My Master's students use ideas from my (Jeff Funk) forthcoming book (Technology Change and the Rise of New Industries) to analyze the economic and technical feasibility of cognitive radio. See my other slides for details on concepts, methodology, and other new industries.

1. COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGY :
An Analysis of Potential Benefits
1 Group 4
MT5009 ANALYZING HI-TECHNOLOGY OPPORTUNITIES

2. cog·ni·tive
/ˈkɒgnɪtɪv [kog-ni-tiv] –adjective
Albert Salim
A0026151W
1. of or pertaining to cognition.
2. of or pertaining to the mental processes of
perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning, as
contrasted with emotional and volitional processes.
Tan How
Ho Kai Hong
Boon, Jason
A0076866L
A0077139X
Group
ra·di·o Members
/ˈreɪdiˌoʊ/ [rey-dee-oh] - noun
1. wireless telegraphy or telephony: speeches
broadcast by radio.
2. an apparatus for receiving or transmitting radio
broadcasts. Stefanus Wong Seong
Yudanto Yin
A0076858J A0076890R
COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGY 2

3. CONTENT
Radio-communication 101 and
spectrum usage
Cognitive Radio – What‟s the big deal?
Cognitive Radio – Where are we
today?
Cognitive Radio – So what‟s next? 3

4. 4
1  Radio-communication 101 and
spectrum usage

5. CURRENT PARADIGM - SPECTRUM
Radio waves can travel quite a distance and, are able to disturb other
communications services resulting in interference
 This makes the radio spectrum a scarce natural resource
 Provides us with technical standards,
 Recommendations and procedures to
solve the above mentioned problem.
 Assign licenses to users.
 Gives an exclusive right to operate on a specific
frequency in a specific location or geographic area
 Compliance of spectrum users with the license
obligations is monitored and enforced.
5
Thus, avoiding interference seems to be a question of proper
planning and coordination, and using the right equipment.

6. EVOLUTION OF RADIO
1.Hardware driven radios:
Transmit frequencies, modulation type and
other radio frequency (RF) parameters are
determined by hardware and cannot be
changed without hardware changes.
2. Digital radios:
A digital radio performs part of the signal
processing or transmission digitally, but is not
programmable in the field
3. Software Defined Radios:
All functions, modes and applications can 6
be configured and reconfigured by
software

7. RADIO SPECTRUM: THE UNSEEN GOLD
Common Frequency Band
 AM radio - 535 kHz to 1.7 kHz
 Short wave radio - bands from 5.9 to 26.1 MHz
 Television stations - 54 to 88 MHz for channels 2 - 6
 FM radio - 88 to 108 MHz
 Television stations - 174 to 220 MHz for channels 7 - 13
Other Frequency Uses
• Garage door openers - Around 40 MHz
• Standard cordless phones: Bands from 40 to 50 MHz
• Baby monitors: 49 MHz
• Radio controlled airplanes: Around 72 MHz
• Radio controlled cars: Around 75 MHz
• Wildlife tracking collars: 215 to 220 MHz
• Cell phones: 800 to 900 MHz
• Air traffic control radar: 960 to 1,215 MHz
• GPS: 1.227 & 1.575 GHz
• Deep space radio communications: 2.290 to 2.3 GHz 7

8. RADIO SPECTRUM PLAN
“Radio Spectrum Master Plan”, Annex 1, Page 14, IDA RSMP v2.1 April 2008, IDA Website
Broadcasting
Mobile Services Fixed Services Short Range Devices
Services
• Public Cellular Mobile • Point to point fixed • Digital Broadcast • Radio Local Area
• Public Radio Paging links • Analog Broadcast Networks
8
• Mobile Data • Fixed wireless access • Ultra wideband
• Trunked Radio • High Altitude Platform
• Wireless Broadband Stations
• Other fixed services

9. EXISTING SPECTRUM UTILISATION
I’m an
M1 user...
Your Operator pays
BUT
SGD 20 million
for 10 MHz of 9
“Spectrum-Sharing Research and Policy Formulation in Asia-Pacific”, Presentation by IDA CTO Dr Tan
3G Spectrum!
Geok Leng

10. Ooopss...

11. SO WHAT IF….
All Available!
No Lower cost Lower phone 11
Scarcity for operators bills for you??

12. 12
2  Cognitive Radio – So what‟s the big deal?

13. VALUE PROPOSITION
 EfficientSpectrum Utilization
 Higher Accessibility
 Greater Ease of Use
 Better Adaptability
 Improved Interconnectivity
 Increased Scalability
 Improved Reliability

14. IMPROVEMENT IN ACCESSIBILITY
User uses single device to access various networks and services. User
indicates his needs and CR scans for the services available and presents
the options to the user.
Would you like
mobileTV ?
Would you like
SatTV ? Would you like
InternetTV ?
Cellular services
Satellite services
WiFi services
Broadcasting services
other services
I wish to
watch a
Would you like 14
movie
BroadcastTV ?

15. IMPROVEMENT IN EASE OF USE
 Device is aware of user‟s goals and priorities, and capable of
autonomously adjusting its operation to simplify the tasks and relieve
user from burden of manual intervention.
Cellular services
WiFi services
A home Wifi network is now
available, I‟d switch over since this
is „lower cost / higher user
preference‟ 15

16. IMPROVEMENT IN ADAPTABILITY
 Device adapts automatically to local environment. When user
roams across borders, the device performs self-adjustment to stay
in compliance with local radio operations and emissions
regulations.
16

17. IMPROVEMENT IN INTERCONNECTIVITY
 Cognitive radio enables ease of communications among multi-
terminal / multi-frequency communication devices.
17

18. IMPROVEMENT IN SCALABILITY
 Devices communicate in the form of collaboration among neighbor
devices via a series of hops. The network can potentially scale to
large numbers of users.
Hello
CR enables users to communicate
Hi with each other directly without
transmitting over infrastructure
Hi
CR enables users to communicate with each 18
other in the form of collaboration among
neighbor devices via a series of hops

19. IMPROVEMENT IN RELIABILITY
 CR‟s self-configuring mesh wireless networks avoid disruption or
failure by re-routing around node failures or congestion areas,
thereby enabling more robust and reliable communications.
19

20. VALUE PROPOSITION
Improvement in
key components
 Spectrum (Integrated Circuit
Utilization High & Antenna) Diffusion
 Accessibility Cognitive
 Ease of Use Radio
 Adaptability Value
 Interconnectivity
 Scalability Traditional
 Reliability Radio
Low
Price, Performance, Size
• Declining Price
• Increasing Performance
• Reducing Size
20
Sources:
S.Wang, L.Xie, H.Liu, B.Zhang, H.Zhao. ACRA: An Autonomic and Expandable Architecture for Cognitive Radio Nodes 978-1-4244-7555-1/10 2010 IEEE
I.Filippini, E.Ekici, M.Cesana - Minimum Maintenance Cost Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks 978-1-4244-5113-5/09 2009 IEEE
P.Carbonne, T.Hain, Market Assessment Report On selected Cognitive Radio Systems value propositions ICT-2007-216248 2009 End-to-End Efficiency
Cognitive Radio Definitions and Nomenclature Approved Document SDRF-06-P-0009-V1.0.0 2008 SDR Forum

21. 21
3  Cognitive Radio – Where are we today?

22. THE RADIO ARCHITECTURE TODAY
Key
Component
Tunable Antenna
Antenna Control Signal
1
Impedance Power
Coupler Amplifier DAC
Synthesizer
0 Antenna
Control Unit
1 (ACU)
ADC
0
Impedance Synthesizer Control Signal
Key
22
Component

23. COGNITIVE RADIO SOFTWARE
CR Software Functions
Adaptive Self-
algorithms configuration
Wideband
Distributed Mission-oriented
Frequency collaboration configuration
Sensing
Policy and configuration databases
Security 23
Source “Future Directions for Cognitive Radio”, P Pawełczak, Cognitive radio defying Spectrum Management, 2008 W. Lemstra & V. Hayes

24. TECHNOLOGY ENABLER
CR Software Functions
Security
Policy and configuration databases
Wideband
Frequency Adaptive
Self-configuration
Sensing algorithms
Mission-oriented Distributed
configuration collaboration
IC Chip
1
Development
Power Up
Coupler
Amplifi Con. Antenna Improvement criteria
er 0 Control
Unit
• Performance
AD (ACU) • Price
C Feedback Information • Size 24
Source “Future Directions for Cognitive Radio”, P Pawełczak, Cognitive radio defying Spectrum Management, 2008 W. Lemstra & V. Hayes

25. CURRENT COGNITIVE RADIO PROTOTYPE
2.75 billion
transistors
XILINX®
®
VIRTEX - 6 TM
XC6VLX240T
DTX01975842837
57628485789
240,000
reconfigurable
logic cells
Wideband
Self Adaptive
Frequency 25
Configuration Algorithm
Sensing
25
Souce: Harnessing FPGAs for Beamforming Software Radio Systems. Rodger Hosking (February 2011).
From http://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/9204?start=1

26. MOVING TOWARDS COMMERCIALIZATION
FPGA ASIC
• Field • Application
Programmable Specific
Gate Array Integrated
• Designed to be Circuit
configured by • Customized for
the customer or a specific use
designer • Cost effective
• Flexibility in
complex design

27. COST ANALYSIS
1 1E+11
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Estimated chip
0.1 1E+10
price (2010):
1E+09
0.01
$ 110
Transistor Price (US$)
2.75 billion 100000000
0.001
transistors
10000000
0.0001
1000000
2010 transistor
1E-05
cost: 100000
1E-06 $4 x 10^-8
10000
1E-07 Average chip
1000
price in
1E-08
100
commercial
Transistor Count
Approx. 2017
1E-09 transistor: 10 wireless device
$9.1 x 10^-9
1E-10 1 (2010):
Average transistor price Forecast Average Transistor Price $25
Transistor Count Forecast Transistor Count
2017 27
Sources:
• The Singularity is Near. Ray Kurzweil, (2005) Min. threshold of performance
• .http://www.xilinx.com/
• http://www.altera.com/ Max. threshold of price
• http://www.isuppli.com/

28. SIZE DOES MATTER! Infineon
Future CR Device
X-Gold 618
Concept
35 mm
Pentek Model 71620 8 mm
Apple
iPhone 4
Xilinx Virtex-6
2010 2017 and beyond
Nallatech/Fidelity
Comtech
2006
28
Microsoft-funded prototype
cognitive radio Source: http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800528084_499488_NP_ec0ab0fd.HTM

29. TRADITIONAL PATCH ANTENNA
 Microstrip antenna is a printed antenna, consists of a flat "patch" of
metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal ground plane.
Materials:
Conducting layers:
- Copper foil
Insulating layers for dielectric (coated):
- epoxy resin prepreg
Dielectric material:
- Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
- FR-4 (Woven glass and epoxy)
- CEM-1 (Cotton paper and epoxy)
- CEM-3 (Woven glass and epoxy)
The improvement of microstrip antenna is mainly done by modify the
patch design and use in array 29

30. TRADITIONAL ANTENNA OF MOBILE DEVICE
 Characteristic – customizable, small size and effective integration with
transceiver chips on circuit boards U shape with different voltage
settings to tune frequency band.
Limitation:
 Narrow frequency range,
 Limited selectable bands
30
Principles and Applications of The Folded Inverted Conformal Antenna (FICA) Technology – Marco Maddaleno, Timoteo Galia,
Motorola, Conferge 2005

31. KEY COMPONENT OF COGNITIVE RADIO -
ANTENNAS
Cognitive radio requires 2 antennas :
 “Sensing antenna” – wide-band antenna which continuously monitors the
frequency spectrum for activity
 “Reconfigurable antenna” – narrow-band antenna which dynamically tune to a
specific range within the frequency spectrum to perform data transfer.
Logic Flow Cycle:
1. Sense -> Sensing antenna
2. Analyze
3. Decide
4. Tune in -> Reconfigurable antenna
Source: Implementation of a Cognitive Radio Front-End Using Optically Reconfigurable Antennas - Y. Tawk,
M. Al-Husseini, S. Hemmady, A. R. Albrecht, G. Balakrishnan, C. G.Christodoulou

32. METHOD OF IMPROVEMENT FOR
COGNITIVE RADIO ANTENNAS
 Microstrip antennas with both the sensing and
reconfigurable antenna structure incorporated together
on the same substrate.
Substrate Patch
• Size: Relatively small in size using flat
"patch“.
• Price: Relatively easy and cheap to
fabricate (use etching and
photolithography)
• Performance
• Sensing Antenna – improve the width of
frequency spectrum sensing band
• Reconfigurable Antenna – increase the
number of selectable frequency bands
32
Grounding

33. SENSING ANTENNA –
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
Sensing Antenna design contributes to improvement in the width of
sensing frequency range.
A normal design yields sensing range of 4-9 GHz
Improved design with fractal shapes yields wider sensing range of 2–11 GHz
33

34. RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA –
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
Number of selectable frequency bands can be increased by having more
rotatable positions 5 rotatable
2 rotatable positions positions
2 selectable frequency bands  5 selectable frequency bands 34
Source: Implementation of a Cognitive Radio Front-End Using Rotatable Controlled Reconfigurable Antennas - Y. Tawk, Student Member,
IEEE, J. Costantine, Member, IEEE, K. Avery, Member, IEEE, and C. G. Christodoulou, Fellow Member, IEEE
A New Reconfigurable Antenna Design for Cognitive Radio - Y. Tawk, and C. G. Christodoulou, Member, IEEE

35. RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA –
PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT
Number of selectable frequency bands can be increased by having more
control switches
2 switches 3 switches
 3 selectable frequency bands
 8 selectable frequency bands
Source: Implementation of a Cognitive Radio Front-End Using Optically Reconfigurable Antennas - Y. Tawk1, M. Al-Husseini3, S.
Hemmady1, A. R. Albrecht2, G. Balakrishnan2, C. G. Christodoulou1

36. POTENTIAL FOR IMPROVEMENT OF COGNITIVE RADIO
 Integrated Circuits
Reduction in scale of transistors increases speed, reduces cost & size of
Cognitive Radio systems.
 Antennas
Improvements in antennas enable Cognitive Radio systems to monitor and utilise
wider spectrum range.
 Sensing Antenna
Width of sensing frequency range can be further improved with better design.
 Reconfigurable Antenna
Number of selectable frequency bands can be further increased by having
more rotatable positions or/and control switches.
36

37. HOWEVER... HERE ARE SOME POTENTIAL LIMITS
 Integrated Circuits processor performance improvement may be unable
to keep up with the algorithmic complexity required for Cognitive Radio
to utilize very high frequency spectrum.
Improvements are limited by Shannon‟s Law: C=B*log(1+S/N)
C = information capacity; B = bandwidth; S = signal power; N = noise
To modulate at frequency of 1024 Hz, the Cognitive Radio systems have to sample the
waveform at twice that rate and the ICs to perform this won‟t be available for 100 years.
Performance of CR driven by
Moore‟s Law (Improvements in
IC)
BUT
impeded by Shannon‟s Law
(error free wireless transmission)
37
Source: Silicon Architectures for Wireless Systems Jan M. Rabaey BWRC University of California @ Berkeley Wireless Research Center

38. 38
4  Cognitive Radio – So what‟s next?

39. CRITERIA FOR CR OPPORTUNITY GENERATION
To make
Industry Abilities to decisions Worldwide
Wide interpret data • context; goals; Regulators
Support as constraints Intervention
knowledge
CR Enabled
Develop
new Capabilities
Meeting the conclusions Resolve to all
threshold for from these Challenges for
Performance, experiences
implementation
Size, & Price
Enable New Wireless Applications 39
Opportunities

40. THE CHALLENGES FOR CR
• Major revamp in
network
Regulators • Major policy change for
Spectrum Management
infrastructure due to Network
change in operating
models
• No defined international • Inertia for adoption
standards for
Standard interworking and co- • Network Customer
existence Externalities Effect
• Larger extent of
• Size, weight, and
Security exposure of spectrum
cost Device
to potential hacking 40

41. CR STAKEHOLDERS
Software
Software Application
Testing Developers
Laboratory
Distributors Material
Providers
Equipment
Manufacturers
Material
Security Chipset Science R&D
Application Manufacturer Firm
Developers Wireless
Services
Providers
Semi-
conductor
Electronics
Content Firm
Application Manufacturer
Providers Many
Developers
More ... 41

42. OPPORTUNITIES AT A GLANCE
Technology
Enabler
Operators and
TV White Manufacturers CPC
Space
Sensor Nomadic Consumers
Network Broadband
Enabled CR Service
Cognitive Seamless Resilient
Pilot Ambient
Ubiquitous Mobility Emergency
Channel Technology
Radio Access Experience Services
Manager
42
Nolan, K. E. and Ambrose, E. and Doyle, L. E. and O'Mahony, D. 'Cognitive radio: value creation and value migration' in Proceedings of the Software-Defined
Radio Technical Conference and Product Exposition (SDR Forum 2006), Orlando, Florida, USA, 13-17 November 2006.
Markku Lähteenoja and Pål Grønsund, “Business case proposal for a Cognitive Radio Network based on Wireless Sensor Network”, Telenor ASA

43. NEW MARKET SEGMENT
Smart Home
Consumer Applications
Enterprise Applications
Rural Agriculture
CR
Peer-to-Peer Gaming
43

44. CONCLUSIONS
 Today‟s spectrum management is still based on the same principles as set
out at the time of the crystal radio. This results in highly ineffective use
of spectrum.
 Cognitive Radio systems offer a huge potential to increase
spectrum efficiency.
 In our study, we looked at the possible geometric
scaling effects and
the threshold of both hardware and software of CR, and also the
opportunities of CR becoming the next disruptive technology in spectrum
management.
 A market based approach can be a good addition to reach the goal of more
efficient spectrum usage. This means access to spectrum is based 44
on actual market demand

45. THANK YOU
45

46. BACKUP SLIDES
46

47. MOBILE COMMUNICATION 101
 Cell size vs Spectrum vs Mobile coverage
possible radio coverage of the cell
idealized shape of the cell
cell
 use of several carrier  hexagonal shape of cells is
frequencies idealized (cells overlap,
shapes depend on
 not the same frequency in
geography)
adjoining cells
 if a mobile user changes cells
 cell sizes vary from some 100
 handover of the
m up to 35 km depending on
connection to the neighbor
user density, geography, 47
cell
transceiver power etc.

48. COGNITIVE RADIO TECHNOLOGY 101
Under the current radio frequency paradigm model, it is very difficult to
make the unused spectrum available.
 What is required is a dynamic spectrum management model
Cognitive Radio, as a technology, is a tool to realize this goal
Cognitive radio, a special class of software
defined radio‟s, defies this principle as a
cognitive radio monitors the use of the spectrum
and selects an unused part for its transmission.
 This capability provides a new solution in 48
addressing the issue of spectrum scarcity.

49. MORE INFORMATION ON COGNITIVE RADIO
 The term Cognitive Radio was first suggested by Mitola
in 1999.
 He defines CR as a radio driven by a large store of a
prior knowledge, searching out by reasoning ways to
deliver the service the users want.
 The Cognitive Radio is reconfigurable and built on the software-
defined radio (SDR).
 They are controlled by powerful microprocessors which have been
programmed to analyze a number of the radio channel parameters.
 The key feature of a Cognitive Radio is its ability to recognize the
unused parts of spectrum that is licensed to a primary user and
adapt its communication strategy to use these parts while
minimizing the interference that it generates to the primary user.
49

50. COGNITIVE RADIO “SIMPLY”
It knows where it is
Itknows what services are
available, for example, it can
identify then use empty
spectrum to communicate
more efficiently
It knows what services
interest the user, and knows
how to find them
It knows the current degree
of needs and future
likelihood of needs of its user
Learns and recognizes
usage patterns from the user
50

51. THEN WHAT ARE SDRS?
 Allows the adoption of new
communication technologies by means
of simple software upgrades, rather
than replacing expensive hardware.
 Reduces the cost of upgrading and
allows immediate compatibility to be
achieved among devices used by
different agencies and organizations.
 This has the possibility of more flexibly Software
managing spectrum by time, frequency, Defined
Radio
space, power and coding of the
transmitted wave form.
Cognitive
Radio
Cognitive radio is a subset Whitespace
51
of SDRs Technology

52. GROWING INTEREST IN COGNITIVE RADIO
Statistics of Google search
engine responses for CR
(Cognitive Radio), DSA
(Dynamic Spectrum Access)
and OSA (Opportunistic
Spectrum Access) phrases
in terms of number of www
pages found
52

53. COGNITIVE RADIO COMPONENTS
Hardware Software
Antenna
Tuning Unit Software
(ATU) Modules
 Impedance Synthesizer  Wideband Frequency Sensing
 RF Power Sensor & Detector  Self-configuration
 Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)  Policy and configuration databases
 Antenna Control Unit (ACU)  Mission-oriented configuration
 Adaptive algorithms
 Distributed collaboration
53
 Security for dynamic application

54. CHALLENGES – HW DEVELOPMENT
Key Components Main Objectives Challenges
To provide a complex-conjugate matching capability for a
Impedance Synthesizer wide range of antenna impedances
To convert the analog signal to a digital signal with high
Analog-to-digital sampling rate and resolution with large dynamic range
converter (ADC) for use in the ACU
To reconfigure the antenna and impedance synthesizer
such that the matching state is optimum by generating
Antenna-Control Unit the required switch control signals by using high speed
(ACU) processor
The prominent feature of the ATU is an automatic feedback tuning
system with a digital control circuitry to maintain an optimum antenna
matching condition.
•Efficient RF hardware re-configurability 54
•Efficient control of RF hardware with a short detection time.

55. CHALLENGES – SW COMPLEXITY
Measuring which frequencies are used, estimating the
Wideband Frequency
location of transmitters and receivers, and determining signal
Sensing modulation.
Determine which frequencies can be used in which locations
Policy and configuration
and to constrain the operation of the radio to stay within
databases regulatory or physical limits.
Each module should be self-describing and the radio should
Self-configuration automatically configure itself for operation from the available
modules.
Mission-oriented Meet a wide set of operational requirements such as
operation within buildings, operation over long distances, and
configuration
operation while moving at high speed.
Able to sense its environment, adhering to policy and
Adaptive algorithms configuration constraints, and negotiating with peers to best
utilize the radio spectrum.
Able to exchange current information on their local
Distributed collaboration environment between themselves on a regular basis.
Authenticate, authorize and protect information flows of 55
Security participants.

56. CHALLENGES – IMPLEMENTATION
COMPLEXITY
 Current implementation stage is the designers are able
to address the CR software in FPGA chip:
Processor Subsystem:
-Execute software runtime system
-Execute low intensity computations
-Processed on software level
Customizable Processor Subsystem:
-Execute high intensity computations
-Need to be reconfigured at run-time
-Processed on hardware level
Future challenge: to improve its level of automation and
produce low cost device is it possible?
56

57. OUR FOCUS ON HW ANALYSIS
Embedded Device Characteristic
Application Does not versatile
Customized for a particular use,
Specific enough, and can only be
ASIC rather than intended for
used to create single-
Integrated general-purpose use.
Circuit purpose devices
Application Does not versatile
Specific Implements a specific function enough, and can only be
ASSP (off-the-shelf components) used to create single-
Standard
Products purpose devices
Electronic component used to Physically big, slow,
Programmable power hungry, and
PLD build reconfigurable digital
Logic Device circuits expensive to be
implemented for complex
functions
Integrated circuit designed to be
Field Allow flexibility in
configured by the customer or
FGPA Programmable designer after manufacturing
complex design 57
Gate Array compares to PLD
(field-programmable)

58. KEY CHALLENGE – MAJOR
POLICY CHANGE Government
Policies
•Implementation
Complexity
•Mismatch with Speed of
existing regulations Adoption
Improve
overall
•Inertia for adoption available
network and
•Control and spectrum
management capacity
difficulty
58

59. CR: A SOLUTION TO MOBILE CONSUMPTION?

60. TV WHITE SPACE TECHNOLOGY
 TV bands are sparsely used today and are
very suitable for long range, low power
wireless networks
 White space uses CR to utilise the scarce
spectrum
60
Carlos Cordeiro, “Cognitive Radios: Present and Future Directions”, Wireless Communications and Networking (WiCAN),
Philips Research North America, 2006

61. NORMADIC BROADBAND SERVICE
Sensor Network aided Cognitive Radio Services
3 Components
 Sensing architecture
 Communication
architecture
 Fusion centre
Business Model
 Rent spectrum usage
from existing provider,
utilise “available”
spectrum
 Provide
complementary
services
Markku Lähteenoja and Pål Grønsund, “Business case proposal for a Cognitive Radio Network based on Wireless Sensor
Network”, Telenor ASA

62. AMBIENT TECHNOLOGY

63. RESILIENT COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE
During emergencies or when part of communications
infrastructure is damage, CR‟s self-configuring, ad-hoc
mesh wireless networks avoid disruption or failure by re-
routing around node failures or congestion areas, thereby
enabling more robust and reliable communications.

64. MARKET SEGMENT - RURAL
Use of lower frequency range significantly improves the coverage. This reduces
the cost of communications in the less densely populated, underserved, remote,
and rural areas.
Telemedicine
Market in Brazil,
Russia, India,
China (BRIC) is
expected to reach
$418.4 million by
2014
Agri-sensors deploy out in the farm to
measure data (humidity, soil moisture, air &
soil temperature, wind speed, rainfall ) and
Telemedicine devices transfer medical info of
then transmit data for diagnose and
rural patients - data, images and live audio
alert/advice farmers on action to take.
and video feeds to urban doctors to offer
medical and treatment advice.

66. Souce: http://www.singularity.com/charts/page64.html

68. Souce: Virtex-6 FPGAs Push the Performance Envelope (2009).
From http://www.pentek.com/pipeline/18_2/Virtex6.cfm