraine as of
1996.

46.  The 1986 Chernobyl disaster in the Ukraine
was the world's worst nuclear power plant
accident, resulting in an estimated 4,056
deaths.
 Large amounts of radioactive contamination
were spread across Europe, and cesium and
strontium contaminated many agricultural
products, livestock and soil.
 The accident necessitated the evacuation of
300,000 people from Kiev

47. Chernobyl disaster
The nuclear reactor after the disaster. Reactor 4 (center). Turbine building
(lower left). Reactor 3 (center right).

48. Nuclear power plant accidents with
more than
US$300 million in property damage,
to 2009:-
Date Location Description Cost
(in
millions
2006 $)
December 7, Greifswald, Electrician's error causes US$443
1975 East Germany fire in the main trough
that destroys control lines
and five main coolant
pumps

49. Date Location Description Cost
(in millions
2006 $)
Jaslovské Severe corrosion of reactor US$1,700
Bohunice, and release of radioactivity
February 22, 1977 Czechoslovakia into the plant area,
necessitating total
decommission
March 28, Middletown, Loss of coolant and partial US$2,400
1979 Pennsylvania, core meltdown, see Three
US Mile Island accident and
Three Mile Island accident
health effects
March 9, Athens, Instrumentation systems US$1,830
1985 Alabama, US malfunction during startup,
which led to suspension of
operations at all three
Browns Ferry Units -
operations restarted in 1991
for unit 2, in 1995 for unit 3,
and (after a $1.8 billion
recommissioning operation)
in 2007 for unit 3

50. Date Locatio Description Cost
n (in
millions
2006 $)
Plymouth, Recurring equipment problems
Massachuset force emergency shutdown of
April 11, 1986 ts, US Boston Edison's Pilgrim Nuclear US$1,001
Power Plant
April 26, Chernobyl, Steam explosion and meltdown
1986 near the with 4,057 deaths (see Chernobyl
town of disaster) necessitating the
Pripyat, evacuation of 300,000 people
Ukraine from the most severely
contaminated areas of Belarus,
US$6,700
Russia, and Ukraine, and
dispersing radioactive material
across Europe (see Chernobyl
disaster effects)

52. Solutions
1-
Procedures
for
nuclear
safeguards
.
2- team Ideas .

53. International organizations which interested in
matters of protection and nuclear safety
recommended by the establishment of
national committees set the rules and
regulations that govern all practices involving
ionizing radiation or radioactive sources in
order to take advantage of the benefits of
nuclear energy and its positive aspects in
various fields with the reduction of risks
posed by it to the acceptable limit .

54. 1 - Spreading awareness of the risks and the
dissemination of nuclear safety culture among
employees radiation or radioactive materials at
all levels.
2 - Provide all equipment and technical equipment
necessary for the protection and safety.
3 - Providing human expertise with knowledge of
procedures for the protection and safety.
4- Implementation of all nuclear measurements
that aim to ensure the protection measures
required..

55. 5 - Set standards and requirements for all
practices, which include exposure to
radiation and to identify the official.
6 - The existence of effective planning in the
event of an emergency are known in advance
for employees and that perceptions of the
development potential of the various
incidents based on the experience Available.

56. 7 - And there must be an effective
administrative organization inside the
building used to identify sources of
radioactive radiation intensity to be always
in the permitted levels of radioactive sources
and be stored in safe places and kept in the
protective armor in the case of non-use.
 Preferably at the creation of a new
reactor to be of the type of reactor CAESAR

57.  Claudio able Vilpon nuclear scientist and
director of the Center of advanced energy at
the University of Maryland American
innovation and design of advanced reactor
CAESAR" for the production of electricity
without causing any radioactive
contamination, or the spread of nuclear
radiation.
 Unlike traditional nuclear reactors operated
arms and fuel uranium-238 supplied by about
4% of uranium 235.

58.  When the collision of neutron seed uranium
235 splits off to the nuclei and the amount of
energy in the form of heat and more of the
neutrinos that hit other atoms.
 And controls «mediator» between the fuel
rods entered to slow down some of the
neutrinos are moving slowly enough so that
they splitting nucleus of atoms.
 But after two or three years of operation of
the reactor, it becomes uranium-235 atoms
remaining is insufficient appears to need a
new fuel rods.

59.  But Caeser reactor depends on the uranium-238
atoms fission within the fuel rods by neutrons
moving at an appropriate speed as a result of the
presence of steam as a mediator in the reactor,
to control the density accurately, to delay the
passage of neutrinos to obtain the required
fission of uranium-238 atom.
 And the occurrence of nuclear reaction
accompanied by the launching of the energy and
the launch of more neutrinos, which in turn hit
other uranium seed and so on. Caeser and the
reactor can run for decades without the need to
re-fuel it.

60.  Because water used to cool the reactors are
loaded with radiation .
 And to overcome this problem, some states
put laws committed these stations by cooling
hot water before throwing them in the sea or
lakes, and some stations established artificial
lakes for them to use them in cooling
purposes .

61. 1- Because the concepts of rolling stock for radiological
hazards may sometimes have negative effects as what
people may be followed by action in the case of
radiation accidents and because of exaggerated fears
may lead to negative effects on its own. One of the
challenges we face to make sure that the general
public have accurate information and concepts in the
case of radiation accidents until there is no reaction
exaggerated.
- And so it can work on the establishment of scientific
material received conferences or taught in schools
aimed at educating students the dangers of reactors
and nuclear radiation and raise awareness of they need
to do in the event of a nuclear disaster (an
emergency).

62. 2- Establishment the Assembly on the idea at
​
an international level like the idea of the
insurance company where the participation
of nations with nuclear reactors and the
amount of money can be joined with
scientists.
- In the event of any disruption or disaster
Assembly intervene to resolve the imbalance
and reduce the risks and be physical and
scientific assistance.

63. 3- Support scientific research to develop
procedures for nuclear safeguards .
4- Manufacture of electric-powered chillers to
cool the water used in cooling nuclear
reactors. Using a fraction of the electricity
produced by the reactor and to minimize the
risk of radiation that exists. in order to
reduce ocean water used in the reactor
cooling circuits .

64. 5- For injured people: establishment a
specialized health organizations to treat
these people.
 These solutions not only contribute to the
protection of the environment and the health
of living organisms, but also contribute to
the promotion and protection of the
economy at the international level and global