Pre-reforming
Flow-schemes
Feed-stocks
Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
Case studies
Effects upon primary reformer
Data analysis
Reactor temperature profiles
Catalyst management
Summary
2. Contents
Pre-reforming
Flow-schemes
• Feed-stocks
• Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
• Case studies
• Effects upon primary reformer
• Data analysis
• Reactor temperature profiles
• Catalyst management
Summary
3. Markets
Towns Gas
• Naphtha => Town Gas, reforming &
methanation
• Market declining due to NG availability
Hydrogen
• Utility/chemical/refinery
• C1 though to naphtha => H2
• Feedstock flexibility/smaller primary
• Growing market for pre-reforming
4. Markets (contd)
Methanol
• Retrofits, increase output/efficiency
• Growing market, technology enabler, big
reactors
Ammonia
• Retrofits only
GTL
• 1,2 stage
• Very big reactors
5. Contents
GBHE pre-reforming background
• Markets
• Flow-schemes
• Feed-stocks
• Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
• Case studies
• Effects upon primary reformer
• Data analysis
• Reactor temperature profiles
• Catalyst management
Summary
6. Flow-schemes - what does
Pre-Reforming do?
What is the aim of a pre-reformer?
To react hydrocarbon feed with steam to give a methane
rich product suitable for further downstream reforming.
Pre-reforming works as an adiabatic steam reforming
step over a Ni based catalyst.
The basis for the reforming may be considered
as the reaction between a hydrocarbon and steam
• steam / methane reaction
• water / gas shift reaction
8. Flow Scheme -
Desulfurization
Pre-Reforming catalyst is poisoned by sulfur.
The performance of the sulfur removal
system is important for the pre-reformer.
The sulfur removal system may be designed
in accordance with any well proven system
but must achieve less than 0.1 ppm wt sulfur
throughout the catalyst life.
Ultra-purification recommended for natural
gas applications
9. Advantages of Pre-reforming
Fuel savings over stand alone primary reformer
Reduced capital cost of reformer
Higher primary reformer preheat temperatures
Lower involuntary steam production
Increased feedstock flexibility
Higher activity primary reforming catalyst for
naphtha based plants
Lower overall steam to carbon ratios
Provides protection for the main reformer
Reliable and easy operation
10. Contents
GBHE pre-reforming background
• Markets
• Flow-schemes
• Feed-stocks
• Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
• Case studies
• Effects upon primary reformer
• Data analysis
• Reactor temperature profiles
• Catalyst management
Summary
11. Feedstock
Following feeds may be fed to a pre-
reformer reactor
• Natural gas
• Refinery Off Gas
• Synthesis Gas derived from coal/oil
gasification
• LPG’s
• Naphtha (up to FBP 240°C)
• Kerosene
• Methanol
• Ethanol
13. Feedstock contd
For naphtha feeds over pre-reforming
catalyst there are limits on
• Aromatic content – normally 10 wt%
• Naphthene content – normally 25 wt%
• When considered together < 40 wt% has
been applied
14. Feedstock contd
Following feedstock data is
required for assessment of
performance:
•Gas and LPG feeds
•Full composition
•Level of impurities
•For Naphtha feeds
•PONA analysis
•Level of impurities
•C/H ratio and molecular weight
•FBP
15. Contents
GBHE pre-reforming background
• Markets
• Flow-schemes
• Feed-stocks
• Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
• Case studies
• Effects upon primary reformer
• Data analysis
• Reactor temperature profiles
• Catalyst management
Summary
16. Pre Reformer Loading
Extremely important to achieve a uniform
loading
Any zones of low or high voidage will
reduce catalyst life
• Check man-way plugs
No meshes should be used in the vessel
Thermocouples must be positioned
correctly and height recorded
Loading procedure will be provided
Loading assistance may be provided
19. Catalyst Drying
For catalyst subjected to low temperature
(ie <0oC)
Dry using Nitrogen
175 to 250°C
NG can be used below 200°C
4 to 24 hours
Dry air, not suitable for prereduced
First start-up of prereduced
20. Catalyst Heating
Normally heated using nitrogen
Absorbed moisture
Initial heating rate, 50°C per hour
Max temp differential in bed 100°C
At 200°C, 70°C per hour
Heating till peak 400°C, min 370°C
High circ rate, max pd 2 bar
21. Catalyst Heating continued
Warm-up rates
Rapid warm-up minimises energy usage/time
Traditional constraints of equipment
Controllability
Limited by mechanical considerations of vessel
Catalyst, 150-170oC per hour
24. Catalyst Start-up
When operating temperature has been achieved
Check for build-up of carbon oxides and hydrocarbons
Addition of 10 mol % Hydrogen
Followed by steam
Introduce process feed, maintain safe S:F ratio
Ensure feed lines are drained and warmed
Vent steam to atmosphere before cutting in
25. Heating using Natural Gas
Using NG as heating medium
No impurities
Immediate start-up
50°C per hour, max differential 100°C
At 200°C introduce steam
• Min S:C 0.3kg/kg at 200°C
• Min S:C 0.5kg/kg at 400°C to 450°C
• Increase to design feed and S:F
26. Contents
GBHE pre-reforming background
• Markets
• Flow-schemes
• Feed-stocks
• Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
• Case studies
• Effects upon primary reformer
• Data analysis
• Reactor temperature profiles
• Catalyst management
Summary
27. Process benefits of pre-reforming
Moves reforming load from
Primary
Better reformer design
• Higher thermal efficiency in radiant box
• Raises pre-heat temps before carbon formation
issues
• Feedstock flexibility
Reduced steam export
• Heat is recovered from duct
Demonstrated using case studies
28. Process Benefits- Case Study
Case 1 – Base Case – no pre-reformer installed
Case 2 – Pre-reformer installed
Case 3 – Pre-reformer installed and plant rate
increased until firing on the reformer is the same
as Case 1
29. Effect of a Pre-reformer on Primary
Reformer Performance
Parameter Units Case 1
Plant rate % 100
Methane slip mol % (dry) 12.84
ATE °C 1.8
Pressure drop bar 1.26
Maximum TWT °C 809
Fluegas temperature °C 898
Radiant efficiency % 68.7
Fuel rate change % 0
Case 2
100
12.76
1.1
1.28
803
885
69.4
-8.8
Case 3
109
12.79
1.3
1.49
807
898
68.7
0
30. Contents
GBHE pre-reforming background
• Markets
• Flow-schemes
• Feed-stocks
• Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
• Case studies
• Effects upon primary reformer
• Data analysis
• Reactor temperature profiles
• Catalyst management
Summary
31. Effect of a Pre-reformer on Primary
Reformer Performance
For new plants, there are CAPEX benefits
• Can reduce tube count on a new hydrogen plant by over
5%
• Fuel usage can be reduced by 8%
For existing plant, excellent revamp opportunity
• Additional throughput or feedstock flexibility
In summary
• Significant potential economic benefits
• Overall benefits plant specific
32. Effect of a Pre-reformer on Primary
Reformer Performance contd
Good performance depends on good design and
preparation of the reactor
It is not simply another catalyst bed
Guaranteed operation assumes plug flow
through the bed
Guaranteed operation relies on good catalyst
management
33. Effect of a Pre-reformer on Primary
Reformer Performance contd
Travelling
(or multi-point)
thermocouple
Catalyst
Graded
Ceramic Balls
Catalyst
discharge
nozzle
(alternative)
Catalyst discharge
nozzle (typical)
34. Effect of a Pre-reformer on Primary
Reformer Performance contd
Good performance is achieved
through
Even gas distribution
Adequate temperature
measurement
Thorough pre-commissioning
Correct catalyst charging
procedures
Good operating practices
35. Contents
GBHE pre-reforming background
• Markets
• Flow-schemes
• Feed-stocks
• Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
• Case studies
• Effects upon primary reformer
• Data analysis
• Reactor temperature profiles
• Catalyst management
Summary
36. Pre Reforming Data Analysis
Good data is key to understanding
performance of the pre reformer
Data includes
• Temperatures inlet and outlet the bed
• Temperatures through the bed
• Gas analysis inlet and outlet bed
• Feedstock and steam flows inlet bed
• Bed pressure drop trend
37. Pre Reforming Data Analysis
Careful monitoring of
temperatures inlet, outlet and
through the bed allows
• Problems to be detected early on
Sulfur poisoning, wetting etc
• Problems to be resolved before
there has been too much damage
caused
• Estimation of residual life
38. Contents
GBHE pre-reforming background
• Markets
• Flow-schemes
• Feed-stocks
• Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
• Case studies
• Effects upon primary reformer
• Data analysis
• Reactor temperature profiles
• Catalyst management
Summary
39. Reaction Profile
Reaction Zone Length
End Of Reaction Zone
Thermoneutral
Point
Minimum
Reaction
Temperature
Beginning Of
Reaction Zone
Preheat
Temperature
Temperature°C
Distance through bed
41. Reaction Profile
By monitoring relative movement
of specific points on the profile,
• See if there is sulfur poisoning
• See if there is excessive sintering
• See if there is mal-distribution
But rate changes will affect
positions of profiles
43. Temperature Profiles
Natural Gas - Effect of Plant Rate
Changes in plant rate affect
profile
• Increases in rate
Increases the length of profile
Decreases the gradient
• Can be mistaken for sintering
45. Temperature Profiles
Changes in Inlet Temperature
Increases in inlet temperature
• Shorten profile length
• Steeper profile gradient
• Change exit temperature
50. Contents
GBHE pre-reforming background
• Markets
• Flow-schemes
• Feed-stocks
• Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
• Case studies
• Effects upon primary reformer
• Data analysis
• Reactor temperature profiles
• Catalyst management
Summary
51. Catalyst Management
Draw the pre-reformer catalyst profile
weekly
Examine profile and check for
• poisoning
• carbon polymer formation
• sintering
Plot “end of reaction zone” (EOZ or
Z90) against time
53. Predicting End-of-Life
The EOZ (or Z90) plot is the most useful tool
Waiting for ethane or higher hydrocarbon
slip is too late
Ultimate limits are
when feed preheat limitations are
reached
when C2
+ slip is unacceptable for
reforming catalyst
• EOL of VSG-Z101 catalyst often taken to
be when C2
+ slip of 2000 ppm v/v of the
wet rich gas.
54. Summary
Successful Pre-reforming requires
• A good catalyst
• Careful Operation/Procedures
GBHE VSG-Z101 catalysts are well suited
to withstand operating rigors
And come with the GBHE Experience - the
learning which is so essential to well
advised operation