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2. The Nature of Attention and
Consciousness
Attention
Is the means by which we actively process a limited
amount of information from the enormous amount of
information available through our senses, our stored
memories, and our other cognitive processes
Consciousness
More directly concerned with awareness – it includes both
the feeling of awareness and the content of awareness,
some of which may be under the focus of attention
3. Biopsychological
different levels of arousal (sleep, coma, hyperactivity)
Meta-cognitive
Reflection on your own cognitive processes
Being aware of cognitive processes
Psychoanalytic
Unconscious information – we do not have access to it in
normal awakened state
Phenomenological
What it is like to have an experience of something
Individual, subjective aspects of experience
Different conceptions of consciousness
4. Relationship between attention and consciousness
Attention + Consciousness
No attention + No Consciousness
Attention + No Consciousness
No attention + Consciousness
5. Preconscious Processing
Information that is available for cognitive processing but that currently lies
outside of conscious awareness exists at the preconscious level of awareness
6. Priming
Processing of certain stimuli is facilitated by prior presentation of the same or
similar stimuli
Sometimes we are aware of the prime sometimes we are not
Even when we are not aware of the prime, the prime will influence the
processing of the target
Preconscious Processing
7. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Preconscious processing
We try to remember something that is
known to be stored in memory but that
cannot quite be retrieved
People who can not come up with the
word, but who thought they knew it,
could identify the first letter, indicate
the number of syllables, or approximate
the word’s sounds
8. Blindsight
Preconscious processing
Lesions in some areas of the visual cortex
Patients claim to be blind
When forced to guess about a stimulus in the
“blind” region, they correctly guess locations
and orientations of objects at above-chance
levels
9. Controlled processes
Require intentional effort; full conscious awareness; consume
many attentional resources; performed serially; relatively slow
Automatic Processes
Little or no intention or effort; occur outside of conscious
awareness; do not require a lot of attention, performed by
parallel processing; fast
Controlled Versus Automatic Processes
10. Habituation
We become accustomed to a stimulus, we gradually
notice it less and less (e.g. music and studying)
Dishabituation
A change in a familiar stimulus prompts us to start noticing
the stimulus again
Sensory adaptation
Physiological phenomenon; not subject to conscious
control; occurs directly in the sense organ, not in the brain
12. Similarity theory (Duncan and
Humphreys)
As the similarity between target and
distracter increases, so does the
difficulty in detecting the target stimuli
Factors influencing search
Similarity between the target and the
distracters
Similarity among distracters (p. 86, 87)
13. Attention
Search
Guided search theory (Cave and Wolfe)
All searches involve two consecutive stages
Parallel stage – simultaneous activation of all the potential
targets
Serial stage – sequential evaluation of each of the activated
elements
Movement-Filter theory (McLeod at al.)
Movement-filter – can direct attention to stimuli with
a common movement characteristics
Movement can both enhance and inhibit visual search
14. Selective Attention
Broadbent’s Model
We filter information right after it is registered
at the sensory level
Moray’s Selective Filter Model
The selective filter blocks out most
information at the sensory level, but some
highly salient messages are so powerful that
they burst through the filtering mechanism
(e.g. your name)
15. Selective Attention
Treisman’s Attenuation Model
1. We pre attentively analyze the physical
properties of a stimulus (stimuli with target
properties)
2. We analyze whether a given stimulus has a
pattern, such as speech or music
3. We sequentially evaluate the incoming
messages, assigning appropriate meanings to
the selected stimuli messages
16. Selective Attention
Deutsch and Deutsch’s Late Filter Model
Placed the signal-blocking filter later in the process, after sensory analysis and also
after some perceptual and conceptual analysis of input had taken place
Neisser’s Synthesis
Two processes governing attention
Preattentive processes (rapid, automatic, parallel)
Attentive processes (controlled, occur later, serial)