This document provides an overview of key concepts in physical science including:
1) Kepler's laws of planetary motion which describe how planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus.
2) The structure of the Earth which is composed of layers including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and inner and outer cores.
3) The composition of matter including its physical and chemical properties as well as changes in state that can occur.
4) Important scientists such as Ptolemy, Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Tycho Brahe, Avogadro, Lavoisier, and others who contributed to our understanding of astronomy, chemistry and physics.
12. SCIENTISTS
• PTOLEMY (Earth Centered Model - geocentric)
• GALILEO (Telescope)
• COPERNICUS (Sun Centered Model – heliocentric)
• JOHANNES KEPLER (Laws of Planetary Motion)
• TYCHO BRAHE (Detailed observation of heavenly
bodies without aid of telescope)
13. KEPLER’S LAWS
1. Law of Ellipses
Orbit of the planets is eccentric
Orbit can be highly elleptical (round)
Orbit can be non-highly elleptical (flat)
14. KEPLER’S LAWS
2. Law of Equal Areas
A radius vector joining any planet to the
sun sweeps out equal areas in equal time
15. KEPLER’S LAWS
3. Law of Period
The shorter the revolution of a planet
around the sun, the shorter it’s orbit
47. SCIENTISTS
• Amadeo Avogadro
• Anton Lavoisier
• Joseph Prousz
• Niels Bohr (Planetary Model of Atom)
• Henry Moseley (atomic number justification)
• Goldstein & Rutherford (protons)
• JJ Thompson (electron)
• James Chadwick (neutron)
48. Amadeo Avogadro
• Fundamental unit of matter
• Avogadro’s Number
NA = 6.022 x 10
- numbers of elementary particles
- proportion
- atomic scale vs human scale
53. Formulas for writing Substances
• Molecular - shows actual number of
atoms
• Empirical - shows the ratio of atoms
6:12:6 = 1:2:1
54. X = Element
A =Atomic Mass
Z = Atomic Number
n = neutron
p+ = protons
e- = electrons
A = p+ + n
n = A - z
Determining numbers of particles using Atomic
Mass and Atomic Number
55. ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
• In atomic physics and quantum chemistry,
the electron configuration is the distribution
of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other
physical structure) in atomic or molecular
orbitals. For example, the electron
configuration of the neon atom is 1s2 2s2 2p6.
57. In showing Electronic Configuration
• Elements
• Atomic Number of element
• Electrons (core, outer / valence)
• Energy levels
• Orbitals
• Pauli’s exclusion principle
• Hund’s Rule of electron pairing
• Afbau Building Principle
• Octet rule
