1. Latest Advances in Animal Biotechnology and
its Current Status in Pakistan
By
Faiza Bashir
[Bi083003]
27th Dec,2011

2. Animal Biotechnology
• The term “Animal Biotechnology”
include thousands of years of humans
selectively breeding animals as a
biotechnology:
 Observing desirable animal traits and
 Attempting to breed those traits into
successive lines of animals.

3. Animal Biotechnology Techniques
Embryo Transfer
In Vitro Fertilization
Xenotransplantation
Transgenics
Cloning
Genetic Engineering or Recombinant DNA
Technology

4. Advances in Biotechnology
• Producers are interested in the application of
biotechnology to
 Improve productivity, consistency, and quality
 Introduce new food, fiber, and medical products
 Protect the environment.

5. Potential human health applications of
transgenic animals include producing
biopharmaceuticals and generating organs,
tissues, and cells for xenotransplantation.
Criticisms of such applications involve issues
ranging from food safety and social resistance
to potential negative impacts on animal
welfare and on ecosystems.
Questions also have arisen about the
adequacy of the current regulatory structure
to assess and manage any risks created by
these technologies.

6. Review Article # 1
Recent Advances in Imaging
the Lungs of Intact Small
Animals

7. Recent Advances in Imaging the Lungs
of Intact Small Animals
• A new generation of imaging devices now
make it possible to generate both structural
and functional images for the study of lung
biology in small animals, including
common laboratory mouse and rat models.

8. Processes under Consideration
To study diverse processes such as
 Ventilation,
 Perfusion,
 Pulmonary hypertension,
Lung inflammation, and
Gene transfer

9. Technologies used to study the Diverse Processes
"Micro" X-ray computed tomography and
positron emission tomography scanners,
 Highly sensitive cooled charge coupled device
cameras for bioluminescence and fluorescence
imaging,
High magnetic field magnetic resonance
imaging scanners, and
Recent advances in ultrasound system
technology

10. Images from more than one modality can also
be fused, allowing structure-function and
function-function relationships to be studied
on a regional basis.
These new instruments, part of an emerging
suite of techniques collectively known as
"molecular imaging," provide an enormous
potential for elucidating lung biology in intact
animal models and systems.

11. Review Article # 2
Recent advances in Sex Preselection of
Cattle :Flow Cytometric Sorting of X-
& Y-chromosome Bearing Sperm
Based on DNA to Produce Progeny

12. Flow Cytometric Sorting of X- & Y-chromosome
Bearing Sperm Based on DNA to Produce Progeny
• Recent progress has led to the availability
of a method of gender preselection in
farm animals that can be used for
producing progeny in cattle, sheep, and
swine under semi-practical conditions.

13. Flow Cytometry/Cell Sorting Technology
Sperms are separated based on the inherent
difference in DNA content in the X-and Y-
chromosome bearing sperm using flow
cytometry/cell sorting technology.
Sperms are stained with Hoechst 33342 which
binds to the DNA helix in an amount
proportional to the amount of DNA thus
forming the basis for the method.

14. Success Rate
Calves of predicted sex have been born using
sorted sperm in conjunction with IVF resulting
in embryos for transfer.
 Swine, rabbits and sheep have been produced
using surgical insemination with smaller numbers
of sperm than are required for artificial
insemination.

15.  All offspring that have been born using this
technology have been morphologically normal,
and swine and rabbit offspring have shown
normal reproductive function through two
generations.
 Research to streamline hardware and improve
staining technology is ongoing, while at the
same time the method is being developed for
the commercial embryo market.

16. Review Article # 3
Practical Aspects of IVM/IVF in
Cattle

17. Practical aspects of IVM/IVF in cattle
 Recent developments in the techniques of gamete
manipulation and embryo production in vitro have
already been applied to animal breeding.
 Embryos of commercial value or high genetic
quality can be obtained in vitro from the oocytes
of slaughtered donors or from donors of high
genetic quality by ultrasound guided follicular
aspiration.
 Large numbers of cheap embryos produced in
vitro are also available for research.

18. Current Status
Many factors influence the efficiency of the
in vitro technology such as the status of the
donor and the technique used to culture the
embryos from the zygote to blastocyst stage.
The limits to the widespread use of in vitro
technology are the low freezability of the
embryos completely cultured in vitro and
some abnormalities reported in the
offspring.

19. Review Article # 4
Fluorescence Imaging In Vivo:
Recent Advances

20. Fluorescence Imaging In Vivo
• In vivo fluorescence imaging uses a sensitive camera to detect fluorescence
emission from fluorophores in whole-body living small animals.
• To overcome the photon attenuation in living tissue, fluorophores with long
emission at the near-infrared (NIR) region are generally preferred, including
widely used small indocarbocyanine dyes.
• The list of NIR probes continues to grow with the recent addition of
fluorescent organic, inorganic and biological nanoparticles. Recent advances
in imaging strategies and reporter techniques for in vivo fluorescence imaging
include novel approaches to improve the specificity and affinity of the probes
and to modulate and amplify the signal at target sites for enhanced sensitivity.
Further emerging developments are aiming to achieve high-resolution,
multimodality and lifetime-based in vivo fluorescence imaging.

21. Review Article # 5
• Review
• Real-time biomass-concentration monitoring in
animal-cell cultures
• Konstantin Konstantinov, Sandra Chuppa,
Eva Sajan, Yeong Tsai, Sungjin Yoon, Fred Golini

22. Real-time biomass-concentration
monitoring in animal-cell cultures
• The accurate, on-line measurement of cell
concentration in animal-cell cultures is an on-going
problem in bioprocess engineering, and the
development of new monitoring techniques is an area
of intensive and fruitful research.
• This article summarizes the recent advances, trends
and problems in this field and focuses, in particular,
on optical sensors, including the latest laser and
infrared probes.
•

23. Alternative Methods
• Alternative methods, such as multiple-
extinction fluorimetry, real-time imaging
and particle-size analysis, are also
discussed.
• Although many of these techniques are still
at an experimental stage, we believe that
some of them have been developed
sufficiently that we advocate their routine
use in bioprocess monitoring and control.

24. Review Article # 6
•
Cryopreservation of mammalian embryos and
oocytes: Recent advances
• Andre T. Palasz, Reuben J. Mapletoft

25. • The cryopreservation of embryos of most domestic species has become a
routine procedure in embryo transfer, and recently, advances have been made
in the cold storage of mammalian oocytes.
• The ability to sustain viable oocytes and embryos from mammalian species at
low temperature for prolonged periods of time has important implications to
basic and applied biotechnology. Recent advances in the study of physico-
chemical behaviour of different cryoprotectants, use of various macromolecule
additives in cryoprotective solutions and isolation and use of proteins of plant
and animal origin with antifreeze activity offers many new options for
cryopreservation of oocytes and embryos of animal and human origin.
• At the same time rapidly developing methods of oocyte/embryo manipulation
such as in vitro embryo production, embryo splitting, embryo biopsing for gene
and sex determination, embryo cloning and the isolation of individual
blastomers, create new challanges in cryopreservation. Very recent advances in
the cryopreservation of mammalian oocytes, in vivo- and in vitro-derived
embryos, and micromanipulated embryos are reviewed in this manuscript.

26. Current Status of Animal Biotechnology in
Pakistan
• Animal biotechnology in terms of genomics (DNA
finger printing) and vaccine for livestock are gaining
strength, while animal cloning is still at the planning
stage. Some work on Embryo Transfer Technology is
under way.
• Aside from traditional vaccines and some genomic
studies there is little Genetically Engineered (GE)
animal activity in the country.
•
• Limited quantities of chemical based veterinary
pharmaceuticals are formulated from imported raw

27. • There is no public campaign against the genetic
engineering of agriculturally-relevant animals. Actually,
there is a very little public awareness in this regard. Use
of lactating hormones in milking animals is a routine
activity.
• Dairy industry is flourishing in Pakistan and demand is
on the rise.
• Public opinion is in favor of healthy products. There is
no preference for organic nor is there any opposition to
GM products. Basic demand is to have high
productivity with less input.