These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) class to analyze the near-term future for touch-screen displays. Improvements in durability, sensitivity, and flexibility are being implemented

1. Touch-Screen Displays:
what types of improvements
are being achieved?
For information on other technologies, please see
http://www.slideshare.net/Funk98/presentations
Chong Shen Long Marcus - (A0073907Y)
Wong Wai Quen Timothy - (A0073882W)
Erwin Ernady Bin Osman – (A0133655E)

2. Current Touch OLED Display
• Examples:

3. Technology Bottleneck
• Although flexible OLED displays are already
available in the market, they could not achieve
its full potential due to the restrictions imposed
on the capacitive sensing portion of the devices:
▫ Cannot be bent beyond a radius
▫ Not sensitive enough to detect touch
▫ Not durable enough to withstand impact and wear
and tear

4. Current Limitations (Challenges)
• Level of Sensitivity
▫ Can it be used with consumer wearable (eg. Gloves for
countries with 4 seasons)?
• Durability of Devices
▫ How much force can it be subjected to?
• Level of Conformity
▫ To what extent can it be bent?
• Level of Light Transitivity
▫ To what extent can the light emission of the OLED be
effectively transmitted through a glass display?

5. How Can They be Improved?
• There are two portions which addresses the
challenges faced by these devices:
1. Capacitive Touch Sensing Portion
▫ Capacitive Touch Technology
2. OLED Display Portion

6. Capacitive Touch Sensing Portion

7. Capacitive Touch Technology
• Basic Construction and Layout
http://www.embedded.com/design/system-integration/4407698/Reducing-capacitive-touchscreen-cost-in-mobile-phones-
Touch Sensing Portion
OLED Display Portion

8. Basic Working Principle
• Capacitance Equivalent Model
Parameters Description
ε0 Free space permittivity
εr
Dielectric constant of
overlay
A
Area of finger and sensor
pad overlap
d Overlay thickness
*Note: Capacitance Change

9. Basic Working Principle
• Software Equivalence Model
Source: http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1278360

11. Challenges – Sensitivity Level
• Material
Overlay thickness
y = 0.1383x-1.082
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
140.00%
160.00%
180.00%
200.00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Percentage
Change in Raw
Count
Overlay Thickness (mm)
Sensitivity Level vs Overlay
Thickness
Ratio
trendline
*Note: Microprocessor doesn’t
recognize capacitance domain
but rather it register the change
in raw count
Source: FYP Industrial Collaboration (Fischer-Tech and NUS) Project Report 2013 – An Empirical Approach towards Capacitive Touch-Sensing in Functional Plastics
APPLE IPHONE
Model Type Overlay Thickness
3GS, 4, 4S Gorilla Glass 1 1.0mm
5, 5S Gorilla Glass 2 0.8mm
SAMSUNG GALAXY
Model Type Overlay Thickness
S1, S2 Gorilla Glass 1 1.0mm
S3 Gorilla Glass 2 0.8mm
S4, S5, Note 3 Gorilla Glass 3 0.4mm
1.0mm
0.8mm
0.4mm

12. Challenges – Sensitivity Level
• Consumer Wearable – Types of Gloves
▫ Countries with 4 Seasons
Source: FYP Industrial Collaboration (Fischer-Tech and NUS) Project Report 2013 – An Empirical Approach towards Capacitive Touch-Sensing in Functional Plastics
*Note: Microprocessor doesn’t
recognize capacitance domain
but rather it register the change
in raw count
*Video: Sensitivity Test*
The same experiments
were conducted using
different overlay
thickness of
Polycarbonate (PC)
resins w.r.t to the
various types of glove

13. Rate of Improvement – Material
• Glass Overlay
▫ Thickness
Source: [Spec sheet download for glass 1, 2 and 3] http://www.corninggorillaglass.com and http://www.corning.com/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=63819

14. • Low Damage Resistance
• Low Bending Strength
• Low Critical Load Bearing

15. Rate of Improvement – Material
• Glass Overlay
▫ Damage Resistance
Source: [Spec sheet download for glass 1, 2 and 3] http://www.corninggorillaglass.com
*Note: Critical Load is the min. amount of load before radial cracks start to form and propagate
4500
15000
7500

16. Rate of Improvement – Material
• Glass Overlay
▫ Bending Strength
Source: [Spec sheet download for glass 1, 2 and 3] http://www.corninggorillaglass.com
Gorilla Glass 1 Gorilla Glass 2 Gorilla Glass 3
4 MPa 6.25 MPa 6.75 MPa

17. Rate of Improvement – Material
• Glass Overlay
▫ Critical Load Bearing
Source: [Spec sheet download for glass 1, 2 and 3] http://www.corninggorillaglass.com
65 75
85
Gorilla Glass 1 Gorilla Glass 2 Gorilla Glass 3

18. Rate of Improvement – Material
• Glass Overlay
▫ Thickness
▫ Loading Conditions
 Damage Resistance
 Bending Strength
 Critical Load Bearing
Source: [Spec sheet download for glass 1, 2 and 3] http://www.corninggorillaglass.com and http://www.corning.com/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=63819

20. Challenges - Conformity
• Electrodes – Current ITO
▫ Brittle and Limited Bend Radius
Source: http://iopscience.iop.org/0022-3727/45/27/275102;jsessionid=0314531AC08877C0DAF17B28FE10AEAB.c2 and http://www.intechopen.com/books/organic-light-emitting-diode-
material-process-and-devices/transparent-conductive-oxide-tco-films-for-organic-light-emissive-devices-oleds-
*Note: Sensitivity of the system decreases
with radius of curvature

21. Material Replacement
• Types of Possible Electrode
▫ To replace current ITO
Source: http://informationdisplay.org/IDArchive/2013/JulyAugust/Opinion.aspx

22. Conformability of Other Electrodes
Source: http://iopscience.iop.org/1347-4065/53/5S1/05FD04/article , http://www.beilstein-journals.org/bjnano/single/articleFullText.htm?publicId=2190-4286-4-12

23. Conformability of Other Electrodes
Source: http://iopscience.iop.org/1347-4065/53/5S1/05FD04/article

24. Challenges – Increasing Cost
• Electrodes – Current ITO
 Indium becoming more scarce
 $US900/Kilogram currently (2014)!!!
Source: FYP Industrial Collaboration (Fischer-Tech and NUS) Project Report 2013 – An Empirical Approach towards Capacitive Touch-Sensing in Functional Plastics

25. Future: Replacing of ITO
• ITO Replacement Market Forecast 2013 to 2020
Source: http://touchdisplayresearch.com/?page_id=358

26. OLED Display Portion
*Note: OLED is printed on a glass substrate which is the SAME as the overlay material
Overlay
Substrate

27. Challenges - Conformity
• Glass Substrate/Overlay
▫ Stiff and Limited Bend Radius
 Stiffness increases exponentially with thickness
 85 um equivalent in stiffness value for 150um paper and
polymer!
Source: www.corning.com/WorkArea/downloadasset.aspx?id=48957

28. Rate of Improvement – Material
• Glass Substrate/Overlay
▫ Thickness
Source: [Spec sheet download for glass 1, 2 and 3] http://www.corninggorillaglass.com and http://www.corning.com/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=63819

29. Rate of Improvement – Material
• Glass Substrate/Overlay
▫ Use of thinner glass sheets
▫ Polymer sheet replacement
Source: www.corning.com/WorkArea/downloadasset.aspx?id=48957 and http://www.corning.com/WorkArea/showcontent.aspx?id=63819

31. Rate of Improvement – Material
• Electrode
▫ Comparing ITO to Cambrios ClearOhm (Ag
Nanowire)
At 100 Ohm/Sqr,
Light Transmission of:
• ITO – 91%
• Cambrios ClearOhm
(Ag Nanowire) – 98%

32. Rate of Improvement – Material
• Electrode
▫ Comparing among other possible electrodes
At 100 Ohm/Sqr,
Light Transmission of:
• Graphene – 96%
• Cambrios ClearOhm
(Ag Nanowire) – 98%

33. Material and Manufacturing
Source: www.corning.com/WorkArea/downloadasset.aspx?id=48957

34. Source: http://www.reportsandintelligence.com/transparent-conductive-films-market

35. Forecast of Market Size
• Electrode – Graphene
▫ Graphene market predicted to grow from $20
million to $390 million by 2024
Source: http://www.graphene-info.com/idtechex-graphene-material-market-2014-2019-chart

36. Forecast of Market Size
• Electrode – CNTs
Source: http://www.electronics.ca/presscenter/articles/1204/1/Market-Applications-of-Carbon-Nanotubes/
Total Market
revenue:
US$1.439 billion

37. Forecast of Market Size
• Electrodes –Silver Nanowires
▫ Cambrios ClearOhm
Source: http://www.fusionuv.com/UV_In_The_News_Fall_2010.aspx and http://us-
tech.com/RelId/1267079/ISvars/default/Revenues_from_Transparent_Conductors_Using_Silver_Nanowires_Will_Exceed_%2524225_million_by_2019.htm

38. Manufacturing – Process Improvement
• Chemistry of Glass
 Transparent/Translucent material
 Non crystalline or amorphous substance
 Appears in solid state but not really a true solid, somewhat referred to
as a frozen or super cooled liquid
 Acquires solid state through increase in viscosity on rapid cooling
• Manufacture of Glass
 Fusion of raw materials
 Working with molten mass
 Glass blocks or moulds
 Annealing (Ramp up, hold, gradual cool)
 Increase ductility and softens material

39. Manufacturing – Process Improvement
• Manufacturing Process
▫ Ultra-Thin Glass Overlay/Substrate
 Laser Cutting / Scribing
 Greatly reduces residual stress giving higher edge strength
 Eliminates microcracking & chipping
 Able to withstand 2 to 3 times more force than mechanically cut glass
 Reduced process steps (no cleaning, grinding)
 Excellent for producing curved cuts

40. Manufacturing – Process Improvement
• Manufacturing Process
▫ Ultra-Thin Glass Overlay/Substrate
 Fusion Forming
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4ZU7zUxdM8

41. Manufacturing – Process Improvement
• Manufacturing Process
▫ OLED Display
 R2R Printing (Link to R2R OLED on Glass.pdf)

42. Feasible Opportunities
• Automotive
▫ Dashboards, climate control, speedometer,
handles and etc…
 Enables personalization of themes (interior and
exterior)
 Replacement of mechanical components (buttons,
knobs, levels and etc…) which prevents dust traps
between gaps and allows easy maintenance

43. Feasible Opportunities

44. Feasible Opportunities
• Consumer Appliances
▫ Eg. Fridge, stove, washing machine and etc…
 Easy maintenance
 Enables personal customization
 Appealing design

45. Feasible Opportunities

46. Feasible Opportunities
• Military
▫ Navigation device
 More resilient to harsh conditions
 Lighter and more compact
 Clearer display

47. Feasible Opportunities
• Arizona State University opens up New Army Flexible Display Center
• Accelerate R&D and Manufacture of Flexible Display Technologies
• Small, lightweight, rugged and consume little power
• Able to function in different temperate environments
• Body-worn displays which conform to uniform, rollable for pocket and for
large areas, high information content and other applications
• Integrated with computation, Comms and GPS

48. Feasible Opportunities
• Personal
▫ Recreational devices (sense pad), instructive yoga
mat, footstep trainer (for dance class)
 Enables ergonomic viewing position
 Easy Storage and portable
▫ Wrist-attachable smartphones
 Versatile and can be used for various activities
 Electronic wallet and personal financial accountant
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFQl-PiTJSg
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LzPorAgInco

49. Portal Smartphone
• Flexible, Water Resistant, Scratch & Shatter Proof
• Soft impact restive Kevlar infused body
• No ports or cord connectivity leaving ands literally free
• Supports major carriers, Android Based with custom Portal OS interface,
Ambidextrous (left or right handed), gesture & motion based function commands

50. Feasible Opportunities

51. Future Forecast