http://www.fao.org/giahs/en/ This presentation was presented during the Joint Meeting of Steering and Scientific Commitee that took place at FAO headquarters 14-15 December 2016. The presentation was made by Mr. Hadi, Susilo Arifin, Bogor Institute, Indonesia

1. INTEGRATED AGRICULTURAL SYSTEM OF
TRI HITA KARANA – TRI MANDALA IN BALI,
INDONESIA
Coordinating Ministry of Human Development and Culture
Republic of Indonesia
2015
Collaborated by:
Local Government of Karangasem District – Bogor Agricultural University
Udayana University
Globally Important Agriculture Heritage System (GIAHS)
Application

2. LOCATION
• Site: Karangasem, Bali,
Indonesia
• Accessibility:
Jakarta-Denpasar: 2 hours
Denpasar-Amlapura: 2.5 hours
• Area: 839,54 km2
• Agro-Ecological Zones:
tropical climate: wet & dry
land.

3. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM AND
GLOBAL IMPORTANCE
• Karangasem District has limited land and
water resources which are features of island
regions.
• The agricultural system of Karangasem
is based on unique Balinese philosophy of
THK and TM which emphasize
harmonization among God, human and
nature.
• Subak for paddy field and Abian for dry land,
with sustainable water resources
management and land use patchwork has
overcome and enabled agriculture to prosper.
• It's has conserve food and livelihood security
for a large population and over ten centuries
Agriculture practices for terraces and flat paddy field, and upland management

4. Diagram of Tri Hita Karana (top) and
Tri Mandala (bottom) philosophies
TRI HITA KARANA & TRI MANDALA

5. SUBAK & ABIAN
1. Subak for paddy field and Abian for dry land are based on unique Balinese philosophy of THK
and TM which emphasize harmonization among God, human and nature, including respect to
God, importance of human relationship and sustainable use of natural resources such as water
and land.
2. Subak is mainly water management system by Subak organization, and under Subak, limited
water resource is distributed equally and efficiently
3. Abian is mainly land use system by Abian organization, and under Abian, limited land resource
is used efficiently and sustainably such as land use mosaics and agroforestry which maintains
diverse crops.
Primary and secondary irrigation system of Subak System, paddy field, upland crops
Abian System on mixed gardens and stoned terraces for agroforestry/agrosilvopastural

6. FOOD AND LIVELIHOOD SECURITY
• Food security  suited local food from wet and dry farmland
• Main agriculture product is rice, Seraya corn, cassava, sweet
potato, Culik peanuts and soy bean, also includes the fishery
sub-sector (marine and fresh water) and cattle raising by using
agro-silvo-pastural practices.
• Agriculture products contributed the most to Regional Gross
Domestic Product involved 47% of total labor wongking in this
sector.
Snacks made from fish and chicken feet (left), traditional rice
cookies with palm sugar inside and coconut topping (right)
Local culinary made from sea
foods and dry land vegetable

7. Red and Sugar snake fruits; Manggosteen, Seraya corn , Balinese cattle and Gembrong goat
Offering elements consist of agriculture products: flowers, coconut and leaf, fruits, and meat
Local Balinese rice, wani mango, and Balinese durian
BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION
Diverse agriculture activities and diverse genetic resources & biodiversity as
food crops, vegetables, fruits, and livestocks.

8. Terraces on stone walls (left), terraced dry land hill (mid) and water pond (right)
KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND ADAPTED TECHNOLOGIES
Irrigation system as knowledge systems and technology adaptation applied in Subak
water management system

9. CULTURES, VALUE SYSTEMS & SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
Mendak Toya (left)Tumpek Uduh in rice field (mid), Tumpek Wariga in mix garden (right)
Galungan Celebration
Subak system consist of 16
types of ritual activities, starting
from taking water for irrigation
namely “Mendak Toya
Ceremony” to post-harvest
activities in the storage called
“Mantenin Ceremony”.

10. REMARKABLE LANDSCAPES, LAND AND WATER
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT FEATURES
In Karangasem is possible to find Subak rice fields and upland crops, also
Abian throughout the region as remarkable landscape
Subak Tirta Gangga (left); Subak Lumpadang (right)
Sayan Samu Hill (left) ; Abian Seraya stoned uplands (right)

11. THREATS AND CHALLENGES
Threats
1. The speedy development on tourism in Bali has affected Karangasem
District and threatened the land use shifts.
2. The weakening spirit among the young generation coming from farmers‟
family and having no intention to be farmers as their profession.
Landuse and landcover changes for infrastructure (left) due to the speedy
development on tourism (right).
Challenges
A number of challenges are faced to protect the existence of agriculture by
using the systems of Subak and Abian by keeping Subak Temple called “Pura
Subak” and Abian Temple called “Pura Abian” as a form of social stability.

12. DYNAMIC CONSERVATION PLAN
FOR GIAHS SELECTED SITE
Five action plans:
1. To protect agricultural land by the law
2. To establish Research and Development
Center for Agribusiness and Agro-tourism
3. To empower community development –
PNPM Mandiri
4. To conserve and to promote
Ecosystem Services
5. To conserve Agricultural diversity and
food security – SIMANTRI, P2KP, KRPL
Agribusiness Center – post harvest
agriculture product Improvement
Promoting ecosystem
services
Land use & cover changes
National Program for
Comm. Dev/PNPM
Mandiri - iprovement
agriculture infrastructure
Agrobiodiversity conservation
by Integrated Farming System/
SIMANTRI

13. MATUR SUKSEMA
TERIMAKASIH
GRACIAS