The document discusses a seminar on plant biotechnology and food security given by Dr. Mirza Mofazzal Islam from the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture. It covers topics like the prospects of using nuclear research for food security through improving crop varieties using mutation techniques, managing soil and water resources, and ensuring food safety. Biotechnology tools like genetic engineering and tissue culture are also mentioned as ways to boost agricultural productivity and diversification for developing sustainable food systems.

1. 9th monthly SEMINAR of CARES – SAU
Plant Biotechnology and Food Security:
Prospects of Nuclear Research
Dr. Mirza Mofazzal Islam
Dr. Mirza Mofazzal Islam
Principal Scientific Officer, Plant Breeding Division and
Principal Scientific Officer, Plant Breeding Division and
Head, Biotechnology Division
Head, Biotechnology Division
Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA)
Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA)
Mymensingh 2202
Mymensingh 2202
E-mail: mirza_islam@yahoo.com
E-mail: mirza_islam@yahoo.com

2. Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture
(BINA)

3. Human population is rapidly outgrowing

4. FOOD SECURITY
Exists when all people, at all times, have
physical, social and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets
their dietary needs and food preferences for an
active and healthy life.”
(Food and Agriculture Organization, U.N.)
Security for Whom?
Individual Sufficiency
Family Unit Safety
(Households) Economic Access
Communities Physical Access
(Country) Nutrition
Regions

5. Source: Nanyang Technical University, Singapore Capture
Aquaculture Fish Natural
Ecosystems
Animal Feed
Poultry
Biofuels 3. Access to Food
Mammals
(Income)
2.
Other Uses Access to Food
(Market Supply Chain)
1b.Availability
(Food Supply) Distribution Demand for Household
Food
Production, Imports Food
Security
Stockpiles
Urban
Processing/
Food Security
Distribution Losses
Trade
4. Utility
Safety/Quality/
Nutritive Value
1a. Availability Science/
(Primary Production) Technology
Crops/Animals
Inputs Sunshine 4 – Dimensional Food
Labor Land Water
Security Conceptual Model
Population Increases
Fragility of Agro-ecosystems Diet Diversification
Climate Change Competition for Land Lifestyle Changes
Changing Demographics
Urbanization
(e.g. fewer/ageing farmers)

6. Why is food a security issue?
DRIVERS
CAUSES SYMPTOMS
Food
Globalization Shortages Deterioration of Health
Deterioration of Nutrition
Food Price
Increases Hunger
Food Loss of Life
Conflict Insecurity
Civil Unrest
Poverty Food
Economic Instability
Hoarding
Political Instability
Climate Change
Food
Contamination Social Instability

7. Main Threats to Food Security
Food Availability
Production
Imports
Stockpiles Chronic Food Security
Transitory Food Security
Food Access (Physical)
• Demographic changes
• Weather disruptions and Access to markets • Poverty
pest outbreaks Infrastructure • Underinvestment in
• Rising energy prices infrastructure/tech.
• Competition from energy Food Access (Economic) • Climate change
sector Employment • Fragility of agro-
• Policy changes e.g. trade Overseas Remittances ecosystems
• Lower holdings of cereal Foreign Direct Investment • Unfriendly policies
stocks Trade towards
• Diversion from staple to farmers
cash Food Utilization • Declining no. of farmers
crops Health and nutrition • Globalisation
• Conflict/Terrorist activities
Sanitation/Hygiene
• Economic factors
Storage/processing facilities
Clean water
Four Dimensions of Food Security

8. Biotechnology links to Food Security
Food Availability
Food Availability
Production
Production
Losses
Losses
Climate Change (CC)
Climate Change (CC)
Food Distribution
Food Distribution
Losses
Losses
Food Utilization
Food Utilization
Nutrition Quality (Biofortification)
Nutrition Quality (Biofortification)

9. CURRENT STATUS OF FOOD SECURITY IN THE
REGION
• Ensure food security for the 578 million people already
hungry today in Asia and the Pacific
• Increase food production for additional 1.1 billion people
living in 2050
• Food production has to be increased by 77 percent in
developing countries by 2050 to ensure physical
availability
• In the developing countries, 80% of the higher yield
should come from productivity growth, increasing
cropping intensity and only 20 % from land expansion

10. Current status of food security in the region
(cont’d)
• Gains from Green Revolution are increasingly at risks
and crop productivity growth in this region has been
sluggish
• Limited scope for irrigation expansion and increasing
uses of water and agricultural lands for other purposes
• Very limited opportunity to increase arable lands
• In turn, this adds urgency to the need to improve crop
productivity

11. Trends
Food Security
• Food security remains elusive to millions
• Micronutrient deficiencies are widespread
• Slow progress towards the MDG1 target
Crop productivity
• Yield growth has slowed down to around 40% of what
achieved during the Green Revolution
• The rate of increase in rice and wheat production is still
well below that of population
• Poor performance of pulses

12. Emerging Issues
Population growth and demographic transition
- More people in urban areas than rural areas in 2050
- People aging 65 and above- 857 million in 2050 from 207
million 2007 (United Nations, 2001)
- Feminization of agriculture in rural Asia
Water Scarcity and Water Quality
- Water resources are becoming scarcer in Asia
- Overdrawing of ground water has depleted aquifers
- Intrusion of salt water due to rising of sea levels

13. Emerging Issues (cont’d)
Climate change and vulnerability
- Agriculture and food systems are likely to remain vulnerable
- Drops in yields of rice and wheat critical for regional food
security
Biofuels
- Competition for land and water between food and biofuels
productions
Under-investment in Agriculture
- Sharp decline of share of agriculture in ODA
- Decline of agricultural budget in developing countries
- Many governments unable to compensate by allocating more
of their own resources

14. Where do the Hungry Live ?
Source: The State of Food Insecurity in the World, FAO (2009)..

15. Jeffrey Sachs. 2005. The end of Poverty. Penguin

16. Food Price Crisis
Percentage change, 2006-2008
Source: The State of Food Insecurity in the World, FAO (2009).

17. Low Income Food Deficit Countries (LIFDC), FAO)
Courtesy: Michael Sheinkman, WFP, Thailand

18. Prevalence of Undernourished (MDG indicator)

19. Food Security: geographic connectivity
Conceptualization of the inter-relationships between Food
Supply and Demand at regional and global levels --
Distribution
ASEAN
ASIA-PACIFIC
EUROPE & AMERICAS
Global Food Supply Chain

20. CONSEQUENCE ------
 Social unrest and food protests, some violent, have flared
in countries around the globe
 Poor are hardest hit by rising prices.
 850 million people worldwide going hungry
 Millions more now are being pushed below the one-
dollar-a-day poverty level

21. Global Climate Change
Sea level rise
Increase salinity intrusion
Increase evaporation
Drought Decreasing precipitation in dry season
Increase snow melt in the Himalayas
Increase precipitation in monsoon
Increase flood intensity
Prolonged monsoon
Submergence of coastal areas
Impact on agriculture

22. Effect of Climate Change
Flash flood affected Ayla Affected people in Southern
Farmers field part of Bangladesh

23. Climate Change Adaptation”
We need~~~~
• Trait improvement:
Heat and drought tolerance (Drought-tolerant maize)
Waterlogging tolerance
Frost, pest and disease resistance
Water-use efficiency (e.g. Water-efficient Maize for Africa)
Nutrient-use efficiency
Early vigor
Reduced dependence on low temperatures to trigger
flowering or seed germination
• Reducing water loss from agriculture: Less ploughing
means trapping moisture

24. Major Problems of Rice Agriculture
Abiotic stress Biotic stress Socioeconomics
Submergence Disease Marketing
Salinity
Insect Resource
Drought constraints
Weed
Temperature
Knowledge gap
Soil fertility
Post harvest Loss, Yield Gap

25. The Race to Feed the World
We are producing more food per person
• Scientists & policymakers pursue a goal of food
security, the guarantee of an adequate and reliable food
supply for all people at all times
—Devote more fossil fuel energy to agriculture
—Plant and harvest more frequently
—Increase the use of irrigation, fertilizer, and pesticides
—Increase the amount of cultivated land
—Develop more productive crop and livestock varieties

26. The Race to Feed the World
We face undernourishment, over nutrition, and malnutrition
• Undernourishment in developing countries – an economic problem
(low incomes… half the world population lives on < $2/day). About a
billion undernourished people. 31 million Americans are “food
insecure”
• Overnutrition in developed nations – abundance of food, cheap
junk food, sedentary lifestyles
• Malnutrition – shortage of nutrients the body needs. Can affect
both undernourished and overnourished individuals

27. The Race to Feed the World
The “green revolution” boosted agricultural production
• The desire for greater quantity & “… A temporary success in man’s war
quality of food led in the mid- against hunger and deprivation.”
and late-20 century to the
th
green revolution
• In the 1940s Norman Borlaug
introduced a special strain of
wheat to Mexico, which soon
tripled wheat production
• Other developing nations
followed – India, Pakistan, etc.
(saved India from famine in
1970s)
• Grain production per person has decreased 9% since 1985 (varies by region)
• Nearly all the planet’s arable land has been claimed
• There is no guarantee that food production will continue to outpace
population growth

28. Green revolution (1960-1970)
Green revolution leads to greatly increased crop yields
based on the incorporation of dwarfing genes discovered by
Norman Borlaug and the widespread use of agrochemicals

29. • Three-step green revolution
– Selectively bred monocultures
– High yields through high inputs – fertilizer, pesticides,
and water
– Multiple cropping
• Second green revolution – fast-growing dwarf
varieties of wheat and rice
• Past 50 years – world grain production tripled

30. A Revolution in Biology
1953 – DNA structure
• 1970s – rDNA technology
• 1980s – Metabolic
engineering
• 1990s – Genomics
• 21st Century – “Systems”
biology (post-genome biology)
Biology and Computing
are being integrated to achieve a
Predictive Understanding of living
systems

31. Agri Biotech era includes following
technologies
GMOS (Seeds)
Plant Tissue Culture
Plant Based Phyto
Phyto-chemicals
Algae Farming
Biofertilizers
Biopesticides
Mushroom Farming
Animal /Plant (ELISA KITS)
Biofuels

32. Flavr Savr Tomato
Antisense RNA against
the enzyme activity
developed to inhibit the
synthesis of the enzyme
and delayed the fruit
ripening of tomato by GM
technology. These tomato
have longer shelf life
called as “FLAVR SAVR
TOMATO”

33. Nuclear Applications for Food Security

34. Crop Improvement by Mutation Techniques
• Evolutionary variation has been used as the basis
for selection since the beginning of agriculture
• Spontaneous mutation rates causing genetic
variation in living organisms are low
• Radiation significantly increases mutation rates
• Induced mutants are not genetically modified
organisms, as there is no introduction of foreign
hereditary material
• Induced mutation has accelerated traditional
plant breeding as the basis of crop improvement

35. Radiation (mutation induction) is used to produce-
• Improved high-yielding plants
• Adaptable to harsh climate (Drought or flood)
• Resistant to diseases and insect pests
Mutation technique is
 Safe
 Proven (Since the 1920s)
 Cost-effective
To provide sustainable, long-term solutions, we must
make use of all available resources
Nuclear research is urging a revival of nuclear crop
breeding technologies to help tackle world hunger

36. Soil-Water-Crop Nutrition Management
• Isotopes can be used as tracers in soil and water
management and crop nutrition
• Isotopes can be used to develop cost-effective soil-
water management technologies to enhance soil quality
and fertilizer/water use efficiency, for example:
 Biological nitrogen fixation (N-15)
 Nutrient use efficiency (N-15, P-32 and S-35)
 Greenhouse gas (CH4, CO2 and N2O) emissions
(C-13, C-14 and N-15)
 Soil carbon sequestration (C-13, C-14 and N-15)
 Water use efficiency (O-18, C-13)

37. Insect Pest Control by Sterile Insect Technique
• Radiation is used to induce lethal mutations in
chromosomes of insect pests to cause sterility
• Sterile males are released into the field where they
compete with wild males and mate with wild females
• SIT relies on:
 Mass production of the target pest
 Sterilization and shipment
 Systematic releases mostly by air
 Mating results in no offspring
• SIT integrated with other pest control methods is applied
for pest suppression, containment, or eradication

38. Improving Food Safety by Irradiation
• 5,000 deaths and 325,000 hospitalizations a year in USA
due to food-borne illness
• Irradiation at appropriate doses can kill harmful bacteria,
parasites, pests, and extend the shelf-life of foods
• More than 55 countries permit the application of irradiation
• An estimated 500,000 tons of foods are treated annually in
180 Cobalt-60 and a dozen electron beam facilities
worldwide
• Increased acceptance of irradiation as a plant quarantine
measure

39. Improving Food Safety by Control of Food Hazards
• Ensuring that the food supply is safe, traceable and
authentic:
Developing analytical traceability systems to
determine product origin/authenticity and ensure food
safety
Detecting contaminants by radioassay and isotope
dilution assay
Optimizing sample preparation using radioisotopes
Radioisotopes for metabolic/transfer studies
• Procedures to control food-borne hazards developed and
transferred to Member States
• Leading to the improvement of overall food security, food
safety and an increase in international trade

40. Mutation
techniques
- Improving crop cultivars
- Enhancing biodiversity
- Increasing farmer’s income

41. Spontaneous mutation the motor of
evolution
Unmasking Hidden Potential in Plants
• Height of a plant
• Yield
• Susceptibility or resistance to disease
All of these possibilities are written into a plant´s blueprint,
its Genome, but only a few are expressed
Plant need a long period of time to adapt itself to different
conditions through a process of spontaneous mutation and
natural selection

42. Shall we live millions of years and survey billions of hectares
(acres) of land with 100 percent precision?
We would find variants with all of the traits we´re looking for
but which have mutated naturally
But we can´t wait millions of years to find the plants that are
necessary now, if we want to feed the world. So with induced
mutation, we are actively speeding up the process
Today, scientists apply mutagens - for example Gamma rays or chemicals - to
accelerate the process

43. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
Offers several possibilities for increasing
Productivity
Diversification
Production
For developing a more sustainable agriculture
Plant biotechnology includes
Genomic analysis
Breeding and plant-disease diagnoses
Plant tissue culture techniques
Use of advanced molecular biology techniques for plant
transformation
 Biopesticide production
Effective instrument to mitigate consequences of climatic
change
Offer cropping alternatives in lands degraded by erosion
and desertification or by careless agricultural use

44. Induced mutation simply accelerates
Natural process of spontaneous changes occurring in
plants
Exposure to radiation changes a plant´s blueprint at
one position in the genetic code, creating a variant that is
different from the parent plant
Huge numbers of mutants are produced in the search
for desired traits - perhaps a resistance to certain
diseases or pests, or an ability to thrive in saline soil or
drought conditions

45. Induced mutation – a short course for high
Induced mutation – a short course for high
level management
level management
Radiation
(mutagenic
treatment)
Mo
Mo
(’000)
M11
M
(’000) (10,000-’
00,000)
M2
mutation
(after mutagenic
treatment)
(segregating population)
AA Aa AA Aa aa
bb bb 1
(self-fertilization)
bb :2 bb :1 bb
CC CC CC CC CC
mutant

46. - New variety
- Prebreeding
sd
mutant
Mutagenic M4
treatment
M0 M1 M2 M3
Mutated generations

47. Chimerism of M1 plants
Parent cultivar Mutagenic treatment
seeds Radiation
(multicellular embryo
meristem, leaf etc.)
Mo Chemical mutagenesis
Insertional mutagenesis
(embryo)
M2 seeds
M1
(meiosis)
(embryo) (M1 plant,
chimera)
Segregating M2 population
(Selection on single plant basis)
M3

48. Handling of mutants
Segregating M2 population
Segregating M3 M3 - Homozygosity test of
population putative mutants selected in M2
(Selection of mutants among lines
derived from individual M2 plants)
M4 - Homozygosity test of selected
M4 - Homozygosity test of selected mutants, preliminary evaluation,
mutants, preliminary evaluation,
seed multiplication
seed multiplication
Selection M5 - Mn
Cross-breeding Multilocation trials Cross-breeding
Direct release

49. Modern Plant Breeding
• Modern crop varieties contribute ~40% to the
yield increase during last half century
• Plant breeders make use of genetic
variability for developing new varieties
• Generating genetic variability:
(1) exists in (agro-)biodiversity (e.g.
preserved landraces, related wild species)
(2) induced using nuclear techniques
(3) transferred among different species by
transgenics

50. Plant Breeding Methods
Modern plant breeding, based on the means of generating
genetic variability, is classified into:
Cross breeding: the key component is “cross” [between
commercial varieties and/or landraces] and “selection”;
the end products are recombinants of existing alleles. The
potential is mostly explored by prospection (spontaneous
mutations).
Mutation Breeding: Generating new gene alleles not
existing in the germplasm; or improving a few key traits in
a otherwise excellent variety (induced mutations). No
GMO, no intellectual property (IP) issues.
Transgenic breeding: Adding foreign genes into a
commercial variety. GMO, IP issues (monopoly of new
varieties)

51. Mutation Assisted Breeding
Strategies
elite mutant
+ agronomic value
elite + resistance
+ agronomic value pre-breeding mutant
- resistance +/- agronomic value
+ resistance
agronomic value:
•yield (agro)biodiversity
•quality - agronomic value
•adaptability + resistance
•a.o.

52. Phenotype gap –combining mutagenesis and genomics
Phenotype gap –combining mutagenesis and genomics
To obtain the full range of phenotypes we need to increase
To obtain the full range of phenotypes we need to increase
both the breadth and depth of the mutant resources
both the breadth and depth of the mutant resources
breadth
Mining
Mining Tool: new loci
new induced
alleles in
mutations Mutation
known Approach: grid
loci mutational
analysis
depth Deletion lines

53. Gene Finding & Function Analysis Strategies
Gain of function
high-throughput
- Resistance molecular screening
+ Resistance HAPPY-mapping
DNA-chips
TILLING
Loss of function SAGE
DArT
...
- Resistance
+ Resistance

54. Crop improvement by mutation techniques
No mutation
Mutant cultivars
Negative mutation
- Higher yielding
- Disease resistant
- Environmental stress tolerant
- Climate resilient
- Well adapted
- Better nutrition/quality

55. Pathway reconstruction
Gene network interactions
Output Z Output ?
?≡Z
?≠Ζ
Mutation
Positive interaction Preserved interaction
Negative interaction Not preserved interaction
Reversed sign of interaction
New interaction
modified from Ralph J. Greenspan (2001)

56. Mutagenesis meets Genomics
Pathway reconstruction
Reference, tester Mutant
modified from

57. Mutant Varieties
2012: 3218 officially released mutant varieties
worldwide from 214 different plant species
More than 80% mutant varieties have
been developed by using nuclear
techniques

58. Selection of Herbicide Tolerant Mutants
Field and screenhouse set-up of herbicide Mutants and WT at one week after herbicide
spraying: WT are placed in both ends of seed box for
screening the replicated set-up and for M2 and M3 set-up,
additional line of WT was placed in the middle.
•53 mutant lines of NSIC Rc156 and NSIC Rc144 with a
total of 339 individual plants survived and were seed
increased.
•For mass screening of NSIC Rc218 SR mutant lines, 43
M3 and 108 M2 plants were selected.

59. Selection of Tungro Resistant Mutants
Pictures above show tungro reactions of a) ARC-resistant check b) TN1-
susceptible check ; c) NSIC Rc218 –WT; d)NSIC Rc218-M2; e) NSIC Rc144-WT
and NSIC Rc144-3-16-3. From above right, control checks reaction against tungro
virus and from below left transplanted R and I plants for seed increase.

60. Selection of Bacterial Blight Resistant Mutants
Inoculation of plants at 35
DAT using clip method
IR24: S check IRBB21: R check Mutant entry :MR
24 plants from an original mutant line exhibited resistant
reaction (<10cm lesion length). The susceptible check (IR24)
exhibited an average lesion length of 28.2cm while the wild
type wild type (NSIC Rc144) has 23.5cm lesion length

61. Drought field screening

62. Response of popular varieties to drought stress
PSB PSB Rc14 PSB Rc82 PSB Rc82
Rc14
PSB Rc18 PSB NSIC NSIC
Rc18 Rc146 Rc146

63. BREEDING FOR ULTRA-EARLY MATURING
RICE VARIETIES
Varieties NSIC Rc134 and PSB Rc10 with ion beam treatments,
40 and 250 Gy, have been evaluated in the field. Generally the
mutants were phenotypically better than the parent varieties in
terms of reactions to BLB. Early maturity with slow senescence
rate was observed in the 250 Gy treatment

64. Y DAM DO (orig) - clustered
Y DAM DO (orig) SCRL-2008DS-269 SCRL-2008DS-266 SCRL-2008DS-271
(b)
SCRL-2008DS-271 - clustered
SCRL-2008DS-277 - heavy
Y DAM DO SCRL- SCRL-2008DS- SCRL- SCRL-2008DS-
(a) SCRL-2008DS-263 - light (c) (ORIG) 2008DS-269 266 2008DS-271 271
SCDL: Variations in panicle (a), grain size and shape (b), and kernel quality of lines from YDAMDO
variations in panicle (a), grain size & shape (b), and variations in grain size &shape, and absence of awn
kernel quality ofJepun observed among the lines from Nerica 2

65. Mutant varieties / lines
developed
Rice
• PSB Rc78 (Pampanga): derived from Sigadis
Milagrosa , gamma Co 60 source at 25 kR, an
aromatic irrigated lowland variety
• NSIC Rc130 (Tubigan 3) – anther culture-derived,
very early maturing irrigated lowland variety
• Anther-culture derived varieties for saline areas
NSIC Rc186 (Salinas 3)
NSIC Rc188 (Salinas 4)
NSIC 2011 Rc290 Salinas 6
NSIC 2011 Rc292 Salinas 7
NSIC 2011 Rc294 Salinas 8

66. Production of Mutant Populations and Selection
of Mutant Lines with Improved Traits
Four mutant lines derived from NSIC
Rc144 and NSIC Rc156 gave a yield
range of 9.1-13.52 tons/ha with yield
advantage of 131.72-195.35 % over
yield checks (PSB Rc82 & NSIC Rc222)
and their respective wild types.

67. DEVELOPMENT OF LOW PHYTIC ACID (LPA)
RICE:
PROGRESS AND PROSPECT
Two lpa mutants (Os-lpa-MH86 and Os-lpa-XQZ), wild types, and
associated molecular markers for lpa, were obtained from Zhejiang
University, China. Initial morpho-agronomic traits evaluated at
PhilRice Nueva Ecija revealed that Os-lpa-MH86 has good tillering
ability, plant height and dense spikelets compared to Os-lpa-XQZ.
Hybridization was conducted using these mutants with NSIC Rc160
to develop segregating populations for genetic and molecular marker
analysis.
Phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexakisphosphate) is the seed
phosphorus storage compound needed for the germination of legumes and
grains including rice. It is known for its anti-cancer and antioxidant
properties and is located in globoids in the rice bran and germ. However, it
also binds minerals and significantly lower iron absorption when one
consumes rice as “brown rice.”

68. Holistic Food Safety Systems “farm to fork”

69. NOTABLE AND SUSTAINABLE IMPACTS
Research for development activities have delivered
continuous results that have improved livelihoods and food
security while helping to protect the environment
Improved agricultural productivity
Higher incomes
More sustainable use of natural resources
Facilitated growth in agricultural trade
Promoted applications of nuclear technology

70. Success Stories of Nuclear Research
In Different Parts of World
Improved crop varieties: High yielding, disease and
insect resistant leading to higher economic returns
Combating water scarcity and soil salinization through
managing and conserving irrigation
waterapplication of integrated salinity management
practices
Diagnostic capacity building for animal diseases
Fruit fly control: Implementation of area-wide fruit fly
management programmes, which include an SIT
component
Upgrading Food Analysis Laboratories

71. Scenario of various stresses in Bangladesh
Salinity:
In Bangladesh, there are 1.02 million hectares of
cultivable land affected by soil salinity ranging 2.0 to > 16.0
dS/m
The coastal areas of Bangladesh cover more than 30% of
the cultivable lands of the country
About 53% of the coastal areas are affected by salinity
Agricultural land use in these areas is very poor, which is
much lower than country’s average cropping intensity
Salinity causes unfavorable environment and
hydrological situation that restrict the normal crop
production throughout the year

72. Salinity Problem
World wide, salt affected
areas = 400 – 950 m. ha
(Lin et al., 1998).
170 x 106 ha
Russia
8.5 x 106 ha In Asia, only rice lands =
37 China
USA 54 m.ha
11 13 x 106ha
Pakist Indonesia Bangladesh: 2.8 m.ha
an 24
21 x 106 ha Another 9.5 m. ha of
Paraguay 86 x 10 ha
6 11 India x 106 ha
x 357 saline soil => managed by
9 x 106
Argentina 10 ha Australia
6
ha Ethio irrigation drainage and by
Chile pia chemical treatment….i.e.,
too costly.
Need salt tolerance
varieties.

73. Challenges in coastal saline areas

74. • Saline area in 1973 =0.833 mha
• Saline area in 2000 = 1.02 mha
• Saline area in 2012 = 2.80 mha

75. Soil Salinity
Map 2009
Legend
2009
2000
1973

76. Coastal zone
• About 2 M ha for rice
• 25-60 cm H 2 O stagnation
• EC 6-12 dS/m (soil and
water)
• Improving the
productivity

77. Submergence:
Submergence areas
cover about 15% of
total cultivable land
which are tidal flood,
flash flood and flood
Flash floods
accounts for More than
2.0 mha areas of
Bangladesh by
Flood: Mymensingh District, 2011
different grades

78. Flash floods
regularly affect
rainfed lowland rice
(RLR) ecosystems
where flood water
remains for around
three weeks in many
parts of the country
Up to 100% yield losses may occur due to Flash floods
depending upon different factors of submergence prone
ecosystem

80. >2.0 million hectare
rice areas are affected
by flash flood during T.
Aman season
T. Aman rice often gets
submerged during
vegetative stages for
around 2 weeks
incurring yield loss
Submergence tolerant
high yielding rice
varieties along with
production packages
are required for this
unfavorable ecosystem

81. Drought:
More than 2.0 million
hectares of cropped land are
affected by drought during
both dry (upland) and wet (T.
Aman) seasons.
Drought resistance in rice
is a complex trait controlled
by different root and shoot
characters and physico-
chemical activities at
different stages of growth

82. Drought
•It is very difficult to
screen rice variety
for complete drought
resistance
• Varieties with
moderate resistance
under moderately
rainfall areas are
emphasized

85. • Around 2.0 mha rice area are affected by drought
in RLR and upland ecosystem
• Early drought in T. Aman hampers crop
establishment, delays transplanting, reduces yield.
• Terminal drought in T. Aman season affect the
reproductive phase, causes sterility, partial grain
filling and reduced yield.
• Early rice varieties escape drought.
• BINA needs genetically drought resistant varieties

86. Sl. Stress Area Varieties
No (Mha)
1 Salinity 2.0 BR23, BRRI dhan40, BRRI
dhan41, BRRI dhan47, BRRI
dhan53, BRRI dhan54, BINA
dhan8 and BINA dhan10
2 Submergence >2.0 BRRI dhan51, BRRI dhan52,
Ciherang-sub1 (proposed
BINA dhan11) and Samba
Mahsuri-sub1 (proposed
BINA dhan12)
3 Drought 2.0 BR24, BRRI dhan42, BRRI
dhan43 (upland ecosystem),
BRRI dhan56, BRRI dhan57,
NERICA mutants

87. Variety released By the peaceful use of Nuclear
energy
Crop Number
Rice 10
Jute 2
Oilseed 16
Pulse 22
Vegetables 9
Total 59

88. BINASARISHA-4
Released in 1997
High yielding
Duration : 80
Average yield: 1.9 t/ha

97. Short duration variety BINADHAN-7
• Developed by irradiating seeds
of Tai Nguyen (a Vietnamese
variety) with 250 Gy dose of
BINADHAN-7 gamma-rays
• Released in 2007 for transplant
aman season
• Most popular early maturing
Transplant aman variety
• High yielding (Average 5.5-6.5
t/ha maximum 7.6 t/ha )
• Semi dwarf
• Erect and short culm
• Long slender bright grains

101. Salt Tolerant Rice Variety
BINADHAN-8
Salt cultivation
field
Binadhan-8 Released in 2010
Crop duration 130-135 days
Salinity tolerance :
Seedling stage: 12-14 dS/m
Mature stage: 8-10 dS/m
Suitable for cultivation in Boro,
Aus and Aman season
Yield:
Boro: 4.5-5.5 t/ha in saline
condition 8.0 t/ha in non-saline
field
Aman: 4.0 t/ha in saline
Field demonstration of Binadhan- condition 5 t/ha in normal
8 in Bashkhali, Chittagong, Boro- condition
2010

103. Salt Tolerant Rice
Variety
Binadhan-10
Released in 2012
Crop duration 125-130 days
Salinity tolerance :
Seedling stage: 12-14 dS/m
Mature stage: 10-12 dS/m
Suitable for cultivation in Boro, Aus
and Aman season
Yield:
Boro: 5.0-5.5 t/ha in saline condition 8.5
t/ha in non-saline field
Aman: 4.5 t/ha in saline condition 5.5
t/ha in normal condition

104. Salt Tolerant Rice Variety
Field evaluation of Binadhan-10, Dumuria, Khulna
Boro, 2012

105. Tikabunia, Dumuria, Khulna, boro, 2012
Binadhan-10
Experimental field
Salt affected field
Shrimp cultivation

106. Tikabunia, Dumuria, Khulna, boro, 2012
Experimental field Binadhan-10
Salt affected field

107. Tikabunia, Dumuria, Khulna, boro, 2012
Expt. field Binadhan-10
Salt affected field

108. Shyamnagar, Satkhira
Fallow land
Shrimp Gher

111. Binadhan-7 Potato (Diamont)
BINADHAN-7 (Aman)
Monga mitigation Model
for northern Bangladesh
BINA dhan7-Potato-
Maize
Maize

112. Irrigated Rice: Major yield loss factors
HOW DOES CLIMATE CHANGE THE EFFECT OF THESE FACTORS
ON CROP YIELD AND LOSS?
Subtropics
Cold
Drought Humid Tropics
K deficiency Stemborer
P deficiency Drought Sub-humid tropics
N deficiency Submergence Weeds
Organic matter Rice bugs Stemborer
deficiency BLB Bacterial leaf blight
Submergence BPH Drought
Lodging Bacterial blight Blast
Sheath blight Lodging Gall midge
Blast Sulfur deficiency Army worm
Zinc deficiency Rodents
Zinc deficiency
Leaffolder

113. Yield losses in rice cultivation
•Stresses Yield loss (as % of production)
________________________________
•Pest infestation 6.8
•Problem soils 6.4
•Water stresses 9.9
•Average loss 23.1
________________________________

114. Salinity screening at seedling stage
THDB
Pokkali NON-SALINIZED SETUP
SALINIZED SETUP
12 dS/m

115. Salinized (EC 6dS/m) Non-salinized
Salinity screening of genotypes for salt tolerance at the
reproductive stage

116. Fakirhat, Bagherhat, Boro, 2009-10
Binadhan-8
EC: 8 dS/m

117. Mongla, Bagherhat, Boro, 2009
Binadhan-8
EC: 9 dS/m

118. Shyamnagar, Satkhira, boro season, 03-11-2011
BRRI dhan28
(EC:7.5 dS/m)
Binadhan-8
(EC:7.5 dS/m)

119. Bashkhali, Chittagong, Boro 2010-2011, DAE
(EC 10 dS/m)

120. New Salt Tolerant Rice Variety: Hope for the
Coastal Farmers
Binadhan-8 BRRI dhan28
(EC:8.0 dS/m) (EC:8.0 dS/m)
Demonstration of Binadhan-8, Munshiganj (near Sundarban, Shyamnagar,
Satkhira, 03-11-2011

121. Salt cultivation field
Demonstration of Binadhan-8 at Bashkhali, Chittagong, 2011-12 by DAE

122. Bashkhali, Chittagong, Boro 2010-2011, DAE
(EC 10 dS/m)

124. Demonstration plot
Shrimp
culture

125. Shyamnagar, Satkhira
Fallow land
Shrimp Culture

126. Impact of salt tolerant rice varieties
• BINAdhan-8 is being recognized as Mega
Variety (released in 2010)
• Suitable for Aus, Aman and Boro season
• BINAdhan-8 and 10 are being cultivated in
the salt affected areas (13 coastal districts)
• 40-50% fallow land of coastal saline area will
be covered with these salt tolerant varieties
and additional 4-5 million tones of rice could
be produced

127. Submergence activities:
We have some recent success in submergence
research as we have two very promising lines-
 Ciherang-Sub1 (proposed Binadhan-11) and
 Samba Mahsuri-Sub1 (proposed Binadhan-12)
 Can survive under submerged condition, 25 days
 Growth duration (Normal condition: 125-130 days
and Submerged: 150-155 days) of Ciherang-Sub1 is
comparatively lower than Samba Mahsuri-Sub1
(Normal condition: 135-140 days and Submerged: 160-
165 days)
 Yield (4.0-4.5 t/ha)
 The field evaluation of two lines has already been done in boro
(dry) season 2011

131. Ciherang-sub1 (Proposed Binadhan-11)
SCA Evaluation Team

132. Ciherang-sub1 (Proposed Binadhan-11)

134. Drought activities:
 In 2010, we collected three rice varieties New Rice
for Africa “NERICA” (NERICA-1, NERICA-4 and
NERICA-10) seed from BADC
 Irradiated them in different doses of Gamma
radiation (250 Gy, 300 Gy and 350 Gy) to create
variability.
These are now in M4 generation and are being
evaluation at BINA HQ farm.

143. Nano biotechnology
Nano-Technology is one of the emerging interdisciplinary
fields which is about to bring a technological revolution. It
is a engineering at the atomic or molecular scale, deals
with devices typically less than 100 nanometers in size, or
size
one billionth of a meter, or one ten-thousandth the width of
a human hair
Nanotechnology provides a new basis for innovation in
the life sciences, revolutionary biotechnology processes,
the synthesis of new drugs and their targeted delivery,
regenerative medicine, neuromorphic engineering stem
cell research, genomics, proteomics as well as the well-
established fields of agriculture, environmental
management, medical device manufacturing

144. “Food security exists when all people, at all
times, have physical and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active and
healthy life”
- World Food Summit, 1996
Food security is given the topmost priority in
Bangladesh. Side by side with domestic food
production, greater importance is given to ensure
access to adequate and safe food by all people at
all times for maintaining an active and healthy life.
Unlocking the Potential:
- National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (PRSP)