Identify & label variables associated with any given situation Trace & establish the links among the variables and evolve a theoretical framework Develop a set of hypothesis to be tested and state them in the null and the alternate Apply what has been learned to a research project

1. The Research Process –The Research Process – Steps 4 to 6Steps 4 to 6

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ObjectivesObjectives
Identify & label variables associated with anyIdentify & label variables associated with any
given situationgiven situation
Trace & establish the links among the variablesTrace & establish the links among the variables
and evolve a theoretical frameworkand evolve a theoretical framework
Develop a set of hypothesis to be tested andDevelop a set of hypothesis to be tested and
state them in the null and the alternatestate them in the null and the alternate
Apply what has been learned to a researchApply what has been learned to a research
projectproject

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The Research Process for Basic
& Applied Research1. Observation
Broad area of
research interest
identified
1. Observation
Broad area of
research interest
identified
2. Preliminary
Data Gathering
Interviewing
Literature survey
2. Preliminary
Data Gathering
Interviewing
Literature survey
3. Problem
Definition
Research problem
delineated
3. Problem
Definition
Research problem
delineated
7. Data Collection
Analysis, and
Interpretation
7. Data Collection
Analysis, and
Interpretation
8. Deduction
Hypotheses substantiated?
Research question answered?
8. Deduction
Hypotheses substantiated?
Research question answered?
4.
Theoretical
Framework
Variables
clearly
identified
and
labelled
4.
Theoretical
Framework
Variables
clearly
identified
and
labelled
5.
Generation
of
Hypothesis
5.
Generation
of
Hypothesis
6.
Scientific
Research
Design
6.
Scientific
Research
Design
9. Report
Writing
9. Report
Writing
10. Report
Presentation
10. Report
Presentation
11.
Managerial
Decision
Making
11.
Managerial
Decision
Making
NoNo YesYes

4. 4
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Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical Framework
 A theoretical framework is a conceptual framework of howA theoretical framework is a conceptual framework of how
one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationshipsone theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships
among the several factors that have been identified asamong the several factors that have been identified as
important to the problemimportant to the problem
 From the theoretical framework, then, testable hypothesisFrom the theoretical framework, then, testable hypothesis
can be developed to examine whether the theorycan be developed to examine whether the theory
formulated is valid or notformulated is valid or not

5. 5
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VariablesVariables
A variable is anything that can take on varyingA variable is anything that can take on varying
values. The values can differ at various times forvalues. The values can differ at various times for
the same object or person, or at the same timethe same object or person, or at the same time
for the different objects or persons.for the different objects or persons.

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Examples of VariablesExamples of Variables
Production UnitsProduction Units
AbsenteeismAbsenteeism
MotivationMotivation

7. 7
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Types of VariablesTypes of Variables
The dependent variable (criterion variable)The dependent variable (criterion variable)
The independent variable (predictor variable)The independent variable (predictor variable)
The moderating variableThe moderating variable
The intervening variableThe intervening variable

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Dependent VariableDependent Variable
The main variable that lends itself for investigationThe main variable that lends itself for investigation
(the variable of primary interest of research)(the variable of primary interest of research)
Through the analysis of dependent variable, it isThrough the analysis of dependent variable, it is
possible to find solutions to the problempossible to find solutions to the problem

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Exercises of Dependent VariableExercises of Dependent Variable
 An applied researcherAn applied researcher
wants to increase thewants to increase the
performance ofperformance of
organizational members inorganizational members in
a particular banka particular bank
What would be theWhat would be the
dependent variable in thisdependent variable in this
case?case?
 A marketing managerA marketing manager
wonders why the recentwonders why the recent
advertisement strategyadvertisement strategy
does not workdoes not work
What would be theWhat would be the
dependent variable here?dependent variable here?

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Independent VariableIndependent Variable
An independent variable is one that influencesAn independent variable is one that influences
the dependent variable in either a positive orthe dependent variable in either a positive or
negative waynegative way
Therefore, when independent variable is present,Therefore, when independent variable is present,
dependent variable is also present, and with eachdependent variable is also present, and with each
unit of increase in the independent variable, thereunit of increase in the independent variable, there
is an increase or decrease in the dependentis an increase or decrease in the dependent
variable also. e-g,variable also. e-g,
Stock market
price
Stock market
price
New product
success
New product
success
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

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Exercises of Independent VariableExercises of Independent Variable
 A manager believes thatA manager believes that
good supervision andgood supervision and
training would increasetraining would increase
the production level ofthe production level of
workersworkers
 the managers believesthe managers believes
customer purchasecustomer purchase
intention would possibleintention would possible
with quick response, wordwith quick response, word
of mouth, promotions,of mouth, promotions,
brand image and productbrand image and product
quality.quality.
List the variables in the above mentioned two exercises,List the variables in the above mentioned two exercises,
individually, and label them as dependent or independent,individually, and label them as dependent or independent,
explaining why they are so labeled.explaining why they are so labeled.

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Moderating VariableModerating Variable
Moderating variable is a variable, the presence ofModerating variable is a variable, the presence of
which, modifies the original relationship betweenwhich, modifies the original relationship between
the independent and the dependent variables.the independent and the dependent variables.
e-g,e-g,
Organizational
Effectiveness
Organizational
Effectiveness
Workforce
Diversity
Workforce
Diversity
Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Managerial
Expertise
Managerial
Expertise
Moderating Variable

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Exercises of Moderating VariableExercises of Moderating Variable
 A manager finds that off-the-A manager finds that off-the-
job class room training has ajob class room training has a
great impact on thegreat impact on the
productivity of employees inproductivity of employees in
her department. However,her department. However,
she also observes thatshe also observes that
employees over 60 years ofemployees over 60 years of
age do not seem to deriveage do not seem to derive
much benefit and do notmuch benefit and do not
improve with such trainingimprove with such training
 A visitor to a factory observesA visitor to a factory observes
that the workers in the packingthat the workers in the packing
department have to interactdepartment have to interact
with one another to get theirwith one another to get their
jobs done.The more theyjobs done.The more they
interact, the more they seeminteract, the more they seem
to tend to stay after hours &to tend to stay after hours &
go to the local pub together forgo to the local pub together for
a drink. However the womena drink. However the women
packers, even though theypackers, even though they
interact with the others asinteract with the others as
much as the men, do not staymuch as the men, do not stay
late, nor do they visit the publate, nor do they visit the pub
after working hoursafter working hours
List the variables in the above mentioned two exercises,List the variables in the above mentioned two exercises,
individually, and label them as dependent or independent,individually, and label them as dependent or independent,
also drawing a diagram of relationships.also drawing a diagram of relationships.

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Intervening VariableIntervening Variable
The intervening variable surfaces as a function ofThe intervening variable surfaces as a function of
independent variable(s) operating in any situation,independent variable(s) operating in any situation,
and helps to conceptualize and explain theand helps to conceptualize and explain the
influence of independent variable(s) on theinfluence of independent variable(s) on the
dependent variable. e-g,dependent variable. e-g,
Organizational
Effectiveness
Organizational
Effectiveness
Workforce
Diversity
Workforce
Diversity
Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable
Creative
Synergy
Creative
Synergy

15. 15
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Effect of Four VariablesEffect of Four Variables
Organizational
Effectiveness
Organizational
Effectiveness
Workforce
Diversity
Workforce
Diversity
Independent Variable Intervening Variable Dependent Variable
Creative
Synergy
Creative
Synergy
Managerial
Expertise
Managerial
Expertise
Moderating Variable

16. 16
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ExerciseExercise
Make up three different situations in whichMake up three different situations in which
motivation to work would be an independentmotivation to work would be an independent
variable, an intervening variable, and avariable, an intervening variable, and a
moderating variablemoderating variable

17. 17
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Theoretical FrameworkTheoretical Framework
Theoretical Framework is the foundation on whichTheoretical Framework is the foundation on which
whole research is basedwhole research is based
It is a logically developed, described & elaboratedIt is a logically developed, described & elaborated
network of associations among the variablesnetwork of associations among the variables
deemed relevant to the problem situation anddeemed relevant to the problem situation and
identified through such processes as interviews,identified through such processes as interviews,
observations and literature surveyobservations and literature survey

18. 18
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The Components of the TheoreticalThe Components of the Theoretical
FrameworkFramework
1.1. The variables considered relevant to the study should beThe variables considered relevant to the study should be
clearly identified and labeled in the discussionsclearly identified and labeled in the discussions
2.2. The discussions should state how two or more variablesThe discussions should state how two or more variables
are related to one another. This should be done forare related to one another. This should be done for
important relationships that are theorized to exist amongimportant relationships that are theorized to exist among
the variablesthe variables
3.3. If the nature and direction of the relationships can beIf the nature and direction of the relationships can be
theorized on the basis of the findings of previoustheorized on the basis of the findings of previous
research, then there should be an indication in theresearch, then there should be an indication in the
discussion as to whether the relationships would bediscussion as to whether the relationships would be
positive or negativepositive or negative

19. 19
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The Components of the TheoreticalThe Components of the Theoretical
FrameworkFramework
4.4. There should be a clear explanation of why we shouldThere should be a clear explanation of why we should
expect these relationships to exist. The arguments couldexpect these relationships to exist. The arguments could
be drawn from the previous research findingsbe drawn from the previous research findings
5.5. A schematic diagram of theoretical framework should beA schematic diagram of theoretical framework should be
given so that the reader can see and easily comprehendgiven so that the reader can see and easily comprehend
the theorized relationshipsthe theorized relationships

20. 20
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Theoretical Framework – DELTATheoretical Framework – DELTA
AIRLINESAIRLINES
 With airline deregulation, there were price wars among theWith airline deregulation, there were price wars among the
various airlines that cut costs in different ways. Accordingvarious airlines that cut costs in different ways. According
to reports, Delta airlines faced charges of air-safetyto reports, Delta airlines faced charges of air-safety
violations when there were several near collisions inviolations when there were several near collisions in
midair, and one accident that resulted in 137 deaths inmidair, and one accident that resulted in 137 deaths in
1987. Four important factors that seem to have influenced1987. Four important factors that seem to have influenced
these are poor communications among the cockpit crewthese are poor communications among the cockpit crew
members themselves, poor coordination between groundmembers themselves, poor coordination between ground
staff and cockpit crew,minimal training given to the cockpitstaff and cockpit crew,minimal training given to the cockpit
crew,and management philosophy that encouraged acrew,and management philosophy that encouraged a
decentralized structure. It would be nice to know if thesedecentralized structure. It would be nice to know if these
factors did indeed contribute to the safety violations, and iffactors did indeed contribute to the safety violations, and if
so, to what extent.so, to what extent.

21. 21
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Delta AirlinesDelta Airlines
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication between
ground control and cockpit
Communication between
ground control and cockpit
DecentralizationDecentralization
Training of cockpit crewTraining of cockpit crew
Air-safety
Violations
Air-safety
Violations
Independent variables
Dependent variable

22. 22
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Delta AirlinesDelta Airlines
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication between
ground control and cockpit
Communication between
ground control and cockpit
DecentralizationDecentralization
Training of cockpit crewTraining of cockpit crew
Air-safety
Violations
Air-safety
Violations
Independent variables
Dependent variable
Nervousness
and
diffidence
Nervousness
and
diffidence
Intervening variable

23. 23
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Delta AirlinesDelta Airlines
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication between
ground control and cockpit
Communication between
ground control and cockpit
DecentralizationDecentralization
Air-safety
Violations
Air-safety
Violations
Independent
variables
Dependent
variable
Moderating
variable
TrainingTraining

24. 24
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HypothesisHypothesis
A logically conjectured relationship between twoA logically conjectured relationship between two
or more variables expressed in the form ofor more variables expressed in the form of
testable statement. Relationships aretestable statement. Relationships are
conjectured on the basis of the network ofconjectured on the basis of the network of
associations established in the theoreticalassociations established in the theoretical
framework formulated for the research study. Byframework formulated for the research study. By
testing the hypothesis and confirming thetesting the hypothesis and confirming the
conjectured relationships, it is expected thatconjectured relationships, it is expected that
solutions can be found to correct the problemsolutions can be found to correct the problem
encounteredencountered

25. 25
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Examples of HypothesisExamples of Hypothesis
Employees who are more healthy will take sickEmployees who are more healthy will take sick
leave less frequentlyleave less frequently
IfIf employees are more healthy,employees are more healthy, thenthen they willthey will
take sick leave less frequentlytake sick leave less frequently

26. 26
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Directional HypothesisDirectional Hypothesis
If, in stating the relationship between twoIf, in stating the relationship between two
variables or comparing two groups, terms suchvariables or comparing two groups, terms such
asas positive, negative, more than, less thanpositive, negative, more than, less than andand
the like are used, then these hypothesis arethe like are used, then these hypothesis are
directionaldirectional
e-g,e-g, The greater the stress experienced in theThe greater the stress experienced in the
job, the lower the job satisfaction of employeesjob, the lower the job satisfaction of employees

27. 27
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Non-directional HypothesisNon-directional Hypothesis
Non-directional Hypotheses are those that doNon-directional Hypotheses are those that do
postulate a relationship, but offer no indication ofpostulate a relationship, but offer no indication of
the direction of these relationships.the direction of these relationships.
e-g,e-g, There is a relationship between age and jobThere is a relationship between age and job
satisfactionsatisfaction

28. Step 6Step 6
28
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29. The Research Process –The Research Process – Step 6Step 6

30. To understand the different aspects of researchTo understand the different aspects of research
designdesign
To identify the scope of any given study & the endTo identify the scope of any given study & the end
use of resultsuse of results
To decide for any given situation the type ofTo decide for any given situation the type of
investigation needed, the study setting, the extent ofinvestigation needed, the study setting, the extent of
researcher interference, the unit of analysis, and theresearcher interference, the unit of analysis, and the
time horizon of the studytime horizon of the study
To identify which of the two, a causal or aTo identify which of the two, a causal or a
correlational study, would be more appropriate in acorrelational study, would be more appropriate in a
given situationgiven situation

31. 1. Observation
Broad area of
research interest
identified
1. Observation
Broad area of
research interest
identified
2. Preliminary
Data Gathering
Interviewing
Literature survey
2. Preliminary
Data Gathering
Interviewing
Literature survey
3. Problem
Definition
Research problem
delineated
3. Problem
Definition
Research problem
delineated
7. Data Collection
Analysis, and
Interpretation
7. Data Collection
Analysis, and
Interpretation
8. Deduction
Hypotheses substantiated?
Research question answered?
8. Deduction
Hypotheses substantiated?
Research question answered?
4.
Theoretical
Framework
Variables
clearly
identified
and
labelled
4.
Theoretical
Framework
Variables
clearly
identified
and
labelled
5.
Generation
of
Hypothesis
5.
Generation
of
Hypothesis
6.
Scientific
Research
Design
6.
Scientific
Research
Design
9. Report
Writing
9. Report
Writing
10. Report
Presentation
10. Report
Presentation
11.
Managerial
Decision
Making
11.
Managerial
Decision
Making
NoNo YesYes
The Research Process for BasicThe Research Process for Basic
& Applied Research& Applied Research

32. The Research DesignThe Research Design
ProblemStatementProblemStatement
Purpose of
the study
•Exploration
•Description
•Hypothesis
Testing
Purpose of
the study
•Exploration
•Description
•Hypothesis
Testing
Types of
investigation
Establishing:
•Causal
relationships
•Correlations
Types of
investigation
Establishing:
•Causal
relationships
•Correlations
Study
setting
•Contrived
•Non-
contrived
Study
setting
•Contrived
•Non-
contrived
Measurement
& Measures
Operational
definition:
•Items
•Scaling
•Categorizing
•Coding
Measurement
& Measures
Operational
definition:
•Items
•Scaling
•Categorizing
•Coding
Population
to be studied
•Individuals
•Groups
•Companies
•Machines
etc…
Population
to be studied
•Individuals
•Groups
•Companies
•Machines
etc…
Sampling
design
•Probability/
Nonprobability
•Sample
size (n)
Sampling
design
•Probability/
Nonprobability
•Sample
size (n)
Time
horizon
•One-short
•Longitudinal
Time
horizon
•One-short
•Longitudinal
Data collection
method
•Observation
•Interview
•Questionnaire
•Physical
measurement
•Unobtrusive
Data collection
method
•Observation
•Interview
•Questionnaire
•Physical
measurement
•Unobtrusive
Extent of
researcher
interference
•Minimal: Studying
events as they
normally occur
•Manipulation
1. Feel
for
data
2. Goodness
of data
3. Hypothesis
testing
1. Feel
for
data
2. Goodness
of data
3. Hypothesis
testing
Data
Analysis
MeasurementDetails of Study

33. Purpose of the StudyPurpose of the Study
Exploratory StudyExploratory Study
Descriptive StudyDescriptive Study
Hypothesis TestingHypothesis Testing

34. Types of InvestigationTypes of Investigation
Causal StudyCausal Study
– e,g. Does smokinge,g. Does smoking causecause cancercancer
Correlational StudyCorrelational Study
– e,g. Are smoking and cancer relatede,g. Are smoking and cancer related

35. Extent of Researcher InterferenceExtent of Researcher Interference
Minimal InterferenceMinimal Interference
Moderate InterferenceModerate Interference
Excessive InterferenceExcessive Interference

36. Study SettingStudy Setting
ContrivedContrived
Non-contrivedNon-contrived

37. Unit of AnalysisUnit of Analysis
IndividualsIndividuals
DyadsDyads
GroupsGroups
OrganizationsOrganizations
CulturesCultures

38. Time HorizonTime Horizon
Cross-sectional StudiesCross-sectional Studies
Longitudinal StudiesLongitudinal Studies