TEEB Agriculture and Food
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Presentation from Salman Hussain, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) describing TEEB Agriculture and Food, a study designed to provide an economic evaluation of the ‘eco-agri-food systems’ complex. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
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TEEB Agriculture and Food
- 1. TEEB Agriculture and Food FAO presentation September 2014 Dr Salman Hussain and Kavita Sharma UNEP TEEB Office
- 2. “The TEEBAF study is designed to provide a comprehensive economic evaluation of the ‘eco-agri-food systems’ complex, and demonstrate that the economic environment in which farmers operate is distorted by significant externalities, both negative and positive, and a lack of awareness of dependency on natural capital.” “A ‘double-whammy’ of economic invisibility of impacts from both ecosystems and agricultural & food systems is a root cause of increased fragility and lower resilience to shocks in both ecological and human systems.” - Concept Note (27 February 2014)
- 3. Some context: TEEB for Agriculture and Food Schematic that links one sector to Ecosystem Services and Externalities
- 4. SEED YIELDPLANT Agricultural & Food systems
- 5. SEED YIELDPLANT Agricultural & Food systems Food Raw Materials Agro- tourism Cultural Heritage = Invisible costs = Invisible benefits = Visible benefits
- 6. SEED YIELDPLANT Agricultural & Food systems Food Raw Materials Agro- tourism Cultural Heritage = Invisible costs = Invisible benefits = Visible benefits = Inputs (science & Technology) Human (Economic & Social) systems Labor Breeding Fertilizer Machinery Irrigation Pesticides Bio-technology
- 7. SEED YIELDPLANT Agricultural & Food systems Food Raw Materials Agro- tourism Cultural Heritage = Invisible costs = Invisible benefits = Visible benefits = Inputs (science & Technology) Human (Economic & Social) systems Labor Breeding Fertilizer Machinery Irrigation Pesticides Bio-technology Energy Appropriation Health externalitiesPollution externality GHG/climate externality CO2 O2 Air CLIMATE ATMOSPHERE/CLIMATE
- 8. SEED YIELDPLANT Agricultural & Food systems Food Raw Materials Agro-tourism Cultural Heritage = Invisible costs = Invisible benefits = Visible benefits = Inputs (science & Technology) Human (Economic & Social) systems Labor Breeding Fertilizer Machinery Irrigation Pesticides Bio-technology Energy Appropriation Health externalitiesPollution externality GHG/climate externality CO2 O2 Air CLIMATE ATMOSPHERE/CLIMATE Ecosystems & Biodiversity Nutrients SOIL STRUCTURE Soil Substrate
- 9. SEED YIELDPLANT Agricultural & Food systems Food Raw Materials Agro- tourism Cultural Heritage = Invisible costs = Invisible benefits = Visible benefits = Inputs (science & Technology) Human (Economic & Social) systems Labor Breeding Fertilizer Machinery Irrigation Pesticides Bio-technology Energy Appropriation Health externalitiesPollution externality GHG/climate externality CO2 O2 Air CLIMATE ATMOSPHERE/CLIMATE Ecosystems & Biodiversity Nutrients SOIL STRUCTURE Soil Substrate Water purification Genetic variability Carbon fixation Decomposition Pest control Pollination Erosion prevention Moderation of extreme events Nutrient recycling Soil creation
- 10. SEED YIELDPLANT Agricultural & Food systems Food Raw Materials Agro- tourism Cultural Heritage = Invisible costs = Invisible benefits = Visible benefits = Inputs (science & Technology) Human (Economic & Social) systems Labor Breeding Fertilizer Machinery Irrigation Pesticides Bio-technology Energy Appropriation Health externalitiesPollution externality GHG/climate externality CO2 O2 Air CLIMATE ATMOSPHERE/CLIMATE Ecosystems & Biodiversity Nutrients SOIL STRUCTURE Soil Substrate Water purification Genetic variability Carbon fixation Decomposition Pest control Pollination Erosion prevention Moderation of extreme events Nutrient recycling Soil creation Species reduction Habitat encroachment Loss of ecosystem complexity Soil erosion Other (i.e. unknown) impacts
- 12. Human (Economic & Social) systems Labor Breeding Fertilizer Machinery Irrigation Pesticides Bio-technology Policy entry point? Agricultural & Food systems
- 13. Health externalities Policy entry point? Human (Economic & Social) systems Agricultural & Food systems
- 14. Identifying which ecosystem services are relevant to these policy issues
- 15. Food: Ecosystems provide the conditions for growing food. Food comes principally from managed agro-ecosystems but marine and freshwater systems or forests also provide food for human consumption. Wild foods from forests are often underestimated. Raw Materials: Ecosystems provide a great diversity of materials for construction and fuel including wood, biofuels and plant oils that are directly derived from wild and cultivated plant species. Fresh water: Ecosystems play a vital role in the global hydrological cycle, as they regulate the flow and purification of water. Vegetation and forests influence the quantity of water available locally. Medicinal resources: Ecosystems and biodiversity provide many plants used as traditional medicines as well as providing the raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry. All ecosystems are a potential source of medicinal resources. Provisioning services
- 16. Local climate and air quality: Trees provide shade whilst forests influence rainfall and water availability both locally and regionally. Trees or other plants also play an important role in regulating air quality by removing pollutants from the atmosphere. Carbon sequestration and storage: Ecosystems regulate the global climate by storing and sequestering greenhouse gases. As trees and plants grow, they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and effectively lock it away in their tissues. In this way forest ecosystems are carbon stores. Biodiversity also plays an important role by improving the capacity of ecosystems to adapt to the effects of climate change. Moderation of extreme events: Extreme weather events or natural hazards include floods, storms, tsunamis, avalanches and landslides. Ecosystems and living organisms create buffers against natural disasters, thereby preventing possible damage. For example, wetlands can soak up flood water. Erosion prevention and maintenance of soil fertility: Soil erosion is a key factor in the process of land degradation and desertification. Vegetation cover provides a vital regulating service by preventing soil erosion. Soil fertility is essential for plant growth and agriculture. etc Regulating services Waste-water treatment: Ecosystems such as wetlands filter both human and animal waste and act as a natural buffer to the surrounding environment. Through the biological activity of microorganisms in the soil, most waste is broken down. Thereby pathogens (disease causing microbes) are eliminated, and the level of nutrients and pollution is reduced. Pollination: Insects and wind pollinate plants and trees which is essential for the development of fruits, vegetables and seeds. Animal pollination is an ecosystem service mainly provided by insects but also by some birds and bats. Some 87 out of the 115 leading global food crops depend upon animal pollination including important cash crops such as cocoa and coffee (Klein et al. 2007). Biological control: Ecosystems are important for regulating pests and vector borne diseases that attack plants, animals and people. Ecosystems regulate pests and diseases through the activities of predators and parasites. Birds, bats, flies, wasps, frogs and fungi all act as natural controls.
- 17. Habitats for species: Habitats provide everything that an individual plant or animal needs to survive: food; water; and shelter. Each ecosystem provides different habitats that can be essential for a species’ lifecycle. Migratory species including birds, fish, mammals and insects all depend upon different ecosystems during their movements. Maintenance of genetic diversity: Genetic diversity is the variety of genes between and within species populations. Genetic diversity distinguishes different breeds or races from each other thus providing the basis for locally well-adapted cultivars and a gene pool for further developing commercial crops and livestock. Habitat or supporting services
- 18. Recreation and mental and physical health: Walking and playing sports in green space is not only a good form of physical exercise but also lets people relax. The role that green space plays in maintaining mental and physical health is increasingly being recognized, despite difficulties of measurement. Tourism: Ecosystems and biodiversity play an important role for many kinds of tourism which in turn provides considerable economic benefits and is a vital source of income for many countries. In 2008 global earnings from tourism summed up to US$ 944 billion. Spiritual experience and sense of place: In many parts of the world natural features such as specific forests, caves or mountains are considered sacred or have a religious meaning. Nature is a common element of all major religions and traditional knowledge, and associated customs are important for creating a sense of belonging. Aesthetic appreciation and inspiration for culture, art and design: Language, knowledge and the natural environment have been intimately related throughout human history. Biodiversity, ecosystems and natural landscapes have been the source of inspiration for much of our art, culture and increasingly for science. Cultural Services
- 19. 1. Interim Report 1. New research: Rice, maize, livestock, palm oil, agro- forestry 2. Spring 2015 2. Scientific and Economic Foundations 3. Policies, Production and Consumption 4. Synthesis Report
- 20. Scientific and Economic Foundations Proposed wireframeI. Current state of knowledge on agri-ecosystems II. Agro-biodiversity III. Frameworks for assessment IV. Impacts and dependencies V. Approaches for policy appraisal
- 21. Wireframe TEEBAF Foundations I Proposed summary wireframe for TEEB Scientific and Economic Foundations SECTION I: THE CURRENT STATE OF KOWLEDGE ON AGRI- ECOSYSTEMS 1.Food production and food distribution: Is there a current or impending crisis? 2.Why is there a need to re-assess the eco-agri-food systems complex? 3.Bio-fuel and cash crop production in low income countries and associated impacts on the eco-agri-food systems complex 4.The potential roles of bio-technology in sustainable agriculture 5.Food safety and food waste
- 22. Wireframe TEEBAF Foundations II Proposed summary wireframe for TEEB Scientific and Economic Foundations SECTION II: AGRO-BIODIVERSITY 6.The role of biodiversity in supporting agricultural systems 7.Agro-biodiversity across different agricultural systems: Status and Trends SECTION III: FRAMEWORKS FOR ASSESSMENT 8.Frameworks for assessing the benefits and costs of agricultural and food systems on human society 9.Frameworks for assessing the state of agriculture and food systems
- 23. Wireframe TEEBAF Foundations III Proposed summary wireframe for TEEB Scientific and Economic Foundations SECTION IV: IMPACTS AND DEPENDENCIES 10.Making the ecosystem service benefits provided by ecosystems and biodiversity to agriculture and food systems visible 11.Making the hidden benefits of agriculture and food systems to human welfare visible 12.Negative Health Externalities 13.Negative Pollution Externalities 14.Greenhouse Gas emissions from the agriculture and food sector SECTION V: APPROACHES FOR POLICY APPRAISAL 15.A typology and review of policy interventions for agriculture
- 24. I. Options for the improved management of agriculture and food production II. Options to capture the externalities of food production and consumption III. Governance and institutional capacity Policies, Production and Consumption Proposed wireframe
- 25. Wireframe TEEBAF Policies I SECTION I: OPTIONS FOR THE IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION 1.Case studies illustrating how to better manage the habitat and species biodiversity that underpins ecosystem services on which agriculture relies, e.g. maintaining soil fertility, water availability and retention capacity, pollination, genetic diversity, pest control. SECTION II: OPTIONS TO CAPTURE THE EXTERNALITIES OF FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 2.Options on the demand side (consumers): Individual household behavior 3.Options on the demand side (consumers): Cumulative consumption 4.Options on the supply side (producers): Farm-scale agri-food production 5.Options on the supply side: Regional and global scale
- 26. Wireframe TEEBAF Policies II SECTION III: GOVERNANCE AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY 6.Long-term versus short-term political time horizons: comparative analyses 7.Case studies on impact of good/poor governance and institutional capacity 8.Aligning incentives: Case studies in reduced monitoring and enforcement costs
- 27. Contributions from this Symposium 1. How best to insinuate agro-ecology into this framework? 2. Agricultural community/conservation community 3. Call for evidence
Notes de l'éditeur
- “There is also growing evidence to suggest that this approach to agricultural growth has reached critical environmental limits, and that the aggregate costs in terms of lost or foregone benefits from environmental services are too great for the world to bear (Ruttan 1999; MEA 2005; Kitzes et al. 2008).” As agricultural systems shape the very assets on which they rely for inputs, a vital feedback loop occurs from outcomes to inputs (Worster 1993). Thus, sustainable agricultural systems tend to have a positive effect on natural, social and human capital, while unsustainable ones feedback to deplete these assets, leaving fewer for future generations.
- “There are clear and significant relationships between fertilizer consumption, number of agricultural machines, irrigated area, agricultural land area and arable area with total world food production (comprising all cereals, coarse grains, pulses, roots and tubers, and oil crops). The inefficient use of some of these inputs has, however, led to considerable environmental harm.” (Pretty, 2008) FRESHWATER AND CARBON AND SOIL FERTILITY “Irrigation water is often used inefficiently and causes waterlogging and salinization, as well as diverts water from other domestic and industrial users; and agricultural machinery has increased the consumption of fossil fuels in food production.” (Leach 1976; Stout 1998)
- AIR QUALITY and FRESHWATER: “Approximately 30–80% of nitrogen applied to farmland escapes to contaminate water systems and the atmosphere as well as increasing the incidence of some disease vectors.” (Smil 2001; Victor & Reuben 2002; Prettyet al. 2003a; Townsend et al. 2003; Giles 2005; Goulding et al. 2008) BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: “Similarly, a diverse agricultural system that enhances on-farm wildlife for pest control contributes to wider stocks of biodiversity, while simplified modernized systems that eliminate wildlife do not.” (Pretty, 2008) CARBON: “Carbon accumulation in soils is being considered as an alternative to offset the emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere by industry and other human activities. Practices such as crop residue management, zero or minimum tillage or conservation agriculture can increase carbon accumulation in soils (Garcia-Torres et al., 2003 and Magdoff and Weil, 2004).”
- HABITAT: “Increased agricultural area contributes substantially to the loss of habitats, associated biodiversity and their valuable environmental services (MEA 2005; Scherr & McNeely 2008). ” BIODIVERSITY: “In China, the externalities of pesticides used in rice systems cause $1.4 billion of costs per year through health costs to people, and adverse effects on both on- and off-farm biodiversity” (Norse et al. 2001).