Academic writing and and publishing

Academic writing and and publishing
Academic writing and publishing Presented By: GhulamFarid PhD Scholar- Information Management
About the Author- James Hartley • James Hartley is Research Professor at the School of Psychology, The University of Keela, UK • Best Psychologist in UK • President of British Psychology Society • Expertise & Skills • Writing, Academic Writing • Creative Thinking, Design Thinking • Information Graphic, Visual Information • Behavioral Sciences, Cognitive Psychology • Publications- 283 • Citations- 4,339
Sections in the Book Section 1 Introduction Section 2 The academic article Section 3 Other categories Section 4 Other aspect of academic writing
Section 1- Introduction- Why write and publish • To share your practice with others • To increase the impact/visibility of your work • To disseminate your research findings • To explore topics of interest • To add to the existing body of knowledge and create new knowledge • To gain recognition • To enhance your curriculum vitae • To promote your institution • To express yourself in a creative • Personal satisfaction
Reasons for writing/ Why do you write? I can’t do normal work like other people I write to be alone I am angry at all of you I like to be read I love sitting in a room all day writing I hope to understand why I am so very, very angry at all of you I can only participate in real life by changing I have begun a novel, a page, I want to finish it I want others/ all of you I write not to tell a story, but to compose a story I love the smell of paper I have a childish belief in the immortality of libraries and in the ways my books sit on the shelf I believe in literature I am afraid of being forgotten It is a habit, a passion
Different Types of Publications • Newsletter • Professional magazine • Popular Magazine • Academic (peer- reviewed) Journal • Hybrid Journal • Poster • Book Review • Book Chapter • Book (single author) • Book (edited collection) • Other opportunities – conference presentation, radio broadcast, television, social media
Section 2- The academic article oTitles that announce the general subject oTitles that specify a specific theme oTitles that indicate the controlling question oTitles that just state the findings oTitles that indicate that the answer to a question will be revealed oTitles that announce the thesis oTitles that emphasise the methodology oTitles that suggest guidelines oTitles that attract by using literary
Title • Motivate reader’s interest • Working title/final title • Final title should summarise the main idea of the manuscript • Attract and inform the reader • Be accurate • Be fully clarifying when standing alone • Facilitate indexing and retrieval (avoid using abbreviations) • Suggested length no more than 12 words
Author’s Contribution • Conception and design of the study • Collection of the raw data • Statistical expertise/advice • Analysis and interpretation of the data • Drafting of the article • Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content • Administrative, technical and logistical support • Final approval of the article.
Author’s Name & Institutional Affiliation • Use the same method throughout your career • Forget all titles and degrees (e.g. Dr., PhD) • Where is more than one author, names should appear in the order of their contributions • Institutional affiliation should appear under the author’sname • Provide an e-mail address for correspondence
Structured Abstracts • Limited more information • Easier to read • Easier to search • Generally only required with a peer- reviewed article • Two types –informative and structured • Details essence (not the same as introduction)
Cont.…. • Compare the abstract with an outline of the manuscript’s headings to verify its accuracy • Use clear and concise language • Use verbs rather than their noun equivalent (investigates rather than investigation) • Use active rather than passive verbs • Begin the abstract with the most important points • Length determined by journal–typically range from 150 to 250 words
Key Words • Use simple, specific noun articles • Avoid terms that are too common • Do not repeat key words from the title • Avoid unnecessary prepositions • Avoid abbreviations • Spell out Greek letters and avoid mathematical symbols • Include only the names of people (profession) • The way your article will be retrieved by databases/search engines etc
Introductions • Introduces the practical content of the paper/the research question/the problem • Tells why this issue/problem is important • Sets the scene • States the purpose • States the scope • States how issue is addressed/Describes the research strategy • Explains how this work relates to previous work in this area • Usually starts from the general and progresses to the specific
Literature review • Tells what others have found on the topic • Provides a context • Understanding about knowledge • Author is familiar with thinking on a topic • Understands where their work fits • Highly selective and specific • Link your findings and conclusions back to the literature review
Methods • Describes how the study will be • Different types of studies have different methodologies • Subsections where relevant e.g. • Participant characteristics, • sampling procedures, • research design
Results • Summary of collected data • Analysis of data • Findings • Interpreted • Relating them about hypotheses and methods • Where required e.g. statistics, tables, charts, maps, or quotes
Discussions • Move 1: Examine, interpret and qualify results • Move 2: Evaluate how the results fit in with the previous findings – do they deny, qualify, agree or go beyond them? • Move 3: List potential limitations to the study • Move 4: Offer an interpretation/explanation • Move 5: State the implications and recommend further research
References & Footnotes References • Follow journal guidelines • Complete • Accurate Footnotes Provide additional content
Drafting and Redrafting • All writing is rewriting • Draft and redraft • Number, date and save drafts • Refer back to your abstract • Ask a critical colleague to read • Revise title, abstract & article • Check references against journal guidelines • Spell check • Date and File preprint (pre-refereeing) • Let go
Submission • Professional Journal – editor • Academic Journal – peer-review • Usually double blind peer review – Accept as is – Accept with revisions – Revise and resubmit – Reject
Responding to referees • Referee 1: Accept • Referee 2: Accept with revision. This paper addresses an interesting and important topic . . . Despite this . . the results are somewhat of a mixed bag overall. Accordingly I would recommend the following revisions before it is considered for publication. • Referee 3: Reject. [. . .] This paper conflates (this technical task) with some non-technical terms, some common-sense beliefs about reading and writing that there is no strong evidence for, normative expectations of what texts should be and moralistic stances towards textual patterns.
Why editors reject manuscripts • Author guidelines not followed • Not in-depth (little substance) • Bad writing (lack of clarity) • Subject of little/no interest to readers • Poor statistics, tables, figures • Subject or data out of date • Unprofessional appearance • Title • Too simple – reporting • Written at the wrong level
Section 3- Other Categories- Books • Different Types of the books • The popular science book • The edited collection of previously published papers by the same author • The edited collection of previously published papers written by different authors • The edited collection of original chapters written by several different authors • The conference collection • The handbook • The individually authored textbook
Theses • A thesis is much like a graduate student: It has a limited purpose and a small audience; it is often insecure and defensive, justifying itself with extreme documentation; it is too narrowly focussed; and it has not yet developed a style of its own. (Luey, 2002, p. 34)
Different kinds of thesis • Traditional (simple) • Introduction • literature review • materials and methods • Results • discussion and conclusions • the IMRAD
Traditional (complex) • introduction; • background to the study • literature review; • Background theory and methods (optional); • study 1 – IMRAD; • study 2 – IMRAD, • study 3 etc.; • general discussion and conclusions.
Strategies for the beginning thesis writer • Try to be well organised • Examine two or three theses in your discipline/area • Write from the beginning • Make and keep clearly categorized (back up data) • Discuss what you are doing it/ with fellow students all the time • Think of how you might publish each chapter • Appropriate procedures for presenting text- Reference • Read the requirements of your institution • Submit regular drafts of subsections of your thesis to your supervisor • Make sure your supervisor eventually sees the thesis as a whole
Conference papers • “The essential launching pad for nearly all scholarly careers” (Gould, 1995, p. 37) • Power Point • computer-based slides are most common • appreciate the clarity • seven words per line, and seven lines per slide (7*7 rule) some (5*5)
Posters • 4 feet (120 cm) • 2.5 (75 cm)
Section 4- Other aspects of academic writing • Finding, keeping and disseminating information • It is accessible twenty-four hours a day • You do not have to visit a library • To find information relatively quickly and conveniently • You can choose between saving, printing or reading the information from the computer screen • Sources on the Internet are often more up to date than sources in paper format
Choosing where to publish • Author decide where to published their article • 20,000–25,000 peer-reviewed academic journals • In UK and USA- Mostly online journals • Most authors preferred they published their work in peer reviewed
Some typical criticisms of impact factors • Does not necessarily reflect the quality of all of the articles • No correction is made for self-citations • Review articles are heavily referenced • Books are not included in calculating impact factors • Impact factors vary in different disciplines • Small research areas tend to lack journals with high impact factors • High-quality research in non-English journals is rarely cited.
Open-access journal • Author puts findings/paper online for free • Author pays to publish online in an open-access journal • Author’s institution pays for the author to publish online in an open access journal • Research funding agencies pay for publication of the research findings • Online in an open-access journal
Delays in the publishing process
WRITER’S BLOCK- Factors in writer’s block • Delay • Fear of failure • Criticism • Neatness • Time pressure • Personality factors and mood disorders
Writers should • Make writing a daily activity • Write while fresh • Write in small, regular amounts, and avoid ‘binge sessions • Schedule writing tasks in small sizes • Share their writing with supportive, productive friends
Practical suggestions • Make time to write • Do not aim for perfection on the first draft • Start by reading what you have produced • Make a note of the structure of the text • Do not stop writing at the end of a section • Do not stop to correct and revise • Reward yourself
Writing best practices • Writing about what interests you • Making time to write • Organizing and providing structure • Sharing with others • Asking feedback • Testing surveys • Using statistics • Meeting your deadlines • Writing with a co-author
Writing best practices • Revise, revise, revise • Should be able to answer the questions • What am I trying to say? • If someone new to my fields • Read this, will they understand it?
Moving on with your writing • Write • Describe, reflect and evaluate • Talk/Network • Notebook • Data • Collaborate • Be strategic – Have a plan • Look for links/connections in what you do • Cite key people • Set realistic goals • Give and look for peer support • Consider everything you do as potential material for a presentation/paper • Set up a writing circle • Develop a culture of celebration around publication/presentation
Common Writing Mistakes • No defined purpose • Waiting too long to identify the purpose • Too much detail; lack of focus • Lack of structure • Local story with no global context • Why is this important? • Wrong opinion • Inaccuracies
Cont.… • Making the reader work • Failure to follow journal guidelines • Submitting an unfinished manuscript • Changing person throughout the paper (I, you, they) • Inconsistent use of tense (past and present) • Inconsistent mood (both casual and formal
Guidelines for academic writing The author may not be expert • Use the first rather than the third person • Use short, simple words • Use active tenses • Sequencing in sentences • Place sequences in order • Avoid negatives • Avoid abbreviations • Avoid overloading the text with references • Contrast sentence lengths
Guidelines for academic writing • Use short paragraphs • Use numbers or bullets • Settings for lists • Use subheadings • Print out and revise • Read the text clearly • Ask other people to read your drafts • Read and listen to other authors • Revise continuously . . .
Writing Activity- Plan • Writing goal Topic and purpose List of ideas to cover • Writing approach Mood – formal or informal Research method Publications to target • Resources required People to consult or interview Tools Time Research and investigation • List of tasks to do • Tentative time line and schedule for project milestones
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