1. PRESENTED BY
MD. FOYSAL FUAD CHOWDHURY-11103099
MD. RISAT ISLAM-11103116
PROSENJIT MALLICK-11103118
NRIPENDRA NATH BAIRAGI-10203070
MOBIN AHAMMED HRIDOY-11103070
JILANI RAHIM SARKAR-11103098

2. 1.BIOTECHNOLOGY
2.ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION OF BIOTECH PRODUCTS
3.PARENTERAL ROUTE
4.MANIPULATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS
5.LIPOSOMES
6.MICROSPHERES

3. THE APPLICATION OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO
LIVING ORGANISMS, AS WELL AS PARTS, PRODUCTS AND
MODELS THEREOF, TO ALTER LIVING OR NON-LIVING
MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF KNOWLEDGE,
GOODS AND SERVICES.
1.DNA /RNA
2. PROTEINS AND OTHER MOLECULES
3. CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE AND ENGINEERING
4.PROCESS BIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUES
5. GENE AND RNA VECTORS
6. BIOINFORMATICS
7. NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY

6. Science has revealed its blessing to us with the
chronological order.
Biotechnology is one of the noteworthy consequence
of long tern research, trial and error.
Biotechnology enables us to exploit biological processes
for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic
manipulation of microorganisms for the production
of antibiotics, hormones, etc.
The branches of biotechnology leaves us in different
aspect with drugs of particular route in a certain dosage
form.
Oral Biotech products represnts a vast and common
area of biotechnolical practice.

8.  The path taken by
the drug to get into the
body is known as the route
of drug administration.
A drug may be in ionized
or unionized form.
A route of administration in
pharmacology and toxicology
is the path by which a drug,
fluid, poison, or other
substance is taken into the
body.
 The pharmacokinetic
properties, such as
absorption, distribution,
metabolism, and excretion,
of a drug are critically
influenced by the route of
administration.

9. The term “Parenteral” comes from two Greek words-‘
Para’ (outside) & ‘Enteron’ (intestine), meaning outside
the intestine.
Parenteral route of administration means the medicine
is generally directly administered by injection such as
SC, IV, IM, IA, IT, or IC or through transdermal
patches, which isn't administered with an injection but
is still considered a parenteral route.

10. 1. Intravenous
2. Intra-arterial
3. Intra-muscular injection
4. Intrathecal
5. Intraosseous infusion

11. 1. Rapid action of drug.
2. Can be employed in unconscious/
uncooperative patients.
3. Drugs, which are not absorbed in small
intestine or irritate the stomach can be
administered by this route.
4. Drugs, which are modified by alimentary juices
and liver can be given by this route.
5. Does not have 1st pass metabolism.
Polor drug can be given as they are absorbed,
( eg.- Streptomycin)

12. 6. Can be used for drugs that are poorly
absorbed, inactive or ineffective if given
orally
7. The IV route provides immediate onset of
action
8. The intramuscular and subcutaneous
routes can be used to achieve slow or
delayed onset of action
9. Patient concordance problems can be
avoided

13. 1.Staff need additional training and assessment.
2.Can be costly.
3.Can be painful.
4.Aseptic technique is required.
5.May require additional equipment, for example
programmable infusion devices
6.Less safe, more expensive.
7.Inconvenient (painful) for the patient.
8.Self medication is difficult.
9.Chances of local injury at the site of injection.
10.It is difficult to reverse its physiological effect.

14. 1. The term “Parenteral” comes from two Greek
words-‘ Para’ (outside) & ‘Enteron’ (intestine),
meaning outside the intestine.
2. It’s mechanism of drug absorption is for most drugs
is passive transfer (eg.- ‘Levodoa’ follows carrier
mediated transport).
3. Drug can be directly enters systemic circulation.
4. Does not have 1st pass metabolism.
5. Onset of action is faster.
6. Drug can be given unconscious & uncooperative
patients.
7. Polor drug can be given as they are absorbed ( eg.-
Streptomycin)

15. Manipulation of living organisms or their components
to produce useful commercial products such as, new
bacterial strains, or novel pharmaceuticals.
Therapeutic agents produced by biotechnological
processes such as recombinant DNA technology,
fermentation, tissue, cell culture technology and
genetic engineering.

17. Parenteral routes of drugs:
Name Type Molecular
target
Condition
Insulin Systemic
Factor
Glucose
metabolism
Diabetes
G-CSF Systemic
Factor
Neutrophils Neutropenia
Erythropoiet
in
Systemic
Factor
Erythropoies
is
Renal failure
Omalizumab Humanized
monoclonal
antibody
IgE Asthma

18. Biocompatibility "Refers to the ability of a biomaterial
to perform its desired function with respect to a
medical therapy, without eliciting any undesirable
local or systemic effects in the recipient or beneficiary
of that therapy, but generating the most appropriate
beneficial cellular or tissue response in that specific
situation, and optimizing the clinically relevant
performance of that therapy"

20. A liposome is a tiny bubble (vesicle), made out of the
same material as a cell membrane. Liposomes can be filled
with drugs, and used to deliver drugs for cancer and other
diseases.
Membranes are usually made of phospholipids, which are
molecules that have a head group and a tail group.
The head is attracted to water, and the tail, which is made
of a long hydrocarbon chain, is repelled by water.

21. When membrane phospholipids are disrupted,
they can reassemble themselves into tiny spheres,
smaller than a normal cell, either as bilayers or
monolayers. The bilayer structures are liposomes.
The monolayer structures are called micelles.
The name liposome is derived from two Greek
words: 'Lipos' meaning fat and 'Soma' meaning
body.
Liposomes were first described by British
haematologist Dr Alec D Bangham FRS in 1961
(published 1964), at the Babraham Institute, in
Cambridge.

22. They were discovered when Bangham and R. W. Horne
were testing the institute's new electron microscope by
adding negative stain to dry phospholipids.
The resemblance to the plasmalemma was obvious, and
the microscope pictures served as the first real evidence
for the cell membrane being a bilayer lipid structure.

24. Liposomes are made of lipids.
Cancer cells need to consume large amont of fats to
sustain their estremely rapid growth.
They recognize the liposomal drugs as a potential
source of nutrition.
Cancer cells absorb the liposomes loaded with
anticancer drugs as asource of fat.
Once the anticancer drugs released from the liposome
in the cells are killed.

25. The correct choice of liposome preparation
method depends on the following parameters:
The physicochemical characteristics of the
material to be entrapped and those of the
liposomal ingredients;
The nature of the medium in which the lipid
vesicles are dispersed
The effective concentration of the entrapped
substance and its potential toxicity;
Additional processes involved during
application/delivery of the vesicles;
Optimum size, polydispersity and shelf-life of
the vesicles for the intended application; and,

26. Batch-to-batch reproducibility and possibility of
large-scale production of safe and efficient liposomal
products
Example:
Name Trade name Company Indication
Liposomal
amphotericin B
Ambisome Gilead Sciences
Fungal and
protozoal
infections
Liposomal IRIV
vaccine
Epaxal Crucell Hepatitis A
Liposomal IRIV
vaccine
Inflexal V Berna Biotech Influenza
Liposomal
vincristine
Marqibo
Spectrum
Pharmaceuticals
Acute
Lymphoblastic
Leukemia (ALL)
and Melanoma

27. Applications of liposomes in the sciences:
Use of liposomes in cosmetics
Use of liposomes in agro-food industry
Use of liposome in pharmaceutical industry:
Example:
Liposome Utility Current Applications Disease States Treated
Sustained-Release Systemic antineoplastic
drugs, hormones
corticosteroids, drug depot
in the lungs
Cancer, biotherapeutics
Solubilization Amphotericin B, minoxidil Fungal infections,
Accumolation Prostaglandins Cardiovascular diseases

28. Microspheres can be defined as solid,
approximately spherical particles ranging in size
from 1 to 1000 μm.
Made up of polymeric, waxy, or other protective
materials such as starches, gums, proteins, fats,
and waxes and used as drug carrier matrices for
drug delivery.
Microcapsules: micrometric reservoir systems
Microspheres: micrometric matrix systems.
Natural polymer can also be used:
 Albumin
 Gelatin

29.  They facilitate accurate delivery of small quantities of potent
drug and reduced concentration of drug at site other than the
target organ or tissue.
 They provide protection for unstable drug before and after
administration, prior to their availability at the site of action.
 They provide the ability to manipulate the in vivo action of
the drug, pharmacokinetic profile, tissue distribution and
cellular interaction of the drug.
 They enable controlled release of drug.
• Ex: narcotic, antagonist, steroid hormones

31. POLYMER USED FOR
MICROSPHERES PREPARATIONS
Biodegradable
• Lactides &
Glycolides and
their copolymers
• Polyanhydrides
• Polycynoacrylates
Non-biodegradable
• Poly methyl
methacrylate
• Acrolein
• Epoxy Polymer
• Glycidyl
methacrylate

32. Taste and odour masking
Conversion of oil and other liquids, facilitating
ease of handling
Protection of the drug from the environment
Delay of volatilisation

33. • Freedom from incompatibilities between
drug and excipients, especially the buffers
• Improvement of flow properties
• Dispersion of water insoluble substance in
aqueous media
• Production of sustained release, controlled
release and targeted medication

34.  Solvent evaporation method
Single emulsion technique
Double emulsion technique
 Coacervation phase separation method
 Spray drying and spray congealing method
 Polymerization method

35. 1. Degradation controlled monolithic system.
2. Diffusion controlled monolithic system.
3. Diffusion controlled reservoir system.
4. Erodible poly agent system/erosion.

36.  Microspheres in vaccine delivery.
Eg ; diphtheria toxoid , tetanus toxoid.
 Targeted drug delivery.
Eg ; ocular, eye (cornea).Etc
 Controlled release.
Eg ; gi tumors, bone tumors.
 Chemoembolization.
 Immuno microspheres