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OnCooking6CH24PPLecture_accessible.pptx
1.
On Cooking: A
Textbook of Culinary Fundamentals Sixth Edition Chapter 24 Healthy Cooking and Special Diets Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
2.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: 24.1 Create nutritious menus for health-conscious adults 24.2 Use alternative ingredients and substitutes to develop recipes that provide guests with healthy foods and foods that meet special dietary needs 24.3 Identify and use techniques to modify recipes for special diets 24.4 Describe the range of vegetarian diets and employ a variety of ingredients as alternatives to meat, poultry, fish or dairy
3.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Principles of Healthy Cooking • Healthy cooking is based on sound culinary techniques • Portion size is the amount consumed single dining occasion • Serving size is the amount recommended • Chefs should be aware of the amount of food served • Weigh or measure accurately
4.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Rethinking the Center of the plate • Center of the plate is the focal point of a dish • High-fat meats and animal products were traditionally the focus • Healthful vegetables, grains and fruit were secondary • Healthy cooking today – Use whole foods free from additives – Cook with fresh, local and seasonal foods • Consider creating inherently healthful menus a creative challenge
5.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Rebalanced Plates • A chef may take different approaches to adapt a recipe to create a healthful dish • Roast chicken with mashed potatoes and natural pan gravy (left) • Gingered chicken broth, chicken, bitter greens, star anise, squash and chile oil (right)
6.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Recipe Modification • Reduce the amount of ingredients needed without altering the structure, taste or appearance – Not always the case with baking formulas • Replace the problematic ingredient(s) with a substitute that will result in the least change to the flavor profile and appearance of the dish. • Eliminate ingredients if doing so wont destroy integrity of dish – Remove allergens
7.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Substitutes and Alternatives • Replacing ingredients helps with recipe modification • Ingredient Substitutes - ingredient with similar flavor, texture, appearance – Nonfat sour cream in place of regular flavor, texture, appearance • Ingredient Alternative - ingredient with another that has different, – Lemon juice and herbs in place of salt – Salsa in place of cream sauce
8.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Modifying Recipes • Identify ingredients to modify • Consider the flavors, textures and sensations of the original recipe • Consider alternative cooking techniques • Use techniques that intensify flavor – Toasting nuts, oven roast-potatoes instead of deep- frying • Moderate amount of sat, salt and sugar at all times
9.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Special Diets • Health conscious consumers seek special menus • Others may have special conditions that require special diets such as the following: • Low-sodium • Low-sugar • Low-fat • Dairy-free • Gluten-free
10.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Low Sodium Diets • RDA Sodium 2300 milligrams day • Average American consumes 3,000- 7,000 milligrams day • Salt substitutes “off” metallic taste • Reduce amount of salt used • Find low-sodium alternatives such as low-sodium soy sauce • Limit prepared condiments, brines, commercial baked goods, chemical leaveners
11.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Low Sugar Diets • Obesity and diseases tied to added sugars in soft drinks, salad dressings and processed foods • Excess sugar consumption can lead to Type 2 diabetes • Type 1 diabetes cannot consume any sugar
12.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Sugar Substitutes and Alternatives • Non-carbohydrate, low-calorie artificial sweeteners may be suitable for Type 1 Diabetics and those looking for substitute – Saccharin – Aspartame – Sucralose – Reb A, stevia
13.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Modifying Recipes for Low-Sugar Diets • Ripe fruits, berries, dates, dried fruits add natural sweetness • Agave, maple syrup and honey are natural sweeteners some consumers prefer over refined sugar • Salad dressings and sauces for savory foods do not need added sugar • Use fruit purées as sauce in place of sugary ones • Sugar in muffins and cookie recipes cane be reduced 10%-15%
14.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Low-Fat Diets • Low-fat and fat-free substitutes work in most applications • Reduce amount of fat you use – Broiling, grilling, baking, poaching and steaming require no added fat – Remove skin on poultry – Use lean cuts of meat – Use nut oils
15.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Dairy-Free Diets • Lactose and casein, proteins in milk products are allergens • Use lactose-free dairy products • Use milk-like liquids made from nuts, grains, legumes • Vegetable fats in place of butter • Vegan cheeses, yogurt, ice cream
16.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Gluten-Free Diets • Gluten formed when proteins in wheat are moistened and allergen • Celiac disease (gluten allergy) treated by removing all wheat, rye and barley from the diet • Use gluten substitutes – arrowroot, buckwheat, coconut, corn, potato, rice, tapioca, soy, amaranth, beans such as chickpeas, flax meal, millet, quinoa, sorghum and ground nuts. • Use commercially-available gluten-free baking flours, baked goods
17.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Vegetarian and Vegan Diets (1 of 2) • Vegan – A person who will not eat any meat • Raw foodist – Typically, a vegan who eats only raw or slightly warmed plant foods • Fruitarian – A person who eats only fruit, nuts, seeds and other plant products • Ovo-vegetarian – A vegetarian who eats eggs but no dairy products
18.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Vegetarianism (2 of 2) • Ovo-lacto-vegetarian – A person who eats plant products as well as eggs and dairy products • Lacto-vegetarian – A vegetarian who eats dairy products but not eggs
19.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Soybean-Based Products (1 of 2) • Soy “milk” – Liquid that is created by soaking and cooking dried soybeans • Tofu or bean curd – Soy milk that has been coagulated or cultured, then formed into a cake ▪ Silken tofu – Silky smooth texture and appearance suitable for creamy substances ▪ Cotton tofu – Solid blocks in three styles: soft, firm and extra firm
20.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Soybean-Based Products (2 of 2) • Miso – Made by salting and fermenting soybeans and rice or barley • Tempeh – Whole bean cake made from fermented whole soybeans and grain • Textured vegetable protein – Also known as TVP or textured soy protein (TSP); textured soy flour; defatted soy protein that is dried and compressed into granules, chunks or shapes
21.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Other Popular Ingredients in Vegetarian Cooking • Liquid amino acids • Seitan – “Wheat meat,” formed from wheat gluten • Grain beverages – Can be used instead of stock in vegetarian cooking • Analogous foods – Products made to mimic the appearance and texture of popular animal-based products
22.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Vegetarian and Vegan Cuisine • Use or adapt items from the regular menu – Many existing items may already be on the menu • Add grains and beans for texture and satiation – Consider these for the center of the plate options • Utilize meaty vegetables and soy products – Many vegetables have flavor and body that mimic meats • Compose dishes with an eye to balancing color – We eat with our eyes as well as our taste buds
23.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved More Considerations • Balance textures on the same plate – Look for complementary and contrasting textures • Layer flavors for complexity of taste – Combine cooking methods and ingredients • Create a pantry for plant-based cooking – Stock ingredients to enhance plant-based cooking • Seek inspiration from ethnic cuisines – Many ethnic cuisines offer exciting vegetarian options
24.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Religious Dietary Laws • Many religions have dietary laws, which strict observers of these religions may follow – Jewish Religion ▪ Keeping Kosher – Muslim Religion ▪ Halal – Buddhism ▪ Vegetarianism
25.
Copyright © 2019,
2015, 2012, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Copyright This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.
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