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APRIL 30, 2015
CYCLE AND TENDENCY IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION
	
  
	
  
Of all the economic expressions that are most relevant to any sector analysis, "procyclical" and
"countercyclical" are terms that are worth highlighting. Translating them straight, a segment of the
economy is said to be procyclical when the fluctuations in its level of operations follow the
movements of the economy as a whole and, in many cases, in a more intense manner. A
countercyclical segment is one doing well when the economy as a whole does badly and the other
way around.
As it is usual with segments making up a nation's primary industry, civil construction is typically
procyclical. It does really well when the economy does well, and really bad when the economy
does badly.
CHART 1: Total GDP and civil construction GDP
2007-2014
Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics)
From a perspective view, the recent years are a clear example of this sector behavior. The growth
rates of construction reached a double-digit share in 2010, and then quickly slowed down as from
2013, a movement similar to what was observed in the global level of operations, only it was much
more intense (Chart 1).
The reasons for so wide a cycle lie in the stimulus policies adopted from the beginning of the
international financial crisis, in 2008. Civil construction, particularly in its residential construction
segment, was strongly stimulated and responded in a very positive manner.
More than that: the Brazilian Federal Government put out an ambitious housing program, called
Minha Casa, Minha Vida ("MCMV", or "My House, My Life"), which aims to significantly reduce
housing shortage in the Country, estimated to be over 5 million houses prior to this initiative.
In spite of any criticism, the MCMV has contributed to maintaining the levels of operations and
employment in civil construction and providing millions of families with access to housing. In
parallel, the housing credit has also boosted demand in the so-called "market segment", that is,
families with income above five minimum wages as their monthly income - this is an important
indicator. For decades, housing credit in Brazil had been motionless, at a level of 2-3% of the GDP.
In more developed countries, this indicator reaches 60%. On account of the stimulus measures and
particularly the actions taken by the official banks, led by Caixa, we have reached a creditable level
of 5.5% of the housing credit GDP. Quite an achievement for our historical standards, but yet a
shame in the global scenario.
Thanks to all that, from 2008 to 2013, Brazilian civil construction generated about 1.5 million new
jobs. In that same period, Europe and the USA saw a material reduction in the number of
employees in this industry and in both regions the level of employment is currently still lower than
it was in 2007.
90	
  
100	
  
110	
  
120	
  
130	
  
140	
  
2007	
  T1	
  
2007	
  T3	
  
2008	
  T1	
  
2008	
  T3	
  
2009	
  T1	
  
2009	
  T3	
  
2010	
  T1	
  
2010	
  T3	
  
2011	
  T1	
  
2011	
  T3	
  
2012	
  T1	
  
2012	
  T3	
  
2013	
  T1	
  
2013	
  T3	
  
2014	
  T1	
  
2014	
  T3	
  
PIB	
  total	
  
PIB	
  construção	
  
2007	
  T1	
  =	
  100	
  
Overall	
  GDP	
  
Construction	
  GDP	
  
2007	
  Q1	
  =	
  100	
  
2007Q1	
  
2007Q3	
  
2008Q1	
  
2008Q3	
  
2009Q1	
  
2009Q3	
  
2010Q1	
  
2010Q3	
  
2011Q1	
  
2011Q3	
  
2012Q1	
  
2012Q3	
  
2013Q1	
  
2013Q3	
  
2014Q1	
  
2014Q3	
  
This was the expansion stage of the cycle, some sort of "Golden Age" for housing construction.
But, since late 2013, various dark clouds have been forming in the horizon of this industry.
On the one hand, the infrastructure segment, a strategic share of gross capital formation, could not
keep up with housing construction. In parallel, the commercial real estate industry started having
continuous drops in prices. This situation worsened during 2014, with a more intense reduction in
the pace of operations of the economy as a whole, in one of the most economically atypical years
in our recent history. The World Cup and the elections were decisive for this uncommon trait.
In the infrastructure segment, the pace of construction works became even slower as tax revenues
fell and the schedules were extended. In the housing segment, there was a material drop in
demand: partially due to the wearing out of the debt capacity of families; partially because of the
growing political uncertainty.
As a result, in the first two years [sic] of 2015, the level of employment in civil construction fell,
going against the seasonal tendency to growth, which is typical of the first months of a year. More
than that, it was a tough fall. Last February, construction employed, in all its segments, 3.3 million
workers, representing a reduction of over 278 thousand jobs, when compared with February 2014.
With these figures, the level of employment in construction came back to the levels seen in 2011, an
year when this industry was still growing intensely.
We have described the cycle and explained the current slowdown, yet a question is unanswered:
what's the trend for the future?
Judging by the currently ongoing tax adjustment process and a consequent need to cut expenses,
and taking into account a material reduction in new real estate developments, no expectations for
a short-term recovery of the industry can be seen in the horizon. The projections assessed by FGV
Projetos for ABRAMAT - Brazilian Association of the Construction Materials Industry suggest a 6%
recession in the sector's level of operations in 2015.
Whether civil construction will return to growth or not is strongly conditioned upon the
performance of the infrastructure segment. Even though it accounts for only 16% of the global
construction operations, it is in infrastructure that the largest gaps can be found in terms of needs
for investments. Besides, infrastructure adequacy and expansion are vital to sustain the growth of
the economic activity as a whole, thus ensuring cost reduction to companies and improving our
competitiveness conditions.
There is no doubt that programs such as the MCMV are far from wearing out, given the huge
housing liability still existing in our country. But, as seen, much has already been done in this
regard, while the infrastructure deficiencies have been growing.
For these improvements to be made, it will be key that, in the next few months, the Federal
Government clearly indicates its willingness to expand the concession programs, restoring the role
of regulatory agencies and offering political and legal stability that is compatible with higher
foreign capital inflows. Only then may some of the key infrastructure works, which are too obvious
to mention, be put into practice - and only then will it be possible to sustainably retrieve the
growth tendency for construction and the economy as a whole.

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Cycle and tendency in Brazilian civil construction

  • 1. APRIL 30, 2015 CYCLE AND TENDENCY IN CIVIL CONSTRUCTION     Of all the economic expressions that are most relevant to any sector analysis, "procyclical" and "countercyclical" are terms that are worth highlighting. Translating them straight, a segment of the economy is said to be procyclical when the fluctuations in its level of operations follow the movements of the economy as a whole and, in many cases, in a more intense manner. A countercyclical segment is one doing well when the economy as a whole does badly and the other way around. As it is usual with segments making up a nation's primary industry, civil construction is typically procyclical. It does really well when the economy does well, and really bad when the economy does badly.
  • 2. CHART 1: Total GDP and civil construction GDP 2007-2014 Source: IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) From a perspective view, the recent years are a clear example of this sector behavior. The growth rates of construction reached a double-digit share in 2010, and then quickly slowed down as from 2013, a movement similar to what was observed in the global level of operations, only it was much more intense (Chart 1). The reasons for so wide a cycle lie in the stimulus policies adopted from the beginning of the international financial crisis, in 2008. Civil construction, particularly in its residential construction segment, was strongly stimulated and responded in a very positive manner. More than that: the Brazilian Federal Government put out an ambitious housing program, called Minha Casa, Minha Vida ("MCMV", or "My House, My Life"), which aims to significantly reduce housing shortage in the Country, estimated to be over 5 million houses prior to this initiative. In spite of any criticism, the MCMV has contributed to maintaining the levels of operations and employment in civil construction and providing millions of families with access to housing. In parallel, the housing credit has also boosted demand in the so-called "market segment", that is, families with income above five minimum wages as their monthly income - this is an important indicator. For decades, housing credit in Brazil had been motionless, at a level of 2-3% of the GDP. In more developed countries, this indicator reaches 60%. On account of the stimulus measures and particularly the actions taken by the official banks, led by Caixa, we have reached a creditable level of 5.5% of the housing credit GDP. Quite an achievement for our historical standards, but yet a shame in the global scenario. Thanks to all that, from 2008 to 2013, Brazilian civil construction generated about 1.5 million new jobs. In that same period, Europe and the USA saw a material reduction in the number of employees in this industry and in both regions the level of employment is currently still lower than it was in 2007. 90   100   110   120   130   140   2007  T1   2007  T3   2008  T1   2008  T3   2009  T1   2009  T3   2010  T1   2010  T3   2011  T1   2011  T3   2012  T1   2012  T3   2013  T1   2013  T3   2014  T1   2014  T3   PIB  total   PIB  construção   2007  T1  =  100   Overall  GDP   Construction  GDP   2007  Q1  =  100   2007Q1   2007Q3   2008Q1   2008Q3   2009Q1   2009Q3   2010Q1   2010Q3   2011Q1   2011Q3   2012Q1   2012Q3   2013Q1   2013Q3   2014Q1   2014Q3  
  • 3. This was the expansion stage of the cycle, some sort of "Golden Age" for housing construction. But, since late 2013, various dark clouds have been forming in the horizon of this industry. On the one hand, the infrastructure segment, a strategic share of gross capital formation, could not keep up with housing construction. In parallel, the commercial real estate industry started having continuous drops in prices. This situation worsened during 2014, with a more intense reduction in the pace of operations of the economy as a whole, in one of the most economically atypical years in our recent history. The World Cup and the elections were decisive for this uncommon trait. In the infrastructure segment, the pace of construction works became even slower as tax revenues fell and the schedules were extended. In the housing segment, there was a material drop in demand: partially due to the wearing out of the debt capacity of families; partially because of the growing political uncertainty. As a result, in the first two years [sic] of 2015, the level of employment in civil construction fell, going against the seasonal tendency to growth, which is typical of the first months of a year. More than that, it was a tough fall. Last February, construction employed, in all its segments, 3.3 million workers, representing a reduction of over 278 thousand jobs, when compared with February 2014. With these figures, the level of employment in construction came back to the levels seen in 2011, an year when this industry was still growing intensely. We have described the cycle and explained the current slowdown, yet a question is unanswered: what's the trend for the future? Judging by the currently ongoing tax adjustment process and a consequent need to cut expenses, and taking into account a material reduction in new real estate developments, no expectations for a short-term recovery of the industry can be seen in the horizon. The projections assessed by FGV Projetos for ABRAMAT - Brazilian Association of the Construction Materials Industry suggest a 6% recession in the sector's level of operations in 2015. Whether civil construction will return to growth or not is strongly conditioned upon the performance of the infrastructure segment. Even though it accounts for only 16% of the global construction operations, it is in infrastructure that the largest gaps can be found in terms of needs for investments. Besides, infrastructure adequacy and expansion are vital to sustain the growth of the economic activity as a whole, thus ensuring cost reduction to companies and improving our competitiveness conditions. There is no doubt that programs such as the MCMV are far from wearing out, given the huge housing liability still existing in our country. But, as seen, much has already been done in this regard, while the infrastructure deficiencies have been growing. For these improvements to be made, it will be key that, in the next few months, the Federal Government clearly indicates its willingness to expand the concession programs, restoring the role of regulatory agencies and offering political and legal stability that is compatible with higher foreign capital inflows. Only then may some of the key infrastructure works, which are too obvious to mention, be put into practice - and only then will it be possible to sustainably retrieve the growth tendency for construction and the economy as a whole.