These slides use ideas from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze when wireless charging might become economically feasible and the types of technological changes that impact on the timing of this economic feasibility. The slides show how the falling cost of power electronics, increases in the efficiency of wireless charging, and the rising demand for mobile phone usage are rapidly improving the economic feasibility of wireless charging. In particular, as the efficiencies of wireless charging over several meter distances improve, it is likely that wireless hot-spots can be used to charge phones, in addition to downloading data.
2. Presentation Outline
Smartphones
Current Trends – Impact on Power
Wireless Charging Products for the Smartphone
Charging your Smartphone – Current Technology
ENERGY GAP in Smartphones
Value Proposition – Road to True Mobility
Our Vision of Wireless Charging
Wireless Hotspots
Technology Progress
Cost Structure and Trends
Market Drivers
Array of Opportunities
Future of Wireless Charging
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3. Current Trends in Smartphones – Impact on
Power
Convergence of More transistors and
communication, migration to smaller, leakier
entertainment and computing geometries
High performance power
WhateverNeed for Speed
New Apps , be the technological advancements, it
hungry processors
ends up asking for MORE POWER
Memory consumes more
Higher Memory
power
Increased talk time demand
and craze for smaller, sleeker Higher battery capacity
devices
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4. Wireless Charging Products for Smartphones
Skins
Inductive Coupling
Cases / Covers
IT IS CHEAP!!
Charge Pads / Bundle Kits
Cost = $4.70 each (in USD) Cost = $3.60 each (in USD)
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5. Charging your Smarphone – Current technology
Wired Li-ion technology
Equipment Portability 15+ years old
User Mobility Simple energy storage, one cell
system, minimized packing
Safety
Power and energy: well balanced
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6. Relative performance improvements in Li
Battery technology VS HDD / CPU
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7. Energy Gap in Smartphones
IMPLICATIONS TO CHARGING SYSTEM:
Battery Capacity – Fails to meet demand
Charging Interval – More frequent
Variance in System Charging Performance
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8. Value Proposition – Road to True Mobility
Problem • Battery is not sufficient to fulfill Smartphone power needs
Solution • Use wireless technology to fill the energy gap
• Wireless energy product that allows ‘recharging on the go’ -
Value Proposition convenient and practical manner – True Mobility
Wireless
Charging
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10. Wireless Charging Hotspots
The mobile phone is
Circuit Hotspot Source powered to tune to the
AC Electricity same frequency as the
hotspot source and in
the process of
resonant magnetic
Oscillating Magnetic Field
coupling, power is
transferred.
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11. Wireless Charging Hotspots
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12. Intelligent Wireless Charging System
Power Receiver Power Transmitter
•Wireless power Detection
•Wake up fromDetection
•Wireless powerfromIDLE mode
•Wake up IDLE mode
•ID and Energy DemandAuthentication
•ID •Power Receivers
and Energy Demand
•Power Receiver Authentication
•Power Charge Complete
•Power Transfer Off
•Power Transfer according to
communication
•Power Transfer according to
communication IDLE mode
•Power Transmitter/IDLE
•Switch to
•Multiple Request for Adaptive
Energy Demands
•Request for Charging
Mode Energy Demand
(optional)
Charging Transfer Mode
Power
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13. Technology Paradigm – Wireless charging
Range
Near Field Far Field
Inductive Resonance RF /
Coupling Coupling Microwave
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14. Range
EM Resonance Coupling
Near Field Far Field
• Superior to inductive charging
• Offer larger distances between the charged device Inductive Resonance Microwave
Coupling Coupling / RF
and the source
• Easily charge multiple gadgets simultaneously,
regardless of their position
• Can transmit across barriers
• Blue line: Magnetic Fields
Created when the current
flows through the coil
• Yellow line: Flow of
energy from the sources
to Capture Coil
Is it practical to develop
this technology for the
mass market?
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15. Wireless Charging Hotspots: Road to
Mainstream Market
Understanding the Roadmap from Labs to Market
R&D Commercialization Market Adoption
3 Major Factors:
Technology Progress – Efficiency vs Distance / Efficiency vs Size
o Efficiency Improvement
Better Design
Better Materials
Cost Structure and Trends
o Cost of Ownership vs Market Adoption
Market Drivers
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17. Efficiency Break-down: Wired vs Wireless
~1% cable loss
99%
Connector
AC->DC DC->AC AC->DC Charge Energy
Wired storage
50Hz HiFreq control efficiency
Charger Smartphone
99% 70% 90% XX%
Magnetic field
AC->DC DC->AC AC->DC Charge Energy
Wireless storage
50Hz Hi-Freq control efficiency
Transmitter / Charger Up to 80% Smartphone
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18. Near Field Wireless Charging: Distance vs Efficiency
Proximity coupling Vicinity coupling
2
10 High Power
(100 W)
Transferred power [W]
1
10 Magnetic coupled
(10 W)
Resonance, +60%
10
0 efficiency
(1 W)
Inductive Pad
-1
10 Solutions
10-2
High Low Power
Efficiency
10-3
10-2 10-1
0
10 (1 meter)
1
10 (10 meters)
Distance [m]
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19. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency
Pushing the Mid-Range Efficiency Curve Outwards
Inductive
coupling to
Resonant Kurs, Moffat and Soljačić —
Inductive found that powering two
1.0
Coupling devices at once led to higher
0.9 efficiency than one device
alone.
0.8
0.7
Efficiency
0.6
Team from MIT,
0.5 wirelessly power a
60W light bulb
0.4 with 40%
0.3 efficiency at a 2
metres
0.2
0.1
VISION
0.0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Distance (m)
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20. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency
Technology Driven by Mass Adoption
The two receiving coils resonate with each other
as well as with the transmitting coil, and help to
reinforce the strength of the magnetic field.
Source: Simultaneous mid-range power transfer to multiple devices
André Kurs, Robert Moffatt, and Marin Soljačić
The efficiency should continue to rise as more devices are added,
climbing toward a theoretical limit of 100 percent.
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21. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency
Technology Driven by Mass Adoption
800000
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
Source: JiWire Mobile Audience Insights Report
0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
We anticipate the market for Wireless Charging Hotspot trend will follow
that of the Wi-Fi adoption Trend and the scaling effect driving efficiency
up.
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22. Near Field Wireless Charging: Size vs Efficiency
Transmitter
Receiver
• The Coils offer inductance for resonance at desired frequency.
• Size - Bigger the coil, higher the efficiency
• Higher coil Q factor offer longer range
Q = Quality factor of Transmitter / Receiver coil
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23. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency
Reducing Receiver Coil Size
Source: Limitation of inductive
power transfer for consumer
application
Eberhard Waffenschmidt, Philips
Research
1. A large size difference of the coils
reduces efficiency – Problem for Mobile
Charging with Hotspots
Typical arrangement of a wireless inductive power 2. A higher Quality Factor of coils pushes
transmission system.
the efficiency curve up
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24. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency
Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ?
Improving
K, Q1 or Q2
K – coupling coefficient
Q1 – Quality Factor of Transmitter coil
Q2 – Quality Factor of Receiver Coil
Better Better
Design Materials
Improving K,Q1 or Q2 will drive
efficiency of resonant magnetic
coupling and performance despite
limitations created by varying coil
sizes
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25. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency
Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ?
Research conducted to improve Q2 –
through Better Design
Source:
Watt-Level Wireless Power Transfer Based on Stacked Flex Circuit Technology,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
*National Semiconductor Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, USA
The multi-layer design incorporating lamination of four layers together with width
variation exhibited a Q-factor improvement of 150% in comparison to the single-
layer inductor.
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26. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency
Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ?
Research conducted to improve k –
through Better Design
Source:
Optimization of Near Field Coupling for Efficient Power Transfer Utilizing Multiple
Coupling Structures , Devin Wells Williams
As the spacing decreases between the elements, the magnitude of the coupling
between that structure and the receiving element increases Coupling coefficient
(k) increases
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27. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency
Reducing Receiver Coil Size – How do we improve Efficiency ?
Research conducted to improve k –
through Better Materials
Source:
Wireless Power Transmission Efficiency Enhancement With Metamaterials,
MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC RESEARCH LABORATORIES
The use of negative-index Metamaterials to enhances coupling coefficient (k) of
two resonators and improves efficiency.
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28. Overcoming Barriers: Push for Efficiency
Recent Research Breakthrough on Wireless Power Transfer
March 14, 2012
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30. Efficiency Vs Cost
Increasing Efficiency– Impact on Cost
Increasing the number of stacks
Adding Material
Reducing space between coils
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31. Cost Analysis for Wireless Charging – BOM Level
Powdered-iron-based, wireless
charging receiving coil
Cost = USD $5.48
TI’s bq500210 Transmitter IC
Cost = USD $3.95
TI’s bq51013 Receiver IC
Cost = USD $3.50
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32. Cost Analysis for Wireless Charging: Reducing
Cost – In the footsteps of Integrated Circuits ???
1] Increasing the
number of stacks
2] Adding
Material
3] Reducing space
1] More process steps overtime
between coils
2] Increasing number of layers with technology node
3] Smaller and smaller feature Size overtime
Cost Reduction in IC manufacturing had been
possible with advances in science enabled by
research, better manufacturing equipment with
benefits from reduction in scale.
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33. Improvements in System Integration - Size & Cost
Path to delivering Power on to the IC directly
System Integration 3D IC and SiP Power delivery from coil/inductor to the Die
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34. WIFI vs Wireless Power Transfer
Data Transfer Rate declines with distance
True Mobility attained from shifting to
Wireless
Efficiency
Push
Wireless Adapter Transmits Radio
Signal. Router Receives the Signal.
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35. Cost Reductions in Wireless Power
Integrated Circuit (IC)
Wireless Power Chip Set Pricing Forecast (Anticipated)
(in dollars)
2011 - Texas Instruments Incorporated introduced its
next-generation bqTESLA™ wireless power
transmitter integrated circuit (IC). The IC lowers the
9.10 transmitter bill of materials cost by more than 50
percent, compared to existing solutions, by integrating
the transmitter and supporting components into a
The price of wireless routers fell from
single chip.
$1,000 in 2000 to just $59 in 2004.
- Dean Takahashi, San Jose Mercury News. 4.50
Market
Adoption
Latest reports suggest the
inclusion of the
"revolutionary" wireless
charging feature in Galaxy
S3. 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
– International Business Times,
March 22,2012.
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36. Mobile Apps for Intelligent Wireless Charging
Apps will help to
Increase efficiency of wireless
charging
Control the cost of charging for
consumers
Make the product more
economically feasible and
commercially viable Wireless Hotspot Detected:
- NUS Hspot ))))))) Excellent
- McD Hspot ))) Average
Estimated cost for full charge: $0.10
Amount in account: $10.32
Top-up account
Share power mode
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38. Market Drivers for Wireless Charging
Road to
True Mobility User
Expectation
Limits to Competing
Technologies
Efficiency Improvements
Rapid Market Growth
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39. Wireless Charging System Scenarios
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40. Advantages of Wireless charging
Universal wireless charging environment
Convenient & Simple to use
Safe, Reliable & Efficient
Low Maintenance Cost
Environmentally Protective
More Energy Savings
Reduction of Electronic Waste
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41. Array of Opportunities
Consumer Electronics Industrial Applications
• Laptops • Automated Material Handling
• Digital Cameras • Industrial Micro- Robots
• Television / Media Remotes /
Gaming controls
Wireless Charging
Solutions
Biomedical Devices Other Applications
• Implants • Electric Vehicles
• Pacemakers • LED Lighting
• Defibrillators • Military Applications
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42. Future of Wireless Power - Consumer Electronics
Wireless Power will change our world…
IN THE AIR
AT WORK
AT THE HOTEL
AT HOME AT THE CAFE
ON THE GO
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43. AT WORK
Digital Camera Coffee Mug
Laptop
Cell Phone
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44. IN THE AIR
Laptop
Cell Phone
/ Kindle
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45. AT THE HOTEL
Laptop
Digital Camera
Cell Phone
Kindle
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46. AT THE CAFÉ
Blender
Cell Phone Coffee Mug
Laptop
Kindle
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47. ON THE GO
Parking Lot
GPS Tracking System
Media Player
Cell Phone / Bluetooth Device
Charging Car Battery
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48. AT HOME
Blender
Laptop
Electric Pan
Cell Phone
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49. AT HOME
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50. Conclusion
Wireless Charging is Smart Charging
Wireless Charging would be extremely beneficial to society
Efficient & much better than conventional wired power
Freedom of movement in charging area
In near future, the world will be completely
Eliminates tangled cords
GREEN & Universal
WIRELESS!
It is a universal, interoperable solution that meets and anticipates
immediate and future consumer needs
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51. Are you Still Wired ??
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