This presentation show the beginning of Architecture.

1. BEGINNING OF
ARCHITECTURE
CREATED BY-
GARIMA RATHORE
B.ARCH 1ST YEAR

2. WHAT IS ARCHITECTURE
DEFINITION OF ARCHITECTURE-
“ARCHITECTURE is defined as the art and science of designing
buildings and structures.
A very famous definitions by architect’s
 "Architecture is the masterly, correct, and magnificent play of
forms under the light.“-Le Corbuiser
 "Architecture is definitely a political act." - Peter Eisenman
 "Architecture is unnecessarily difficult. It's very tough." - Zaha
Hadid
 "Architecture is an artificial fact." - Mario Botta
 "Architecture is for us, the public, and it is going to get
scuffed." - Alexandra Lange
 "Architecture is the work of nations..." John Ruskin

3. BEGINNING OF
ARCHITECTURE
To know about architecture, it is important for us to know
about old history.
BEGINNING OF PREHISTORY 35,000 BCE
SUMERIANS DEVELOP A WRITTEN LANGUAGE 3500 BCE
CONSTRUCTION OF STONEHENGE 2900-1400 BCE
EGYPTIAN OLD KINGDOM 2649-2134
BCE
EGYPTIAN MIDDLE KINGDOM 2040-1640 BCE
EGYPTIAN NEW KINGDOM 1550-1070
BCE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA 255-2460 BCE
CONSTRUCTION OF THE ZIGGURAT AT UR 2100 BCE

4. PRE-HISTORY
• Prehistory basically covers the Old Stone Age, Middle Stone
Age, and New Stone Age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic
) periods, as well as portions of the Bronze and Iron
Ages. These ages refer to the materials with which tools were
made during those periods. So the earliest tools were made of
stone and then people developed bronze and iron metal tools.

5. PREHISTORIC
STRUCTURES
built environment that does not cater to the wealthy and powerful
and does not result exclusively from the efforts of what we today
call academically trained designers.
These structures are anonymous but distinctive, archetypal forms
and they give us an understanding of:
• human response to particular environments,
• to specific local building materials,
• to elementary structural systems and
• to the nuance’s of early social conditions

6. THE STONE AGE
• In the beginning, humans were entirely preoccupied with the need to
find food. Hunting animals and gathering fruit and grains was their
means of survival.

7. PALEOLITHIC “
OLD STONE AGE”
• During this period human beings started to settle near rivers
and lakes , where they started to create the 1st PICTORIC
manifestations in their surroundings.

8. NEOLITHIC
“NEW STONE AGE”
• Neolithic-from Greek words neo and lithos meaning “new ”
and “stone”.
• NEOLITHIC means New Stone Age, and is characterized by:
• 2. The domestication of plants and animals and
• 3. The development of a sedentary lifestyle.

9. NEOLITHIC
“NEW STONE AGE”
• Neolithic Age is characteristic of the last phase of the Stone
Age, marked by the domestication of animals, the development
of agriculture, and the manufacture of pottery and textiles:
commonly thought to have begun c9000–8000 b.c. in the
Middle East.
• The Neolithic Revolution was a fundamental change in the way
people lived. The shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture
led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social
classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations. The Neolithic
Revolution is a major turning point in human history.

10. MESOLITHIC PERIOD
• It was a period of climatic instability .During the Mesolithic,
humans learned to hunt in groups and to fish, and began to
learn how to domesticate animals and plants.
• Mesolithic art is geometric, with a restricted range of colors,
dominated by the use of red ochre.

11. THE LATE STONE AGE
• Jericho was a fortified settlement, with a stone wall up to
twenty seven feet which enclosed an area of about ten acres.
Its earliest dwellings consisted of circular mud huts that may
have had conical roofs.
• The inhabitants were farmers and hunters and they buried
their dead below the hut floors.
• Mud brick was preferred building material.
• Easy to work with and manufactured from materials that were
cheap and widely available.

12. JERICHO
THE POWER OF MUD
• Mud & water with binder
such as reeds or straw.
• Moulded to rectangles and
baked in sun.
• Walls of mud brick houses
were plastered and
painted.

13. JERICHO
IMPORTANCE OF ANCESTORS
• They often buried their dead family members beneath the floors
of their homes.
• Decorated Shrines (paintings & carvings of wild animal motifs,
hunting scenes & cattle)
• To create these paintings, they would cover the wall with white
plaster, almost like a blank canvas. Then they would use
pigment bound with fats to make colorful paints. After the
grieving period ended, the family would paint over these
shrines.
• In some areas areas the skeletons of the dead were decorated.
Sometimes bodies were covered with red ocher or the necks
and the heads were painted with blue and green pigments.

14. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
• The history of ancient Egypt started with the land divided into
upper and lower Egypt
• The two regions were frequently at war with each other .
• Around 3000 BC, King Menesunited the two into a single
nation.
• Unification brought about peace that led to the development of
ancient Egyptian Civilization.
• The Egyptians were extremely religious, and their belief in life
after death was an important part of their culture.
• They believed that, in order for the spirit to live on, the dead
person's body had to be preserved, or mummified, and buried
along with supplies of food and drink, tools and utensils,
valued possessions—all the things the person had needed or
enjoyed on earth.

15. ANCIENT EGYPTIAN
• The history of ancient Egypt is divided into periods based on
ruling dynasties
Seven periods can be identified:-
• 4500 to 2000 BC Early Dynastic
• 2350 –2200 BC Old Kingdom
• 2000-1600 BC First Intermediate period
• 1600 –1717 BC Middle Kingdom
• 1350 –612 BC Second Intermediate
Period
• 612 –539 BC New Kingdom
• 539 –330 BC Greek-Roman Period

16. THE EARLY DYNASTIC
PERIOD
(4500 to 2000 B.C.)• Egyptian history is usually divided according to the 30
dynasties (series of rulers of the same family) listed by an early
historian.
• The first dynastic period began about 3000 B.C. with the
legendary ruler Menes (also called Narmer), who united Egypt
under one government and founded the capital city of
Memphis.
• A carved slate slab, or palette, made about 3000, shows
Narmer , his raised arm holding a club, about to crush the head
of his enemy. In the Narmer palette the human form is
portrayed in a way that became standard in Egyptian art.
• The head and legs are shown from the side, while the eye and
shoulders are shown from the front.

17. THE OLD KINGDOM
(2350 –2200 B.C.)
• The first great period of Egyptian civilization, called the Old
Kingdom, began during the rule of King Zoser.

18. STEP PYRAMID AT
SAQQARA

19. THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
(1600 –1717 B.C.)
• About 2150 the central Egyptian government seems to have
fallen apart. Egypt once more became a series of separate
states in great confusion.
• During this time little building or sculpture was done.
• Eventually, about 2040, a central government was again
organized under a strong king. King Mentuhotep II revived the
architecture of the Old Kingdom.
• His tomb included a courtyard, terrace, temple, and the king's
burial chamber at the end of a long passage that had been cut
into the solid rock of the cliffs.
• The tomb had a highly original design that was copied
centuries later for Queen Hatshepsut's famous temple.

20. THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
(1600 –1717 B.C.)
• In this period the best tombs built by wealthy nobles were cut
into great rock cliffs.
• The most famous are at Beni Hasan in Middle Egypt, on the
east side of the Nile.
• The tombs have columned entryways and halls.
• The inside walls are covered with paintings and relief
sculptures.

21. THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
(1600 –1717 B.C.)
• The Middle Kingdom came to an end with a series of foreign
invasions. Soon after the beginning of the 16th century the last
of the invaders were driven from Egypt.
• The new Egyptian kings were warriors, and they began
conquering nearby states.
• Their conquests made Egypt the richest and most civilized
power of the time, the ruler of a great empire.
• The empire was rich in gold, there were countless slaves, and
money from tribute added to the wealth.
• This explains the richness of New Kingdom architecture.

22. THE NEW KINGDOM
(612 –539 B.C.)

23. THE NEW KINGDOM
(612 –539 B.C.)

24. THE NEW KINGDOM
(612 –539 B.C.)

25. TEMPLE OF DEIR EL-BAHRI
• The most beautiful of these is the temple of Deir el-Bahri. It
was built about 1470 by the famous Queen Hatshepsut.
• A series of terraces was surrounded by colonnades and
connected by ramps.
• This temple was built entirely of fine limestone. In contrast, the
nearby temple of Ramses II was built (about 1250) entirely of
sandstone--a coarse material that is easy to work with.

26. TEMPLE OF DEIR EL-
BAHRI

27. TEMPLE OF DEIR EL-
BAHRI

28. THE NEW KINGDOM
(612 –539 B.C)
• The centuries following the
close of the New Kingdom (11th
to 8th centuries) produced little
beyond a weak continuation of
New Kingdom traditions.
• Egypt was divided into two or
more nations much of this time.
• No major architecture of the
time survives.
• Even royal tombs of the period
are unknown. Dynasty XXX
(378-341) was the last native
dynasty of Egypt. It has left a
few shrines and hard stone
reliefs .

29. THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
(2550-2460 BCE)
• The construction of a true geometrical pyramid was achieved
during the reign of Cheops, son of Snefru .
• This was located at Giza.
• This pyramid is called the Great Pyramid. because of its size.
• The pyramid is 482 ft high on a plan 760 ft square .
• Two additional pyramids were subsequently built at Giza
• The second largest in the centre was built by Chefren , the son
of Cheops.
• The third and smallest was built by Mykerinus, the son of
Chefren .
• The three together are referred to as the pyramids at Giza.

30. THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
(2550-2460 BCE)

31. THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
(2550-2460 BCE)
• The three are aligned diagonally along the projection of the
diagonal of the great pyramid .
• The small pyramids close to them were built for their Queens.
• The great pyramid has a unique internal arrangement
• First it has a chamber built below the base of the pyramid
• Another chamber was built above it known as the queen’s
chamber
• A larger burial chamber known as the king’s chamber was built
at the center of the pyramid
• This is the chamber where the king was buried in his
Sarcophagus
• The kings chamber was 35 ft by 17ft in plan and 19ft high .
• Both the king and queen chamber are connected to the
entrance on the north side .

32. THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
(2550-2460 BCE)
• Two air shafts also connect the king’s chamber to outside for
ventilation.
• Once a king is buried, the burial chamber was sealed forever
• The pyramids were designed as part of a funeral complex for
the burial of a pharaoh.
• Chefren’s complex is the best preserved example
The complex consist of three interconnected units:
• A valley temple by the river Nile where the pharaoh’s body was
embalmed .
• A pyramid mortuary temple for rituals.
• A long narrow causeway connecting the two.

33. THE PYRAMIDS OF GIZA
(2550-2460 BCE)

34. KINGS CHAMBER
• The King's Chamber is 10.47
metres (34.4 ft) from east to
west and 5.234 metres (17.17 ft)
north to south.
• It has a flat roof 5.974 metres
(19.60 ft) above the floor. 0.91 m
(3.0 ft) above the floor there are
two narrow shafts in the north
and south walls (one is now
filled by an extractor fan to try to
circulate air in the pyramid).
• The purpose of these shafts is
not clear: they appear to be
aligned toward stars or areas of
the northern and southern skies.

35. QUEEN'S CHAMBER
• The Queen's Chamber is exactly half-way between the north
and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres
(18.9 ft) north to south, 5.23 metres (17.2 ft) east to west and
has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres (20.4 ft) above the
floor.
• At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres
(15.3 ft) high.
• The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres (3.4 ft), but
has since been deepened by treasure hunters.
• In the north and south walls of the Queen's Chamber there are
shafts, which unlike those in the King's Chamber that
immediately slope upwards, are horizontal for around 2 m
(6.6 ft) before sloping upwards.
• The entrances to the chamber and to the pyramid itself were
formed by huge blocks of stone which exactly fitted into
grooves prepared for them with the most beautiful
mathematical accuracy

36. Great Ziggurat Ur
• Ur was a Sumerian city located
near the mouth of the Euphrates
river.
• The city was a thriving place by
2600 BC.
• It was considered sacred to
Nnanna, the moon god.
• The white temple was built
around 2113 to 2048 BC by the
ruler Urnammu.
• It was built on the ruins of
previous temples and
incorporated their remains

37. Great Ziggurat Ur
• It was constructed of mud bricks
reinforced with thin layers of
matting and cables of twisted
reeds.
• The Great Ziggurat was located
as part of a temple complex.
• The complex comprised of the
ziggurat and its court and a
secondary court attached to it
called the court of Nannar.
• The king was the chief priest of
the temple and lived close to it.

38. Great Ziggurat Ur
• The temple sits on a three multi-tiered Ziggurat mountain.
• Access to the temple is through triple stairways that converge
at the summit of the first platform.
• From this stage, one passed through a portal with dome roof to
fourth staircase.
• The fourth staircase gave access to the second and third
stages of the ziggurat and to the temple.
• The temple is usually access only by the priest, where gods
are believed to come down and give instructions.
• The ziggurat is believed by the Sumerians to unite the
heavens and the earth. The people believed that climbing the
staircase of the ziggurat gives a holy experience.
• The chief temple was also used as a last line of defense during
times of war. Most of what is known about what exist on top of
the ziggurat is projection.

39. THANK
YOU