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Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী

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MD.HABIBUR RAHMAN

This pdf is shared for easy access to Bangla Linux content. I dont have any association with the content of this pdf or writer. I just realized that this is a good resource of Linux in Bangla and readers should use this as It has been made free by the author. Please read the copyright statement on 2nd page for details. Thanks

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f~w gKv w jbv‡·i `yw bqvq ¯^vMZg| Avcw b ‡h‡nZy GB eBw U co‡Qb Zvn‡j ejv hvq c„w _exi mePvB‡Z kw ³kvjx Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g e¨envi Kivi c‡_ Avcw b A‡bK`~i Gw M‡q G‡m‡Qb| Avkv Kiv hvq GB eBw U cov ‡kl n‡j Avcw bI GKRb AvZ¥w ek¦vmx w jbv· e¨enviKvix n‡q DV‡Z cvi‡eb| w jbv· m¤ú‡K© hv‡`i mw VK aviYv ‡bB Zv‡`i g‡b w jbv· memgqB GKUv fxw ZKi iƒc w b‡q Avw ef©~Z nq| g~jZ AÁZv ‡_‡KB GB f‡qi m„w ó| GB AÁZvB Avgv‡`i‡K w jbv‡·i A`g¨ ¶gZv e¨envi Kiv ‡_‡K ew ÂZ K‡i ‡i‡L‡Q| w Kš‘ Gfv‡e Avi KZ w `b? GLb mgq G‡m‡Q w jbv·‡K Rvbvi, ‡evSvi I AvZ¥w ek¦v‡mi mv‡_ G‡K e¨envi Kivi| ZvB w jbv· m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi hveZxq åvš— aviYv, Kyms¯‹vi I Ag~jK fxw Z `~i K‡i Gi m¤ú‡K© ‡gŠw jK Ávb cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B GB eB‡qi Avw ef©ve| AbjvB‡b evsjv ‡UK‡bvjw R w elqK mvBU ¸‡jv‡Z w jbv· m¤ú‡K© A‡bK DcKvw i w i‡mvm© Qw o‡q w Qw U‡q _vK‡jI GKw U c~Y©v½ MvB‡Wi cÖ‡qvRb w Qj ‡hUv c‡o ‡h ‡KD w jbv·‡K mw VKfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡e Ges e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| hw `I w jbv‡·i e¨vcv‡i LyuR‡Z ‡M‡j ÒDey›UyÓ m¤úw K©Z ‡cv÷B ‡ew k Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| GB Dey›Uy ‡Kw ›`ªKZv Avgvi ‡gv‡UI fvj jv‡M w b| w jbv· gv‡bB Dey›Uy bq| w jbv‡·i RMr A‡bK w ekvj| ‡mB w ekvjZvi w KQyUvi mv‡_ n‡jI Avcbv‡`i cw iPq Kw i‡q ‡`Iqvi ‡Póv K‡iw Q GB eB‡q| w jbv· m¤ú‡K© GKRb bZyb e¨enviKvixi hv hv Rvbv `iKvi Zvi meB mnR fvlvq Dc¯’vcb Kivi ‡Póv K‡iw Q| w jbv‡·i mv‡_ Ggb fv‡e cw iPq Kw i‡q ‡`Iqv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z w jbv‡·i m¤ú~Y© w fbœ GKw U cw i‡e‡k G‡m Lvc LvIqv‡Z Kv‡iv ‡Kvb Amyw eav bv nq| eBw U c‡o Kv‡iv hw ` w jbv· m¤ú‡K© åvš— aviYv I fxw Z `~i nq Ges Aš—Z GKRbI hw ` w jbv· e¨enviKvix n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i Z‡eB Avgvi cÖ‡Póv mv_©K n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kie| ivRxe‡PŠayix
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PAGE | 8 w jbv· Kv‡K e‡j ‡mUv cw i®‹vifv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Rvb‡Z n‡e Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w K? GKRb Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix w n‡m‡e GUv Avcbvi Rvbv `iKvi| Z‡e GUv bv Rvb‡j ‡h Kw ¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv hvq bv Zv bq, w Kš‘ Avcw b ‡h‡nZy w jbv‡·i e¨vcv‡i AvMÖnx ZvB w jbv· w K w Rw bm ‡mUv fvjfv‡e ‡evSvi Rb¨ Av‡M Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g eyS‡Z n‡e| Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g mnR fvlvq ej‡Z ‡M‡j Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g n‡”Q Ggb GKw U mdU&Iq¨vi ‡hw U Kw ¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi Ges e¨enviKvixi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i Ges e¨enviKvix KZ©…K w ew fbœ Gw cø‡Kkvb mdU&Iq¨vi Pvjv‡bvi cw i‡ek m„w ó K‡i| Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Qvov Kw ¤úDUvi APj, KviY Kw ¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi mg~n‡K Kvh©Ki Ges w bqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ Gw U Acw invh©| Kv‡b©j Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi ‡h Askw U nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i ‡mw U‡K ejv nq Kv‡b©j| Kv‡b©j g~jZ cÖ‡mmi, i¨vg Ges Ab¨vb¨ nvW©Iq¨vi w WfvB‡mi mv‡_ mivmw i ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| Gw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi GKw U ‡gŠw jK Ask| Kv‡b©j cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| g‡bvw jw _K Kv‡b©j Ges gvB‡µv Kv‡b©j| g‡bvw jw _K Kv‡b©j Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Kg©¶gZv e„w ×i Rb¨ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi mKj ‡KvW Kv‡b©j G‡Wªm ‡¯ú‡m m¤úv`b K‡i ‡hLv‡b gvB‡µv Kv‡b©j ‡KvW¸‡jv‡K BDRvi ‡¯ú‡m m¤úv`b K‡i hv‡Z Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi w bqš¿Y ¶gZv evov‡bv hvq| Avevi GB `yB ai‡bi Kv‡b©‡ji myw eavmg~n‡K mgw š^Z K‡i ‰Zw i nq nvBw eªW Kv‡b©j| g~jZ g‡bvw jw _K Kv‡b©‡ji mnR mij w WRvBb Ges Mw Z Avi gvB‡µv Kv‡b©‡ji gWy¨j G·‡UÛ Kivi ¶gZv w b‡q ‰Zw i nq nvBw eªW Kv‡b©j| w jbv· w jbv· n‡”Q GKw U g‡bvw jw _K Kv‡b©j| GB Kv‡b©‡ji mv‡_ w ew fbœ w m‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi I Gw cø‡Kkvb mdU&Iq¨vi Ry‡o w `‡q ‰Zix nq w jbv· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| mvaviYfv‡e A‡b‡K w jbv·‡K Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g e‡j _vK‡jI Gw U Avm‡j ‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g bq| Gw U g~jZ GKw U Kv‡b©j| GB Kv‡b©‡ji Dci w fw Ë K‡i w bw g©Z Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K ejv nq w jbv· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji Dci w fw Ë K‡i kZ kZ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Rbw cÖq K‡qKw U nj †Ww eqvb, †iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR w jbv·, †m›U IGm, †d‡Wviv, w jbv· w g›U, Dey›Uz, I‡cb my‡m BZ¨vw `| ZvB ‡KD hw ` e‡j, w Zw b w jbv· e¨envi K‡ib Zvn‡j w Zw b w jbv· w fw ËK ‡h‡Kvb GKw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g e¨envi Kivi K_v ej‡Qb| GB eB‡ZI mn‡R ‡evSv‡bvi Rb¨ A‡bK RvqMvq w jbv· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi cw ie‡Z© ïay w jbv· ejv n‡q‡Q|
PAGE | 9 w jbv·Kv‡b©‡jiw KQy ‰ew kó¨‡R‡b‡bB gvw ëBDRvi Ñ A‡bK BDRvi GKmv‡_ jw Mb K‡i GKB mg‡q KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K BDRv‡ii Rb¨ Avjv`v Iqvw K©s Gbfvqib‡g›U _v‡K| BDRvi GKvD›U¸‡jv cvmIqvW© ‡cÖv‡U‡±W _v‡K| A_©vr GKB w i‡mvm© GK mv‡_ A‡b‡K GKB mg‡q e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvw ëUvw ¯‹s Ñ GKmv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv ‡cÖvMÖvg GKB mg‡q Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| GQvov e¨vKMÖvD‡Û ‡cÖvMÖvg Pvjv‡bvi ¶gZv iv‡L| e¨vKMÖvDÛ cÖ‡mm¸‡jv w jbv·‡K mvf©vi w n‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i Ges µgvš^‡q cÖ‡mm¸‡jv Gw ·w KDU Ki‡Z _v‡K| w jbv‡· GB e¨vKMÖvDÛ cÖ‡mm¸‡jv‡K Daemons ejv nq| MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Ñ w jbv‡· kw ³kvjx MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Av‡Q hv‡K X Window System ejv nq| GB G· DB‡Ûvi Dci w fw Ë K‡i w ew fbœ ai‡bi ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U Av‡Q ‡h¸‡jv w jbv‡· KvR Kivi Rb¨ Amvavib MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡dm w `‡q _v‡K| nvW©Iq¨vi mv‡cvU© Ñ Kw ¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Kv‡b± Kiv hvq GiKg cÖvq me ai‡bi w WfvBm w jbv‡· mv‡cvU© K‡i| w Kš‘ ‡ew kifvM nvW©Iq¨vi cÖ¯—yZKviKB w jbv‡·i Rb¨ WªvBfvi ‰Zix K‡i bv| GB WªvBfvi¸‡jv w jbv· Kw gDw bw Ui ‡W‡fjcvi I m`m¨iv w b‡RivB ‰Zix K‡i ‡bq| ‡bUIqvK© Kv‡bw ±w fw U Ñ w jbv‡· ‡bUIqv‡K© Kv‡b± Kivi Rb¨ me ai‡bi mv‡cvU© _v‡K| j¨vb KvW©, g‡Wg, w mw iqvj w WfvBm mn me ai‡bi ‡bUIqvK© w WfvBm mv‡cvU© K‡i w jbv‡·| j¨vb ‡cÖv‡UvKj (B_vi‡bU) QvovI hZ Avcvi ‡j‡fj ‡bUIqvK© ‡cÖv‡UvKj Av‡Q Zvi meB w jbv‡· w eë Bb _v‡K| TCP/IP QvovI Ab¨vb¨ ‡cÖv‡UvKj ‡hgb IPX Ges X.25 I w jbv‡· _v‡K| ‡bUIqvK© mvf©vi Ñ ‡bUIqvK© mvf©vi w n‡m‡e e¨enviKvix‡`i ‡mev cÖ`v‡bi ‡¶‡Î w jbv· ‡miv| w cÖ›U mvf©vi, dvBj mvf©vi, Gdw Uw c mvf©vi, ‡gBj mvf©vi, I‡qe mvf©vi, w bDR mvf©vi I IqvK©MÖyc mvf©vi (DHCP/NIS) me ‡¶‡ÎB w jbv· D”Pgv‡bi ‡mev ‡`q hvi ‡Kvb ZyjbvB nq bv| Gw cø‡Kkvb mv‡cvU©Ñ Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Ges Ab¨vb¨ Av‡iv A‡bK ai‡bi Application Programing Interface (API) Gi mv‡_ K¤ú¨vw Uej _vKvi d‡j w jbv‡·i Gw cø‡Kkvb mdUIq¨v‡ii AvIZvI A‡bK e¨vcK| Z‡e G¸‡jv meB w d«Iq¨vi hvi ‡ew kifvMB w RGbBD (GNU) bvgK w d« mdUIq¨vi dvD‡Ûkv‡bi evbv‡bv| w mw KDw iw U Ñ w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji w mw KDw iw U w b‡q ej‡Z ‡M‡j Avjv`v Av‡iKUv eB w jL‡Z n‡e| e¨enviKvix‡`i m‡e©v”P w mw KDw iw U ‡`Iqvi K_v gv_vq ‡i‡LB w jbv· ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q| ZvB GUv‡K w mw KDw iw U ‡dvKvmW Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ejv nq hvi cÖavb j¶¨B n‡”Q P~ovš— w bivcËv w bw ðZ Kiv| e¨vKIqvW©K¤ú¨vw Uej Ñ w jbv· Kv‡b©j Ggbfv‡e ‰Zw i Kiv nq hv‡Z A‡bK cy‡iv‡bv nvW©Iq¨v‡iI mv‡cvU© K‡i| evRv‡i bZyb Avmv nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ GUv hv‡Z w ek eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv nvW©Iq¨v‡iI Pvjv‡bv hvq ‡Zgbfv‡eB GUv evbv‡bv nq| I‡cb ‡mvm© Ñ w jbv· m¤ú~Y© I‡cb ‡mvm©| Gi gv‡b nj w jbv‡·i ‡mvm© ‡KvW mevi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y© Db¥y³| A_©vr ‡h ‡KD B‡”Q Ki‡j w jbv‡·i ‡mvm© ‡KvW w b‡q covïbv, cw ieZ©b Ggb w K ‡h‡Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨venvi I w eZiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Avevi ‡KD B‡”Q Ki‡j w jbv·‡K Av‡iv mg…× Kivi ‡¶‡Î Ae`vbI ivL‡Z cvi‡e|
PAGE | 10 w jbv·Kviv‡W‡fjcK‡i I‡cb ‡mvm© nIqvi Kvi‡b w jbv· Kv‡iv GKvi m¤úw Ë bq| A¸w YZ ‡W‡fjcvi Gi ‡cQ‡b AK¬vš— cw ikÖg K‡i hv‡”Q cÖw Z w bqZ| mv¤úªw ZK Z_¨ Abymv‡i Gi bZyb fvm©‡b 12000 jvB‡bi cw ieZ©b G‡m‡Q hv‡Z Ae`vb ‡i‡L‡Q 1,528 Rb ‡W‡fjcvi| Gi c~e©ew Z© fvm©‡b cw ieZ©b n‡qw Qj 13000 jvB‡bi Ges ‡W‡fjcv‡ii msL¨v w Qj 1,575| ïay gvÎ fvm©b cw ieZ©‡bB ‡`o nvRvi ‡W‡fjcvi Ae`vb iv‡L Avi m¤ú~Y© Kv‡b©‡j KqR‡bi Ae`vb Av‡Q w Pš‘v K‡i ‡`Lyb| Av‡iv eo K_v n‡”Q G‡`i ‡ew kifvMB Ae`vb ‡i‡L‡Q m¤ú~Y© w ebv cvw ikÖw g‡K gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Z‡i w jbv·‡K Av‡iv mg„× Kivi R‡b¨| G‡Zv ‡Mj ¯^Zš¿ ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i K_v| ïay ‡h ¯^Zš¿ ‡W‡fjcvi ivB Gi ‡cQ‡b KvR K‡i Zv w Kš‘ bv| w jbv· ‡W‡fjc‡g‡›Ui ‡cQ‡b A‡bK eo eo ‡Kv¤úvw bI KvR K‡i| B‡›Uj, ‡iW n¨vU, AvBw eGg, GGgw W, m¨vgmvs, IivK¨vj, ¸Mj, ‡U·vm BÝUªy‡g›Um, Gbw fw Wqv I ûqv‡q ‡UK‡bvjw R mn A‡bK Av‡iv ‡Kv¤úvw bB Av‡Q hviv w jbv· ‡W‡fjc‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ Rw oZ| Gi Rb¨ Zv‡`i nvRvi nvRvi ‡eZbfy³ ‡W‡fjcvi Av‡Q hv‡`i KvRB n‡”Q w jbv·‡K Av‡iv ‡W‡fjc Kiv| Avmyb ‡`‡L ‡bB w jbv‡·i bZyb Kv‡b©j fvm©‡b Avmv cw ieZ©b¸‡jv‡Z Kvi KZ Ae`vb Ñ Z_¨ m~Ît kernelnewbies.org/DevelopmentStatistics (March 9, 2016) Avkv Kw i w jbv· Kv‡b©j m¤ú‡K© Avi w KQy ‡evSv‡bvi `iKvi ‡bB| Zvn‡j Gevi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Av‡jvPbvq w d‡i hvIqv hvK| Avgiv ‡R‡bw Q cÖ‡Z¨Kw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gB GKw U Kv‡b©j _vK‡e| Zvn‡j DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Kv‡b©‡ji bvg w K? DB‡Ûv‡Ri Kv‡b©‡ji bvg n‡”Q Windows NT| Gw U ‡W‡fjc K‡i gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ikb| OSX (c~e©eZ©x bvg Mac OS) Gi Kv‡b©‡ji bvg n‡”Q XNU| Gw U ‡W‡fjc K‡i A¨vcj K‡c©v‡ikb| Windows NT Ges XNU n‡”Q nvBw eªW Kv‡b©j| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji w fw ˇZ w bw g©Z K‡qKw U Rbw cÖq Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g n‡”Q - w jbv· w g›U, ‡Ww eqvb, Dey›Uy, ‡d‡Wviv, ‡m›U IGm, I‡cb my‡m, g¨vbw W«fv, AvP© w jbv· BZ¨vw `| GB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g¸‡jv Avjv`v Avjv`v ‡Kv¤úvw b ev Kw gDw bw U ‰Zw i K‡i Ges m¤ú~Y© w ebvg~‡j¨ w eZiY K‡i _v‡K| w jbv· w Ww ÷ªw eDkvbm Aa¨v‡q w e¯—vw iZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gevi ‡gvevBj IGm Gi e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv Kw i| eZ©gv‡b me‡P‡q Rbw cÖq ‡gvevBj Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‡Kvbw U? Aek¨B GÛª‡qW| Avcw b w K Rv‡bb GB GÛª‡qW ‡Kv‡Ì‡K G‡m‡Q? GÛª‡qW n‡”Q w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji GKw U ‡gvw WdvBW fvm©b| w jbv· Kv‡b©j‡K ¯§vU©‡dvb Ges U¨ve‡j‡U Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ GUv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbgZ cw ieZ©b K‡i w b‡q‡Q ¸Mj| GB GÛª‡qWI I‡cb ‡mvm©| ZvB w KQy w KQy ‡Kv¤úvw b Avevi GÛª‡qW‡KI nvjKv cw ieZ©b K‡i Aw Zw i³ w dPvi hy³ K‡i w b‡R‡`i w WfvBm evRv‡i Qv‡o| ZvB GÛª‡qW nIqv ¯^‡Ë¡I w ew fbœ †Kv¤úvw bi ¯§vU©‡dv‡b Acv‡iw Us Gi cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| ‡Kv¤úvw bi bvg cw ieZ©‡bi nvi ‡Kv¤úvw bi bvg cw ieZ©‡bi nvi Intel 14.4% Mellanox 2.3% Red Hat 6.1% Broadcom 1.7% Linaro 6.0% Oracle 1.5% Samsung 4.3% Google 1.3% SUSE 3.2% Texas Instruments 1.3% Renesas Electronics 3.0% Huawei Technologies 1.2% IBM 2.9% NVidia 1.1% AMD 2.4% ARM 1.1%
Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Bw Znvm
PAGE | 12 G Aa¨v‡q Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Bw Znvm m¤ú‡K© Rvbe| Bw Znvm w eiw ³Ki g‡b n‡jI Avcw b hw ` GKevi Kó K‡i GB Aa¨vqw U c‡o ‡d‡jb Zvn‡j w jbv·‡K Avcbvi PvB‡Z fvj Avi ‡KD w Pb‡e bv| GQvovI Avcw b A‡bK ARvbv Z_¨ Rvb‡eb ‡h¸‡jv nqZ Avcbvi `„w ófw ½‡K cv‡ë w `‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ‡h‡nZy GUv ‡Kvb Bw Znv‡mi eB bq ‡m‡nZy ïaygvÎ w jbv·‡K ‡evSvi Rb¨ hZUyKy `iKvi ZZUyKyB Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| BDw b·(UNIX) eZ©gv‡b cÖPw jZ me ai‡bi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi ‡Mvov cËb nq hLb 1969 mv‡j AT&T ‡ej j¨ve G ‡Ww bm w iw P Ges ‡Kb _¤úmb w m ‡cÖvMÖvw gs j¨vs¸‡qR Avw e®‹vi K‡ib| KviY GB ‡cÖvMÖvw gs j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri gva¨‡gB ‡jLv nq hyMvš—Kvix Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g BDw b·| ‡Kb _¤úmb I ‡Ww bm w iw P ‡K BDw b‡·i cÖavb Avw e®‹viK w n‡m‡e aiv n‡jI eªvqvb Kvw b©snvb, WMjvm g¨vKiq Ges ‡Rv Imvbv Gbv‡`iI BDw b· m„w ói ‡cQ‡b Ae`vb w Qj| GB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷gw U g~jZ ‡ej j¨ve‡iUw i‡Z e¨env‡ii Rb¨ ‰Zw i Kiv n‡qw Qj| ‡mB mgq BDw b‡·i ‡mvm© ‡KvW w k¶v I M‡elYvi Rb¨ Db¥y³ K‡i ‡`Iqv nq| w eGmw W(BSD) 1974 mv‡j ee d¨vw eª w hw b w Q‡jb BDw bfvw m©w U Ae K¨vw j‡dvw b©qvi GKRb cÖ‡dmi Zv‡`i PDP - 11 bvgK Kw ¤úDUv‡i e¨env‡i Rb¨ ‡ej j¨ve ‡_‡K BDw b‡·i GKUv Kw c msMÖn K‡ib| d¨vw eª Ges Zvi mnKg©xiv w g‡j BDw b·‡K ‡gvw WdvB Kiv ïi“ K‡ib Ges Gi Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi ‰Zw i Kiv ïi“ K‡ib| Zviv BDw b‡·i GB ‡gvw WdvBW fvm©‡bi bvg ‡`b evK©w j mdUIq¨vi w Ww ÷«w eDkvb (Berkeley Software Distribution) ev ms‡¶‡c BSD| 1977 G BDw bfvw m©w U Ae K¨vw j‡dvw b©qvi MÖ¨vRy‡qU w ej Rq, ‡h w Qj d¨vw eªi QvÎ ‡mI G‡m w eGmw W cÖ‡R‡± ‡hvM`vb K‡i Ges Ae`vb ivL‡Z ïi“ K‡i| GB cÖ‡R‡± A‡b‡KB Ae`vb ‡i‡Lw Qj KviY Zviv g‡b K‡iw Qj GUv PvB‡j ‡h ‡KD B‡”QgZ cw ieZ©b K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z I cyb©w eZiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| w Kš‘ w ej Rq g‡b KiZ mdU&Iq¨vi Gi BDRvi‡`i ‡mvm© ‡KvW cvëv‡bvi Aw aKvi ‡`Iqv Dw PZ bq| GB Aw aKvi ïaygvÎ mdU&Iq¨vi ‡W‡fjcv‡ii Kv‡QB _vKv Dw Pr| Zvi GB aviYv ‡K ev¯—‡e iƒc ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ ‡m w eGmw W cÖ‡R‡±i Rb¨ ‡hme mdU&Iq¨vi ‰Zw i K‡iw Qj ‡m¸‡jv cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K mw i‡q w b‡q ‡m¸‡jvi jvB‡mÝ w b‡Ri bv‡g K‡i ‡bq| Zvi GB RNb¨ KyK‡g©ii e¨vcv‡i Rvbvi ci w eGmw Wi w b‡ew `ZcÖvY cÖw ZôvZv m`m¨MY Zvi Kyi“w Pc~Y© Kv‡Ri K_v Rbmg‡¶ cÖKvk K‡i Ges Zv‡K cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K ew n®‹vi K‡i| w Kš‘ ‡mUv Ki‡Z GKUy ‡`ix n‡q hvq Avi ZZw `‡b w ej w eGmw Wi bZyb GKUv fvm©b ‰Zix ‡d‡j K‡i Ges w eGmw Wi A‡bK m`m¨‡KB ‡eªBb Iqvk K‡i Zvi `‡j Uvb‡Z mg_© nq| 1983 ‡Z w ej Zvi mn‡hvMx‡`i w b‡q mvb gvB‡µvw m‡÷gm bv‡g w b‡Ri ‡Kv¤úvw b cÖw Zôv K‡i| w ej QvovI Ab¨ Av‡iKw U ‡Kv¤úvw b w eGmw W cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K ‡mvm© ‡KvW w b‡q evK©w j mdUIq¨vi w WRvBb K‡c©v‡ikb bv‡g w b‡R‡`i ¯^Ëvw aKvi hy³ K‡i w eGmw W Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g evRv‡i w b‡q Av‡m| GB ‡Kv¤úvw bi cÖw ZôvZvMY BDw bfvw m©w U Ae K¨vw j‡dvw b©qvi Kw ¤úDUvi w m‡÷g w imvP© MÖæ‡ci m`m¨ w Qj| Dennis Ritchie Ken Thompson
PAGE | 13 GQvovI 80Õi `k‡Ki ïi“‡Z gvB‡µvmdU, A¨vcj Ges Ab¨vb¨ Av‡iv A‡bK mdU&Iq¨vi ‡Kv¤úvw b eyS‡Z cv‡i ‡h w eGmw W n‡”Q w d« ‡mvm© ‡Kv‡Wi Drm ‡hUv‡K e¨envi K‡i Zviv w b‡R‡`i ¯^Ëvw aKvihy³ mdUIq¨vi ‰Zw i K‡i w ew µ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Ab¨w `‡K AT&T I w b‡R‡`i BDw b· Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi ‡mvm© ‡Kv‡Wi Db¥y³Zv eÜ K‡i w b‡R‡`i ¯^Ëvw aKvi hy³ K‡i| w eGmw W K‡c©v‡ikb (Berkeley Software Design Corporation) Zv‡`i fvm©‡bi BDw b· evRv‡i w eµx Kiv Kiv ïi“ Ki‡j BDw b· w m‡÷g j¨ve‡iUw im Zv‡`i w ei“‡× gvgjv K‡i ‡`q| GB gvgjvq BDw b· w m‡÷g j¨ve‡iUw im Rq jvf K‡i Ges w eGmw W cÖ‡R± Ges w eGmw W K‡c©v‡ik‡bi w eGmw W Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‡W‡fjc‡g›U eÜ n‡q hvq| ZLb A¨vcj K‡c©v‡ikb Gw M‡q G‡m w eGmw W cÖ‡R± n‡Z ‡mvm© ‡KvW msMÖn K‡i Ges w b‡R‡`i ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i w bhy³ K‡i GB cÖ‡R‡±i Dbœq‡bi Rb¨| A¨vcj Gi bvg ‡`q w d« w eGmw W (Free BSD)| A¨vcj GB w d« w eGmw W cÖ‡R‡±i ‡mvm© ‡KvW Db¥y³ K‡i ‡`q| ‡bUA¨vc Ges gvB‡µvmdU w g‡j A¨vc‡ji K‡qKRb w d« w eGmw W ‡W‡fjcvi‡K Nyl w `‡q w d« w eGmw W cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K ‡ei K‡i Av‡b Ges ‡bU w eGmw W (NET BSD) bvgK bZyb cÖ‡R± ïi“ K‡i| Gi c‡i w _I ‡W i¨vU (Theo de Raadt) bv‡g ‡bUA¨v‡ci GKRb ‡W‡fjcvi‡K w d« w eGmw W cÖ‡R‡±i mv‡_ ‡hvMv‡hvM Kivi Aw f‡hv‡M w eGmw W cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K ew n®‹vi Kiv nq| Ges ciew Z©‡Z ‡W i¨vU w b‡Ri bZyb cÖ‡R± I‡cb w eGmw W (OPEN BSD) ïi“ K‡i| Gfv‡eB BSD w ew fbœ fv‡M w ef³ n‡q Gi Avmj D‡Ïk¨ gy³ mdUIq¨vi/Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‡_‡K `~‡i m‡i w M‡q evw Yw R¨K ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv Øviv w bqw š¿Z n‡Z _v‡K| GB ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv w b‡Ri Aw ¯—Z¡ w Uw K‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Amg jovB‡q ‡b‡g c‡o hvi ew j n‡Z _v‡K Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvixiv| GQvovI AT&T hLb Zv‡`i BDw b‡·i mvejvB‡mÝ w ew µ Kiv ïi“ K‡i ZLb w ew fbœ ‡Kv¤úvw b Zv‡`i KvQ ‡_‡K BDw b· w K‡b w b‡R‡`i fvm©‡bi BDw b· Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g evbv‡Z _v‡K| ‡hgb AvBw eGg evbvj AIX, GBPw c evbvj HP UNIX, w Ww RUvj BKyBc‡g›U K‡c©v‡ikb evbvj ALTRIX, w mw jKb MÖvw d· ‡Kv¤úvw b evbvj IRIX, gvB‡µvmdU evbvj XENIX BZ¨vw `| Avcw b Gevi Ae¯’vUv w Pš—v K‡i ‡`Lyb, GLb Avgv‡`i Kw ¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bvi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ej‡Z ‡M‡j GKgvÎ Ackb n‡”Q DB‡ÛvR| hv‡`i A‡bK UvKv Av‡Q Zviv A¨vcj w Kb‡Q| Avi hviv w jbv· m¤ú‡K© Rv‡bb Zviv w jbv· e¨envi Ki‡Qb| w Kš‘ hw ` Ggb nZ evRv‡i DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZ Av‡iv 5/10 Uv Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Av‡Q Ges G‡KKRb G‡KK w U e¨envi Ki‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi w bR¯^ mdUIq¨vi Av‡Q| GKR‡bi mv‡_ Av‡iKR‡bi dig¨vU w gj‡Q bv Zvn‡j w K Ae¯’v n‡Zv? Ggb cw iw ¯’w Z‡ZB ZLbKvi Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix‡`i ci‡Z n‡qw Qj hLb ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv Zv‡`i w b‡R‡`i ‰Zw i nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw i Kiv ïi“ Kij ‡h¸‡jv w Qj g~jZ BDw b‡·iB cw iew Z©Z fvm©b| Gi d‡j e¨vcK nv‡i GKR‡bi mv‡_ Ab¨ R‡bi K¤ú¨vw Uw ew jw U mgm¨v ‡`Lv w `‡Z jvMj| POSIX - Portable Operating System Interface GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Kivi Rb¨ 1988 ‡Z IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Kw ¤úDUvi ‡mvmvBw U ‡cv‡U©ej Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g B›Uvi‡dBm (POSIX) bv‡gi GKw U mvaviY ÷¨vÛvW© ‰Zw i Kij hv‡Z BDw b· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g¸‡jvi Gw cø‡Kkvb ‡cÖvMÖvw gs B›Uvi‡dm, KgvÛ jvBb ‡kj, BDw Uw jw U B›Uvi‡dm, mdUIq¨vi K¤ú¨vw Uw ew jw U BZ¨vw ` GKB _v‡K| w iPvW©g¨vw _D÷jg¨vb(Richard Matthew Stallman) / w RGbBD(GNU) ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv ax‡i ax‡i mg¯— Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix‡`i Zv‡`i `v‡m cw iYZ Kiw Qj| w Kš‘ GB e¨vcviUv cQ›` nj bv w iPvW© ÷jg¨v‡bi| nvfv‡W© cÖ_g e‡l©i QvÎ _vKvKvjxb Mw Y‡Z AmvaviY cÖw Zfvi cw iPq w `‡q cÖ_g e‡l©i ‡k‡lB MIT ‡Z Avw U©w dw mqvj Bw ›Uw j‡RÝ j¨ve‡iUw i‡Z ‡cÖvMÖvgvi w n‡m‡e w bhy³ nb ÷jg¨vb| nvfvW© ‡_‡K c`v_©w e`¨vq mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ w Ww MÖ AR©b Kivi ci w Zw b GgAvBw U‡Z cybivq MÖ¨vRy‡qU ÷y‡W›U w n‡m‡e fw Z© nb| w Zw b ‡mLv‡b ‡cÖvMÖvw gs G GZUvB g‡bvw b‡ek K‡ib ‡h c`v_©w e`¨vq W±‡iU w Ww MÖ ‡bevi B”Qv ev` ‡`b| ÷jg¨vb ‡`L‡jb mdU&Iq¨vi ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv w b‡R‡`i evRvi `L‡ji Rb¨ ‰eix cÖw ZØw ›`Zv ïi“ K‡i‡Q hvi d‡j e¨enviKvixiv ¶w ZMÖ¯— n‡”Q|
PAGE | 14 GB mgm¨v ‡_‡K mdU&Iq¨vi e¨enviKvix‡`i gyw ³ ‡`Iqvi Rb¨B ÷jg¨vb ïi“ K‡ib gy³ mdU&Iq¨vi Av‡›`vjb| ÷jg¨vb g‡b Ki‡Zb mdU&Iq¨vi Ggb fv‡e ‰Zix nIqv Dw PZ hv‡Z ‡mUv‡Z e¨enviKvixi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K| e¨enviKvix hv‡Z GUv w b‡q covïbv, cw ieZ©b, cw iea©b I w eZiY Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡hme mdU&Iq¨vi GB ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv w bw ðZ Ki‡e ‡m¸‡jvB n‡e w d« mdU&Iq¨vi| Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix ‰`bw ›`b Kv‡R e¨envi K‡i Ggb w KQy w d« mdU&Iq¨vi ‰Zw i K‡ib w Zw b| Avi GB w d« mdU&Iq¨vi ¸‡jv w b‡qB ÷jg¨vb w d« mdU&Iq¨vi dvD‡Ûkvb cÖw Zôv K‡ib Ges w d« mdU&Iq¨vi Rb¨ w RGbBD ‡Rbv‡ij cvew jK jvB‡mÝ (GPL) iPbv K‡ib| GB jvB‡mÝ Gi AvIZvq _vKv mdU&Iq¨vi mg~n GKRb e¨enviKvix‡K ‡m¸‡jv Pvjv‡bv, ‡mvm© ‡KvW w b‡q covïbv, w eZiY I cw ieZ©b Kivi ¯^vaxbZv ‡`q| GB mdU&Iq¨vi mg~‡n w bw `©ó Kv‡iv ¯^Ëvw aKvi (Kw civBU) _vK‡e bv| G¸‡jv n‡e Kw c‡jd&‡UW mdUIq¨vi| Kw c‡jd&U n‡”Q Kw civB‡Ui w ecixZ hv AvBbMZ fv‡e mdU&Iq¨v‡ii ¯^vaxbZv w bw ðZ Ki‡e| ïay ZvB bq BDw b‡·i w eKí GKw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi ‰Zw ii Rb¨ GgAvBw Ui j¨v‡e 1983 mv‡j ïi“ K‡ib w RGbD (GNU – GNU's NOT UNIX) cÖ‡R±| GNU BDw b‡·i gZ ‡`L‡Z m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v GKw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w Kš‘ G‡Z _vK‡e bv BDw b‡·i ‡Kvb ‡KvW Ges GUv n‡e m¤ú~Y© w d« mdU&Iq¨v‡ii w fw ˇZ ‰Zix| bZyb GB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Rb¨ `iKvi Av‡iv ‡ew k mdU&Iq¨vi hvi Rb¨ mevi Av‡M PvB GKUv K¤úvBjvi| w KQyw `‡bi g‡a¨B ÷jg¨vb evw b‡q ‡dj‡jb w RGbBD w m K¤úvBjvi (GCC) ‡hw U‡K K¤úvBjvi RM‡Zi Ab¨Zg Kvh©Ki K¤úvBjvi w n‡m‡e w e‡ePbv Kiv nq| ÷jg¨vb GNU OS Gi Rb¨ gvB‡µv Avw K©‡UKPv‡ii Kv‡b©j w WRvBb K‡ib hvi bvg w Qj GNU HURD| 1983 mv‡ji ‡m‡Þ¤^i 27 Zvw i‡L BDw b· e¨enviKvix‡`i ‡dviv‡g ÷jg¨vb ‡h ‡cv÷w U K‡iw Q‡jb Zvi cÖ_g Ask GLv‡b Zy‡j aijvg – Free Unix! Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free to everyone who can use it. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed. w Kš‘ ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i KvQ ‡_‡K Avkvbyiƒc mviv bv cvIqvq ÷jg¨v‡bi w RGbBD Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g nv‡j cvw b ‡cj bv| w Kš‘ ZviciI nvj a‡i GKjv `vw o‡q iB‡jb ÷jg¨vb| Gw `‡K w ej Rq Ges Zvi mn‡hvMxiv w g‡j w RGbBDi ‡mvm© ‡KvW msMÖn K‡i †d‡j| Zviv Gi Kv‡b©‡ji Am¤ú~Y©Zvi my‡hvM ‡bq Ges w b‡R‡`i Kv‡b©j e¨envi K‡i m¤ú~Y© Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g `vo Kw i‡q ‡d‡j| Zviv GUv n‡Z w RGbBD i ‡Rbv‡ij cvew jK jvB‡mÝ ev` w `‡q w b‡R‡`i ¯^Ëvw aKvw i jvB‡mÝ hy³ K‡i bZyb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g evRv‡i w b‡q Av‡m| GQvovI w eGmw W Ges BDw b· f¨vw i‡q›U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ¸‡jv‡Z evRvi mqjve n‡q hvq| Gme ‡Kv¤úvw b nvRvi nvRvi Wjv‡i w b‡R‡`i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g I mdU&Iq¨vi w ew µ Ki‡Z _v‡K|
PAGE | 15 G‡`i nv‡Z w Rw ¤§ n‡q _vKv Qvov Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix‡`i Avi Kivi w KQyB w Qj bv| Gfv‡eB Pjw Qj hZw `b bv ch©š— w jbvm ‡e‡bw W± Uifvìm Zvi Af~Zc~e© Kv‡b©j Òw jbv·Ó w b‡q Avw ef©~Z nq| w jbvm‡e‡bw W±Uifvìm(Linus Benedict Torvalds) / w jbv·(Linux) 1969 Gi w W‡m¤^‡i w dbj¨vÛ Gi ivRavbx ‡njw mbw K ‡Z Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib w jbvm| Zvi evev w bjm Uifvìm I gv G¨vbv Uifvìm ‡bv‡ej w eRqx imvqbw e` w jbvm cvDw js Gi bvgvbymv‡i ‡Q‡ji bvg iv‡Lb| ZLb ZvivI w K ey‡Sw Q‡jb ‡h Zv‡`i ‡Q‡j GKw `b Kw ¤úDUvi RM‡r bZyb Bw Znvm m„w ó Ki‡e? w jbvm‡`i cw ieviw U w Qj mvsevw `K cw ievi| Zvi evev gv `yB RbB w Q‡jb mvsevw `K| Zvi `v`v w Q‡jb GKw U w dw bm cw ÎKvi m¤úv`K Ges PvPv GKw U w dw bm w Uw f P¨v‡b‡j mvsevw `KZv Ki‡Zb| ZvB w jbvmI eo n‡q cvw ievw iK ‡ckv mvsevw `KZvB ‡e‡Q ‡b‡eb GUvB w Qj mevi aviYv| w Kš‘ mew KQy cw ieZ©b n‡Z ïi“ K‡i hLb w jbv‡mi bvbv w jI ‡Uv‡qb©w f÷ w hw b w Q‡jb BDw bfvw m©w U Ae ‡njw mbw Ki cw imsL¨v‡bi cÖ‡dmi w jbvm‡K K‡gvWi w fAvBw m 20 (Commodore VIC-20) bv‡gi GKw U Kw ¤úDUvi Dcnvi ‡`b| Kw ¤úDUvi ‡c‡q ‡Zv w jbvm gnv Lyw k| w Kš‘ GB Lyw k ‡ew kw `b ¯’vqx nq bv hLb w jbvm ‡`L‡jb ‡h GUvi mv‡_ ‡`Iqv w KQy mdU&Iq¨vi e¨envi Kiv Qvov GUv w `‡q Avi w KQyB Kiv hvq bv| ZvB w Zw b w b‡RB GUvi Rb¨ ‡cÖvMÖvg ‡jLv ïi“ K‡i ‡`b| cÖ_‡g ‡ew mK j¨vs¸‡qR w `‡q ïi“ Ki‡jI ciew Z©‡Z D”PZi G‡m¤^w j j¨vs¸‡qR w `‡q ‡cÖvMÖvg w jL‡Z _v‡Kb| w KQyw `‡bi g‡a¨B w jbvm‡K ‡cÖvMÖvw gs Gi ‡bkvq ‡c‡q e‡m| Zvi evev Zv‡K ‡Ljvayjv I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvw RK Kv‡R AskMÖnb Kiv‡bvi A‡bK ‡Póv K‡ib w Kš‘ Zvi me ‡PóvB w ed‡j hvq| 1987 mv‡j w jbvm Zvi me Rgv‡bv A_© e¨q K‡i w mb‡K¬qvi w KDGj (Sinclair QL) bv‡gi GKw U Kw ¤úDUvi w K‡bb| GUvB w Qj e¨vw ³MZ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ w e‡k¦i me©cÖ_g 32w eU Kw ¤úDUvi| GUv‡Z w Qj g‡Uv‡ivjv 68008 cÖ‡mmi hvi Mw Z w Qj 7.5 ‡gMvnvU©R Ges GUv‡Z w Qj 128 w K‡jvevBU i¨vg| GUv Zvi bvbvi ‡`Iqv K‡gvWi w fAvBw m 20 ‡_‡K A‡bK DbœZ w Qj| 1988 ‡Z hLb w jbvm w cZv gvZvi c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i BDw bfvw m©w U Ae ‡njw mbw K ‡Z fw Z© nb ZLbB w Zw b w Q‡jb h‡_ó fv‡jv gv‡bi ‡cÖvMÖvgvi| ¯^vfvw eK fv‡eB w Zw b Kw ¤úDUvi mvBÝ ‡gRi ‡bb| 1990 ‡Z w Zw b w m ‡cÖvMÖvw gs j¨vs¸‡qR Gi K¬v‡m Ask ‡bb Ges ciew Z©‡Z GB j¨vs¸‡qR w `‡qB w j‡Lb Zvi hyMvš‘Kvix Kv‡b©j| Commodore VIC-20 Sinclair QL
PAGE | 16 1991 Gi ïi“‡Z w jbvm AvBw eGg Gi cv‡m©vbvj Kw ¤úDUvi w K‡bb ‡hUv‡Z w Qj 3 ‡gMvnvU©R B‡›Uj 386 cÖ‡mmi Ges 4 ‡gMvevBU ‡g‡gvw i| GUvi cÖ‡mmi w jbvm‡K e¨vcKfv‡e AvKl©b K‡i| KviY GUv Av‡Mi B‡›Uj cÖ‡mmi¸‡jvi ‡_‡K A‡bK DbœZ w Qj| Gi nvW©Iq¨vi w b‡q w jbvm A‡bK Lyw k n‡jI Gi MSDOS Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w jbvm‡K cy‡ivcyw i nZvk K‡iw Qj| GB kw ³kvjx 386 cÖ‡mmi‡K cy‡ivcyw i e¨envi Kivi ¶gZv GgGmW‡mi w Qj bv| w jbvm ZvB GB Kw ¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ BDw b· ‡c‡Z PvB‡jb ‡hUv w Zw b BDw bfvw m©w U‡Z e¨envi K‡ib| w Kš‘ hLb ‡`L‡jb DBw b‡·i `vg 5000 Wjvi ZLb Avi DBw b· e¨envi Kiv nj bv| w Zw b ZLb w gw b‡·i w `‡K SyK‡jb| w gw b· n‡”Q BDw b‡·i GKUv ‡QvULvU ‡K¬vb ‡hUv ‡b`vij¨vÛ Gi Avg÷viWv‡gi w å‡R BDw bfvw m©w Ui cÖ‡dmi GÛ«y Uv‡bbe‡gi ‰Zw i| w Zw b Qv·`i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‡evSv‡bvi Rb¨ Zvi w b‡Ri ‰Zw i gvB‡µv Kv‡b©j Avw K©‡UKPv‡ii w gw b· e¨envi Ki‡Zb| w Zw b ÒOperating System Design and ImplementationÓ bv‡g GKw U eB w j‡Lw Q‡jb hv‡Z w gw b‡·i 12000 jvB‡bi msw ¶ß fvm©‡bi ‡KvW w cÖ›U Kiv w Qj Ges eBUv w Kb‡j GB ms‡¶w cZ ‡mvm© ‡KvW d¬w c w W‡¯‹ cvIqv ‡hZ| GB eBUvB w jbvm GKw `b w K‡b ‡dj‡jb Avi w gw b· w b‡q bvovPvov ïi“ Ki‡jb| K‡qKw `‡bi g‡a¨B w Zw b eyS‡Z cvi‡jb GUv GKUv Am¤ú~Y© Avi Îyw Uc~Y© Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| ZvQvov GUvi m¤ú~b© ‡mvm© ‡KvW cvIqv ‡hZ bv Avi ‡h¸‡jv cvIqv ‡hZ ‡m¸‡jv w b‡Ri gZ K‡i cw ieZ©‡bi jvB‡mÝ w Qj bv| Gi d‡j w jbvm Avev‡iv nZvk n‡q co‡jb Ges fq¼i GKUv w m×vš— w b‡q ‡dj‡jb| w Zw b w b‡RB BDw b· Avi w gw b‡·i Av`‡j bZyb GKUv Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw i Kivi w m×vš— w b‡jb| Gi Rb¨ w ecyj cw igvY kÖg I mgq w `‡Z n‡e GUv eyS‡Z ‡c‡i w jbvm BDw bfvw m©w U ‡_‡K ‡eªK w b‡q ‡dj‡jb| ZLb w dbj¨v‡Û Pvi eQ‡ii g‡a¨B MÖ¨vRy‡qkvb ‡kl Ki‡Z n‡e Ggb ‡Kvb w bqg w Qj bv| w jbvm cy‡iv`‡g Zvi bZyb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Kv‡R ‡j‡M co‡jb| 1991 Gi 25 AMv÷ w jbvm w gw b· Gi w bDR MÖy‡c w b‡Pi ‡jLvUv ‡cv÷ K‡ib - Message-ID: 1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.helsinki.fi From: torvalds@klaava.helsinki.fi (Linus Benedict Torvalds) To: Newsgroups: comp.os.minix Subject: What would you like to see most in minix? Summary: small poll for my new operating system Hello everybody out there using minix- I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386 (486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-sytem due to practical reasons)among other things. I've currently ported bash (1.08) an gcc (1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that i'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-) Linus Torvalds torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi PS. Yes – it’s free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that’s all I have. :-( Andrew S. Tanenbaum
PAGE | 17 GB ‡cv÷ c‡oB ‡evSv hvq w jbvm w b‡RI Kíbv K‡ibw b w Zw b Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi fw el¨r ‰Zw i Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb| ‡m‡Þ¤^‡ii g‡a¨B w Zw b Zvi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi 0.01 fvm©b ‡ei K‡i ‡d‡jb| A‡±e‡ii g‡a¨ w Zw b GUvi 0.02 fvm©b ‡ei K‡ib hv‡Z w Qj e¨vk ‡kj w fw ËK ‡U·U Abw j BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm| GUv‡Z Av‡iv w Qj ÷jg¨v‡bi w RGbBDi w Rw mw m K¤úvBjvi| Gi c‡i w jbvm Avevi ‡cv÷ ‡`b - Do you pine for the nice days of minix-1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers? Are you without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on a OS you can try to modify for your needs? Are you finding it frustrating when everything works on minix? No more all-nighters to get a nifty program working? Then this post might be just for you :-) As I mentioned a month(?) ago, I'm working on a free version of a minix-lookalike for AT-386 computers. It has finally reached the stage where it's even usable (though may not be depending on what you want), and I am willing to put out the sources for wider distribution. It is just version 0.02 (+1 (very small) patch already), but I've successfully run bash/gcc/gnu-make/gnu-sed/compress etc under it. Gi ci G‡Ki ci GK ‡W‡fjcvi I n¨vKviiv G‡m w jbv‡mi mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z _v‡K| K‡qK mßv‡ni g‡a¨B ‡ei nq fvmb 0.03| GKB eQ‡ii w W‡m¤^‡iB ‡ei nq fvm©b 0.10| w jbvm Zvi GB bZyb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi bvg w `‡jb w d«· (FREKS)| w d«· nj FREE, FREAK Avi UNIX Gi mw ¤§w jZ iƒc| w jbv‡mi eÜy G¨vw i j¨v‡gw K w hw b w Q‡jb ‡njw mbw K DBw bfvw m©w Ui Gdw Uw c mvf©v‡ii GWw gw b‡÷«Ui w Zw b w jbvm ‡K ej‡jb Zvi bZyb GB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Gdw Uw c mvf©v‡i Avc‡jvW Ki‡Z hv‡Z mevB mn‡RB WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡Z w jbvm ¯^vb‡›` ivRx n‡jb| w Kš‘ w jbv‡mi ‡`Iqv w d«· bvgUv G¨vw ii cQ›` nj bv| G¨vw i w jbv‡mi w d«· ‡K mvf©v‡i Avc‡jvW Kivi mgq ‡dvìv‡ii bvg w `‡q w `‡jb w jbv·| Linus Avi Unix GB `y‡Uv w gw j‡q LINUX bvgUv G¨vw ii gv_vq Av‡m| GB bvg ‡`Iqv‡Z w jbvm A‡bK Avcw Ë K‡iw Q‡jb KviY GUv Zvi w b‡Ri bv‡gi mv‡_ w g‡j hv‡”Q G‡Z w b‡Ri Ans‡eva cÖKvk cvq| w Kš‘ ZZ¶‡b A‡b‡KB w jbv· WvDb‡jvW K‡i ‡d‡j‡Q| Kv‡RB Zv‡K ‡kl ch©š— w jbv· bvgUvB ‡g‡b w b‡Z nq| Gici w jbv‡·i AMÖhvÎv ïi“ nq| G‡Ki ci GK ‡W‡fjcvi, n¨vKvi Ggbw K w ew fbœ ‡Kv¤úvw b G‡Z ‡hvM w `‡q w b‡R‡`i Amvgvb¨ ‡cÖvMÖvw gs `¶Zv ‡`Lv‡Z _v‡K Avi w jbv· w `‡b w `‡b Av‡iv kw ³kvjx n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| 1997 G w jbvm Uªv݇gUv K‡c©v‡ik‡b PvKw i w b‡q w mw jKb f¨vw j‡Z P‡j hvb| GB ‡Kv¤úvw bw U w Qj gvB‡µvmd‡Ui ‡hŠ_ cÖw ZôvZv cj G¨vjv‡bi| w jbvm GLv‡b PvKw ii Adviw U ‡dj‡Z cv‡ib w b KviY w d« mdU&Iq¨vi ‡W‡fjc K‡i Zvi ‡Kvb DcvR©bB n‡Zv bv| Zvi cw ievi‡K mv‡cvU© Kivi Rb¨ Gw U Zv‡K Ki‡ZB n‡Zv| Ggw b‡ZI w jbvm w dbj¨v‡Ûi `xN© kx‡Z _vK‡Z _vK‡Z w ei³ n‡q w M‡qw Q‡jb| ZvQvov me ‡cÖvMÖvgvi‡`iB ¯^cœ _v‡K w mw jKb f¨vjx‡Z hvIqvi| me w gw j‡q w Zw b ‡mLv‡b PvKw i w b‡qw Q‡jb w Kš‘ w jbv‡·i ‡Kvb ¶w Z w Zw b n‡Z ‡`b w b| Gw `‡K gvB‡µvmd‡Ui w ej ‡MUm ‡Zv Avi e‡m _v‡K w b| ‡cÖvMÖvw gs cÖw Zfv Avi ayiÜi e¨emvw qK eyw ×i mg¯^‡q w ej ‡MUm m¤ú‡`i cvnvo M‡o ‡d‡j‡Q| e¨w ³MZ Kw ¤úDUv‡ii evRvi cy‡ivUvB gvB‡µvmd‡Ui `L‡j| gvB‡µvmd‡Ui K_v hLb AvmjB ZLb ms‡¶‡c gvB‡µvmd‡Ui e¨vcv‡i GKUy ‡R‡b ‡bqv hvK| w ej‡MUm(Bill Gates) / gvB‡µvmdU(Microsoft) nvfvW© Gi QvÎ _vKv Kvjxb Ae¯’vq w ej ‡MUm Avi cj G¨vjvb w g‡j Altair 8800 bvgK Kw ¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_g cv KvW© w fw ËK ‡cÖvMÖvg w j‡L| Altair ‡K w e‡k¦i cÖ_g gvB‡µv Kw ¤úDUvi w n‡m‡e aiv nq| ‡mB ‡cÖvMÖvg Altair ‡Kv¤úvw bi Kv‡Q w ew µ K‡i w ej ‡MUm ‡ek w KQy A_© Avq K‡i ‡mB UvKvq w b‡Ri ‡Kv¤úvw b Ly‡j e‡m hvi bvg ‡`q gvB‡µvmdU| Altair 8800
PAGE | 18 Gi ci hLb A¨vcj w b‡R‡`i cv‡m©vbvj Kw ¤úDUvi g¨vw Kb‡Uvk evRv‡i Av‡b ZLb w ej ‡MUm A¨vc‡ji ‡mB Kw ¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi KvW© ‰Zw i K‡i, ‡h¸‡jv cÖPyi cw igv‡b w ew µ nq| w Kš‘ ZL‡bv ‡MU‡mi w b‡Ri ‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w Qj bv| AvBw eGg K‡c©v‡ikb w b‡R‡`i cv‡m©vbvj Kw ¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw ii Kivi e¨vcv‡i ‡`‡ki ‡miv ‡cÖvMÖvgvi‡`i ‡W‡K G‡b GKUv w gw Us K‡i| ‡mLv‡b w ej ‡MUm e‡j e‡m Zvi GKw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Av‡Q| w Kš‘ ZLb Zvi ‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w Qj bv| w ej ‡MUm ZLb M¨vw i w KÛvj bv‡gi GKRb mdUIq¨vi ‡W‡fjcv‡ii KvQ ‡_‡K Zvi ‰Zw i QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) bv‡gi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷gw U gvÎ 50000 Wjv‡i w K‡b ‡d‡j| ‡mB QDOS ‡K w b‡Ri cÖw Zôv‡bi bv‡g jvB‡mÝ K‡i ‡MUm ‡mUvi bvg ‡`q MSDOS| ‡MUm hLb GB GgGmWm AvBw eG‡gi Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb K‡i ZLb ‡m Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Aw ek¦vm¨ GK `vex K‡i e‡m| ‡MUm Zvi GB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Z…Zxq c‡¶i Kv‡QI w ew µ Kivi Aw aKvi Pvq| A_©vr AvBw eGg QvovI Ab¨‡`i Kw ¤úDUv‡ii R‡b¨I ‡m hv‡Z GUv w ew µ Ki‡Z cv‡i| `yi`w k© ‡MUm ey‡Sw Qj A‡bK ‡Kv¤úvw b Kw ¤úDUvi ‰Zw i Ki‡Q w Kš‘ Zv‡`i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Qvov ‡Kvb Mw Z ‡bB| Zvn‡j Rvbv ‡Mj GgGmW‡mi Avmj Kvw nbx| w Kš‘ DB‡ÛvR ‡Zv gvB‡µvmd‡Ui Abb¨ m…w ó| Gi MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡d‡mi d‡jB ‡Zv DB‡ÛvR GZ Rbw cÖqZv ‡c‡q‡Q| ZvB bv? Zvn‡j Gevi Rvbyb gvB‡µvmdU nVvr K‡i ‡U·U ‡eRW B›Uvi‡dm n‡Z MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡dm w Kfv‡e ‡W‡fjc Kij? GB MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡d‡mi Avmj K…w ZZ¡ n‡”Q ‡Ri· K‡c©v‡ik‡bi| ZvivB GUv cÖ_g ‰Zw i K‡iw Qj| Zv‡`i GB MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡dm cvIqvi Rb¨ w ÷f Rem Zv‡`i‡K G¨vc‡j w ew b‡qvM Kivi Avgš¿b Rvbvq| G¨vcj Avi ‡Ri· w g‡j hLb MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm w ew kó Kw ¤úDUvi ‰Zw i Kij ZLb w ÷f Rem ‡mUv ‡`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ w ej ‡MUm‡K Wv‡K| ‡MUm w Qj Re‡mi eÜy Avi Gi Av‡MI ‡MUm G¨vc‡ji Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi evw b‡q‡Q| ZvB Rem g‡b K‡iw Qj Gi Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi evbv‡bvi `vw qZ¡I ‡MUm‡KB ‡`‡e| w Kš‘ PZyi w ej ‡MUm Zv‡`i ‡mB MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Pyw i K‡i ‡djj Avi evw b‡q ‡djj DB‡ÛvR 01| ‡MUm GUv evbv‡bvi ci ‡mUvi Kw c Rem‡K d¬w c w W‡¯‹ K‡i cvVvq| ‡mUv ‡`‡LB Rem cÖPÛ ‡i‡M hvb Ges gvB‡µvmd‡U w M‡q ‡MUm‡K w Zi¯‹vi K‡ib| Avi Zv‡`i eÜyZ¡ bó n‡q w M‡q Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii kÎy‡Z cw iYZ nq| ‡mB DB‡ÛvR 01 ‡K ‡W‡fjc K‡iB gvB‡µvmdU ciew Z©‡Z DB‡ÛvR 95, 98 BZ¨vw ` ‡ei Ki‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e gvB‡µvmd‡Ui DB‡ÛvR D™¢veb ‡kl n‡q ‡M‡Q| DB‡ÛvR 10 n‡”Q Zv‡`i me©‡kl Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| Gi ci bZyb ‡Kvb DB‡ÛvR Avm‡e bv Ggb ‡NvlbvB w `‡q‡Q gvB‡µvmdU| Z‡e A‡bK ‡`w i‡Z n‡jI ‡MUm eyS‡Z cv‡i ‡h c„w _ex‡Z w b‡Ri bvg ‡i‡L ‡h‡Z n‡j gvby‡li g½‡ji R‡b¨I w KQy Kiv Dw PZ| ZLb ‡m G¨vcj‡K eÜ n‡q hvIqvi nvZ ‡_‡K i¶v K‡i| w b‡Ri Ges ¯¿xi bv‡g Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation cÖw Zôv K‡i ‡hUv n‡”Q w e‡k¦i me©e„nr cÖvB‡fU dvD‡Ûkvb| w k¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, ‰ew k¦K Dbœqb mn Av‡iv w ew fbœ w el‡q Ae`vb ‡i‡L P‡j‡Q GB dvD‡Ûkvb| w ÷fRem(Steve Jobs) / A¨vcj(Apple) gvB‡µvmd‡Ui K_v hLb njB ZLb A¨vc‡ji e¨vcv‡iI w KQy ‡R‡b ‡bIqv hvK| w ÷f IRw bqvK Ges w ÷f Rem ¯‹yj Rxeb ‡_‡KB eÜy w Q‡jb| Zv‡`i `yB R‡biB B‡jKUªw b‡· e¨vcK AvMÖn w Qj| K‡j‡Ri cov‡jLv `yR‡bi ‡KDB ‡kl Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI IRw bqvK GBPw c ‡Z Ges Rem AvUvw i ‡Kv¤úvw b‡Z PvKw i ‡c‡q hvq| Re‡mi AvUvw i‡Z PvKw i cvIqvi w cQ‡bI IRw bqv‡Ki Ae`vb Av‡Q| IRw bqvK cs bv‡gi GKUv ‡Mg ‰Zw i K‡i Ges ‡mUv w b‡q Rem AvUvw i ‡Kv¤úvw bi Kv‡Q w ew µ Ki‡Z hvq| AvUvw i ‡Kv¤úvw bi ‡jvKRb g‡b K‡i RemB GUv ‰Zw i K‡i‡Q ZvB Zv‡K PvKw i w `‡q ‡`q| IRw bqvK Aemi mg‡q w b‡Ri evw oi M¨v‡i‡R B‡jKUªw bK hš¿cvw Z w b‡q NvUvNvw U Ki‡Z Ki‡Z cÖvq Kw ¤úDUv‡ii gZ GKUv w WfvBm evw b‡q ‡d‡j| IRw bqv‡Ki GB w WfvBmw U‡Z Kx ‡ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ BbcyU ‡`Iqv ‡hZ ‡hLv‡b cÖPw jZ Kw ¤úDUvi ¸‡jv‡Z cv KvW© e¨envi nZ| Bill Gates
PAGE | 19 Rem GB w Rw bm ‡`Lvi mv‡_ mv‡_B eyS‡Z cvij GUvI D”Pg~‡j¨ w eµq‡hvM¨ GKw U e¯—y| IRw bqvK Zvi GB ‡gw k‡bi Rb¨ bvg PvB‡j Rem G¨vcj bvgw U w `‡q e‡mb| ‡mB mgq Rem djg~j I ‡fw R‡Uw iqvb Wv‡q‡U w Q‡jb Avi cÖPzi Av‡cj †L‡Zb e‡jB G¨vcj bvgw U Zvi gv_vq G‡mw Qj e‡j c‡i Rvbv hvq| Kw ¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ ‡Kvb m¤úK© bv _vK‡jI G¨vcj bvgUv cQ›` nq IRw bqv‡Ki| P~ovš‘ e¨emvw qK `yi`„w ó m¤úbœ Rem Zv‡`i ‡mB ‡gw kbUv cÖvq Avw k beŸB Kw c w ew µ K‡i cÖvß A_© w `‡q ïi“ K‡ib G¨vcj K‡c©v‡ikb| IRw bqv‡Ki D™¢vew b ¶gZv Avi Re‡mi `yi`„w ó I e¨emvw qK eyw × `ª“ZB G¨vcj‡K mvg‡bi w `‡K Gw M‡q w b‡q ‡h‡Z _v‡K| Re‡mi fw el¨r ‡`Lvi ¶gZv w Qj| w Zw b ‡hb ‡Pv‡Li mvg‡bB ‡`L‡Z ‡c‡jb cy‡iv Kw ¤úDUvi ‡gw kbUvB GKUv ‡QvU ev‡·i g‡a¨| ZrKvjxb mgqKvi Kw ¤úDUvi¸‡jvi AvKvi A‡bK w ekvj w Qj| Re‡mi Rb¨B Kw ¤úDUvi ‡QvU n‡Z n‡Z GLb nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq P‡j G‡m‡Q| A¨vcj D™¢veb Kij ‡m mgqKvi mePvB‡Z ¯§vU© Kw ¤úDUvi g¨vw Kb‡Uvk| Avi Re‡mi eÜy w ej ‡MUm A¨vc‡ji Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi evw b‡q A¨vc‡ji w ew µ Av‡iv evw o‡q w `j| w Kš‘ ‡MUm A¨vc‡ji MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Pyw i Ki‡j Zv‡`i `yBR‡bi eÜyZ¡ bó n‡q hvq| Ges `yBRb n‡q hvq cÖw ZØw ›`| w Kš‘ ‡MU‡mi AvMÖvmx e¨emvw qK cw jw m Avi Zvi AcÖw ZØ›`x Aw dm ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi Zygyj Rbw cÖqZvi Rb¨ gvB‡µvmd‡Ui Kv‡Q A¨vcj ‡n‡i hvq| GK ch©v‡q G¨vc‡ji w eµ‡qi nvi GZUvB w b‡P ‡b‡g hvq ‡h Zv‡`i ‡Kv¤úvw b w Uw K‡q ivLv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| G¨vc‡ji w ew b‡qvMKvixiv Zv‡`i UvKv ‡diZ cvevi Rb¨ Pvc w `‡Z _v‡K| w Kš‘ Rem w KQy‡ZB `‡g hvIqvi cvÎ bq| w Zw b bZyb cw iKíbv w b‡q nvw Ri nb| w Kš‘ Zvi ‡Kvb K_vB ïb‡Z ivw R nq bv G¨vc‡ji g¨v‡bw Rs Kw gw U hv‡`i Rem w bhy³ K‡iw Q‡jb ‡Kv¤úvw bi cw iPvjbvi Rb¨| GK ch©v‡q Zviv w ÷f Rem‡K G¨vcj ‡_‡K ‡ei K‡i ‡`b| w b‡Ri nv‡Z Mov ‡Kv¤úvw b ‡_‡K ‡ei K‡i ‡`Iqv n‡j Rxe‡bi mePvB‡Z eo av°vUv Lvb Rem| Ab¨ ‡KD n‡j ‡mLv‡bB ‡_‡g ‡hZ| w Kš‘ Rem Avevi bZyb K‡i ïi“ Ki‡jb| G¨vcj ‡_‡K ‡ei n‡q ‡b·U Kw ¤úDUvi bv‡gi bZyb ‡Kv¤úvw b ïi“ K‡ib| Zvi bZzb Kw ¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w n‡m‡e w eGmw W cÖ‡R± n‡Z ‡b·U‡÷c bv‡gi bZyb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw i K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ ‡K‡U hvq AvUw U eQi| A¨vc‡ji Ae¯’v Lvivc n‡Z n‡Z ‡Kv¤úvw b cÖvq eÜ n‡q hvevi Ae¯’vq w M‡q †V‡K| AvU eQi ci G¨vc‡ji KZ©ve¨vw ³iv eyS‡Z cv‡i Rem‡K w dw i‡q Avbv Dw PZ| ‡mB GKgvÎ G¨vcj‡K D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Rem‡K cybivq G¨vc‡j w dw i‡q Avbv nq| ZLb Pvw iw `‡K ‡`bvi `v‡q G¨vcj Wy‡e ‡M‡Q| ‡Kv¤úvw b‡K w Uw K‡q ivL‡Z ‡M‡j w ÷f Rem‡K ZLb ‡hfv‡eB ‡nvK UvKvi ‡RvMvi Ki‡Z nZ| w Zw b Zvi eÜy ‡_‡K kÎy n‡q hvIqv w ej ‡MUm‡KB cÖ_g ‡dvb Uv K‡ib Avi e‡jb, Òw ej, Zyw g w K PvI ‡Zvgvi me cÖw ZØw ›`B nvw i‡q hvK? cÖw ZØw ›`‡`i evw P‡q ivL‡j ‡ZvgviB myw eavÓ| Re‡mi K_vi g‡a¨ w bðB w KQy w Qj hv ‡MUm‡K w ePw jZ K‡i| A¨vcj‡K evuPv‡Z ‡MUm Gw M‡q Av‡m Ges 150 w gw jqb Wjvi w ew b‡qvM K‡i G¨vc‡ji Aw ¯—Z¡ w ejxb n‡q hvIqvi nvZ ‡_‡K i¶v K‡i| Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs Macintosh
PAGE | 20 Gw `‡K Rem w d‡i G‡m G‡Ki ci GK hyMvš—Kvix Avw e®‹vi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Zvi g‡a¨ mePvB‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj AvBcW, AvB‡dvb I AvBc¨vW| G¸‡jv mviv Av‡gw iKvq Z_v mgMÖ w e‡k¦ e¨vcK mviv ‡d‡j ‡`q| G¨vc‡ji AvB‡dvb ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi fw el¨r w bg©vY K‡i ‡`q| Re‡mi ‡b·U Kw ¤úDUvi‡K G¨vcj w K‡b ‡bq Ges ‡b· ‡÷c Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K ‡W‡fjc K‡i ‡hUv g¨vK IGm ev eZ©gv‡b IGmG· bv‡g cw iw PZ| GB IGmG· n‡”Q g¨vKeyK Ges AvBg¨v‡Ki BDw b· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| 5 A‡±vei 2011 mv‡j Kw ¤úDUvi RM‡Zi GB fw el¨r`ªóv K¨vbmv‡i Avµvš— n‡q mgMÖ Av‡gw iKvevmx‡K Kvuw `‡q ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| e¨vKUy w jbv· Avevi w d‡i Avw m w jbv‡·i K_vq| 90 Gi `k‡K gvB‡µvmd‡Ui cÖw ZØw ›`iv ‡hgb Ii¨vKj, B‡›Uj, ‡bU‡¯‹c Ges Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ ‡ek w KQy ‡Kv¤úvw b w jbv· e¨envi I G‡K mv‡cvU© Kivi ‡NvlYv ‡`q| ‡ew kifvM ‡Kv¤úvw bB Zv‡`i B›Uvi‡bU mvf©v‡ii Rb¨ w jbv· e¨envi Kiv ïi“ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b me©vw aK e¨eüZ w d« I‡qe mvf©vi Gcvw P g~jZ w jbv‡·i Rb¨B ‰Zw i Kiv n‡qw Qj| AvBw eGgI eyS‡Z cvij Zv‡`i mvf©vi Kw ¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bvi ¶gZv MSDOS w Ksev Zv‡`i AIX Gi ‡bB| Aeavw iZfv‡eB AvBw eGg ZLb w jbv·‡KB ‡e‡Q w bj Ges w jbv· ‡K mv‡cvU© ‡`Iqv ïi“ Kij| K‡c©v‡iUiv hLb w jbv· e¨envi Kiv ïi“ Kij ZLb w jbv‡·i Rb¨ GKUv gvmK‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb ‡`Lv w `j| K‡c©v‡iU fveg~w Z©i m‡½ gvbvbmB n‡e Ggb GKUv gvmKU| gvmK‡Ui K_v ej‡ZB w jbvm ej‡jb w jbv‡·i gvmKU n‡e ‡c½yBb| Z‡e ‡hgb ‡Zgb ‡c½yBb n‡j n‡e bv| `ycy‡ii LvIqv ‡k‡l `y cv Qw o‡q Av‡qk K‡i e‡m Av‡Q Ggb ‡gvUv‡mvUv bv`ym by`ym ‡c½yBb PvB| GB gvmKU cQ›` Kivi KviY w Qj m`¨ A‡÷«w jqvi K¨vb‡eivq National Zoo & Aquarium G ‡eov‡Z w M‡q ‡c½yB‡bi Kvgo ‡L‡qw Q‡jb w jbvm| A‡b‡KB GB gvmK‡Ui e¨vcv‡i Avcw Ë Rvbvj| GB gvmKU ‡Kvbfv‡eB w jbv‡·i kw ³kvjx fveg~w Z©i mv‡_ hv‡”Q bv| ZLb w jbvm ej‡jb hviv Avcw Ë Ki‡Qb Zviv GKUv ivMx ‡c½yBb‡K N›Uvq 100 gvBj ‡e‡M KvD‡K AvµgY Ki‡Z ‡`‡Lw b| ‡kl ch©š‘ GB ‡c½yBb B nj w jbv‡·i gvmKU| Gw U G‡Kw Q‡jb j¨vw i DBsm| G‡K w P‡b ivLyb| Gi bvg nj TUX| Uvw K©‡Wv Avi w jbv· w g‡j nj Uv·| ‡hLv‡bB G‡K ‡`L‡eb ey‡S w b‡eb GLv‡b w jbv· Av‡Q| G‡K f‡qi w KQzB †bB|
PAGE | 21 GKw `‡K w ej ‡MUm ‡hLv‡b w ecyj m¤ú‡`i gvw jK ‡mLv‡b w jbvm Uifvì‡mi m¤ú` ej‡Z cÖvq w KQyB w Qj bv| w jbvm w Qj GKRb mvavib ‡eZbfy³ ‡cÖvMÖvgvi| Zvi cw ieviI LyeB mvaviY Rxeb hvcb KiZ| 1999 Gi ‡k‡l w jbv· w fw ËK mdUIq¨vi I mvw f©‡mi mePvB‡Z eo cÖw Zôvb ‡iW n¨vU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Avw ef©ve N‡U| w jbv‡·i m„w óKZ©v‡K m¤§vb Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ ‡iWn¨vU K‡c©v‡ikvb w jbvm‡K w b‡R‡`i ‡Kv¤úvw bi ‡kqvi Dcnvi ‡`q Ges ‡iWn¨v‡Ui ‡kqvi evRv‡i Avmvi mv‡_ mv‡_B w jbv‡mi ‡kqv‡ii A_©g~j¨ `vovq 20 w gw jqb Wjvi| w jbv‡·ieZ©gvb eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ 97 kZvs‡ki I ‡ew k mycvi Kw ¤úDUv‡i w jbv· e¨eüZ nq| w e‡k¦i Avw k fvM ¯§vU©‡dvb I U¨ve‡j‡U Av‡Q w jbv·| 70 kZvsk mvf©v‡iB w jbv· e¨eüZ nq| j¶ j¶ ‡W¯‹Uc ev j¨vcUc e¨envi Kvix GLb w jbv· e¨envi K‡ib| Ab¨vb¨ IGm ‡_‡K w jbv‡· Avmvi nviI w `b w `b evo‡Q| G¸‡jv QvovI w Uw f, w Ww fw W ‡cøqvi, ‡cø ‡÷kvb, Iqvw ks ‡gw kb, w WGmGj g‡Wg, ivDUvi, ‡¯úm ‡÷kvb, mve‡gw ib, †iveU mn Ggb Av‡iv AmsL¨ Kw ¤úDUvivBRW w WfvB‡m w jbv· e¨eüZ nq ‡h¸‡jv nq‡Zv Avgiv Rvw bI bv| Ggbw K w jbvmI †evanq fv‡ebw b Zvi 386 Avw K©‡UKPv‡ii Rb¨ †jLv Kv‡b©j GZ e¨vcK nv‡i e¨eüZ n‡e| GUvB nj I‡cb †mv‡m©i ‰ew kó¨| Avi w jbv· Kviv e¨envi Ki‡Q? GB w j÷Uv A‡bK w ekvj| ZviciI ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq w ew fbœ ‡`‡ki miKvi, miKvw i w ew fbœ ms¯’v, ‡Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v, mvgw iK evw nbx, ‰eÁvw bK ms¯’v, w k¶v cÖw Zôvb, e¨emv cÖw Zôvb, e¨w ³MZ Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix BZ¨vw ` BZ¨vw `| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji ‡W‡fjcv‡ii msL¨v AmsL¨ n‡jI w jbvm GL‡bv w b‡RB GB Kv‡b©j ‡gb‡UBb K‡i _v‡Kb| Z‡e gRvi e¨vcvi n‡”Q w jbv· Kv‡b©‡j AmsL¨ ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i ‡KvW Aš—©f~³ n‡Z n‡Z w jbv‡mi w b‡Ri ‡jLv ‡Kv‡Wi cw igvb GLb 2 kZvs‡kiI K‡g w M‡q ‡V‡K‡Q| nq‡Zv GK mgq ‡`Lv w jbv· Kv‡b©‡j w jbv‡mi ‡jLv ‡Kvb ‡KvWB Avi Aew kó ‡bB| ‡R‡b ivLyb, BDw b‡·i Av`‡j ‰Zw i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g¸‡jv‡K ejv nq BDw b·-jvBK (UNIX-LIKE) Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| w jbv·I GKw U BDw b· jvBK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| (GLv‡b mnR A‡_© Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ejv n‡”Q| w jbv· Avm‡j Kv‡b©j| Gi mv‡_ w RGbDi mdUIq¨vi I Uyjm hy³ K‡i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q ZvB A‡bK mgq G‡K GNU/LINUX I ejv nq|) = + GNU LINUX Name : Linus Benedict Torvalds Born : December 28, 1969 Born In : Helsinki Parents : Anna and Nills Torvalds Spouse : Tove Torvalds Education : University of Helsinki Occupation : Software Engineer Creator : Linux Kernel, Git Quotes "Software is like sex: it's better when it's free." "Talk is cheap, Show me the code".
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PAGE | 23 w jbv·?? evc‡i evc| IUv ‡_‡K `~‡i _vKvB fvj| ‡Kb? w jbv· w K Kvgovq? bv| w jbv· KvgovqI bv Py‡lI bv| g¨vK ‡hgb Avcbvi e¨vsK e¨v‡jÝ Py‡l ‡bq, DB‡ÛvR ‡hgb Avcbvi mgq Avi ‰ah©kw ³ Py‡l ‡bq w jbv· ‡ZgbUv K‡i bv| ZviciI mvaviY Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvixiv w jbv·‡K GZ fq cvq ‡Kb? GB f‡qi g~j KviY n‡”Q w jbv· m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Áv‡bi Afve| Avgiv DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixiv mvaviYZ w jbv· m¤ú‡K© mw VKfv‡e bv Rvbvi Kvi‡b ‡ek w KQy åvš— aviYv I Kyms¯‹vi cy‡l ivw L Avi Gi ‡_‡KB m„w ó nq f‡qi| w jbv· Avgvi Rb¨ bv, Avgvi Øviv m¤¢e bv, w jbv‡· GUv ‡bB, IUv Kiv hvq bv BZ¨vw ` BZ¨vw ` ARynvZ Avgiv w `‡q _vw K w jbv· bv e¨envi Kivi KviY w n‡m‡e| Zvn‡j Pjyb ‡`‡L w bB w KQy cÖavb hyw ³ (ARynvZ) ‡h¸‡jv Avgiv w jbv· e¨envi bv Kivi c‡¶ w `‡q _vw K Ges ‡m¸‡jvi DËi| hyw ³t KgvÛjvB‡bigva¨‡gKw ¤úDUviPvjv‡bvAvgvic‡¶m¤¢ebv| DËit A‡a©‡Ki ‡ew k DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvix g‡b K‡i _v‡K ‡h w jbv· GKUv KgvÛ jvBb w fw ËK ‡U·U ‡eRW Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| GUv Pvjv‡Z n‡j Uvw g©bv‡ji Kv‡jv ¯Œx‡b KgvÛ w jL‡Z n‡e| A_P w jbv‡· MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm G‡m‡Q 16 eQi Av‡M| ‡mB MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡dm ‡h GLb KZUv DbœZ ‡mUv bv ‡`L‡j w ek¦vm n‡e bv| w Kš‘ Avgv‡`i w KQy hvq Av‡m bv KviY w jbv‡·i e¨vcv‡i Avgvi m¤ú~Y© AÜKv‡i _vw K| Avgiv ‡Rbv‡ikvb Uy ‡Rbv‡ikvb DB‡Ûv‡RB Avm³| w jbv· bv‡g ‡h ‡Kvb e¯—y Av‡Q ‡mUvB A‡b‡K Rvw b bv| hyw ³t Avw gn¨vKvibv| Avw g‡Kbw jbv·Pvjve? GUvn¨vKvi‡`iAcv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| DËit n¨vKviiv w jbv·‡K AZ¨š— cQ›` K‡i KviY GUv‡Z mxgvnxb ¯^vaxbZv cvIqv hvq, GUv‡K B”QvgZ ‡gvw WdvB Kiv hvq Avi GUv‡Z i‡q‡Q P~ovš— w bivcËv e¨e¯’v hv Ab¨ ‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡g cvIqv hvq bv| Zvi Dci GUv cvIqv hvq m¤ú~Y© w d« ‡Z| w jbv· ‰Zw ii ‡¶‡ÎI AmsL¨ n¨vKv‡ii Ae`vb Av‡Q| w Kš‘ ZvB e‡j GUv e¨envi Ki‡Z ‡h Avcbv‡KI n¨vKvi n‡Z n‡e ‡mUv ‡K e‡j‡Q? hyw ³t Avw gmvavibKw ¤úDUvie¨enviKvix| Aviw jbv·n‡”Q‡Uw K‡`iw Rw bm| GUvAvgviRb¨bv| DËit n¨v ‡Uw K iv w jbv· fvjev‡m| KviY w jbv· w `‡q Zviv ‡mme Ki‡Z cv‡i hv Zviv Ki‡Z Pvq| w Kš‘ ZvB e‡j w K w jbv· Zv‡`i GKvi m¤úw Ë? w jbv· mevi Rb¨ w d«| ‡Uw Kiv gRv w b‡q w b‡”Q| Avcw b w b‡Z bv cvi‡j jm AvcbviB| hyyw ³t w jbv‡·nvW©Iq¨vimv‡cvU©mxw gZ| menvW©Iq¨vimv‡cvU©K‡ibv| DËit GUv w jbv· m¤ú‡K© iUv‡bv GKUv Wvnv w g_¨v K_v| w jbv· me ai‡bi cÖ‡mmi Avw K©‡UKPv‡iB P‡j| Pjyb ‡`w L - B‡›Uj ev Ggw W Qvov Ab¨ ‡Kvb Avw K©‡UKPv‡i DB‡ÛvR P‡j bv| IGmG· I B‡›Uj Avi g‡Uv‡ivjv cvIqvi cÖ‡mmi Qvov Ab¨ ‡Kv_vI P‡j bv| GKgvÎ w jbv·B me ai‡bi Avw K©‡UKPv‡i P‡j| LINUX WINDOWS OS X Intel Intel AMD Motorola NO SUPPORT × NO SUPPORT × Intel AMD Sun SPARC, Motorola 68000, Power Pc, ARM, Alpha AXP, Hitachi Super H, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, AXIS CRIS, Reasons H8/300, NEC V850, Tensilica Xtensa, Analog Devices Blackfin, Architectures
PAGE | 24 ZvQvov w jbv· Kv‡b©‡jB A‡bK nvW©Iq¨v‡ii WªvBfvi w eë Bb _v‡K| ïay ZvB bv, nvW©Iq¨vi jvMv‡bvi mv‡_ mv‡_ A‡Uv‡gw UK WªvBfvi ‡c‡q hvq| DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZ Avjv`v K‡i WªvBfvi BÝUj Ki‡Z nq bv| w ek¦vm n‡”Q bv? Avw gI Av‡M w ek¦vm Kw iw b| Pvjv‡bvi c‡i w ek¦vm K‡iw Q| w cÖ›Uv‡ii K¨vej jvw M‡q hLb cvIqvi Ab K‡iw Qjvg mv‡_ mv‡_ w cÖ›Uvi ‡c‡q ‡Mw Qj, ‡mUv w Qj Avgvi Rb¨ GK Avðh© Aw fÁZv| hyw ³t w jbv‡·i‡Kvb÷¨vw ew jw UbvB| DËit gvbyl ‡h KZ AvRe AvRe ARynvZ w b‡q Av‡m w jbv· m¤ú‡K©| ‡KvbUv‡Z ÷¨vw ew jw U Av‡Q? IGmG· bvw K DB‡ÛvR? IGm· w b‡R‡`i nvW©Iq¨v‡i ivb K‡i ZvB IGmG· GLv‡b AcÖvmw ½K| Ab¨ nvW©Iq¨v‡i (n¨vw Kb‡Uvk) BÝU‡ji ‡Póv hviv K‡i‡Qb Zviv Rv‡bb µ¨vw ks KZ cÖKvi I w K w K? evw K iBj DB‡ÛvR| cvB‡i‡UW DB‡Ûv‡Ri K_v ‡Zv ev`B w `jvg| jvB‡mÝ Kiv DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvix ivI DB‡ÛvR µ¨vw ks Avi ey ¯Œxb Ae ‡W‡_i mv‡_ fv‡jvgZB cw iw PZ| Zvn‡j, w jbv· w K KL‡bv µ¨vk K‡i bv? K‡i| Z‡e ‡mUv e¨enviKvix hw ` ‡Kvb fyjfvj w KQy K‡i ZLb| w b‡R fyj w KQy bv Ki‡j w jbv‡·i µ¨vw ks ‡`Lvi Rb¨ nqZ Avcbv‡K eQ‡ii ci eQi A‡c¶v K‡i nZvk n‡Z n‡e| w jbv‡·i ÷¨vej fvm©b e¨envi Ki‡j ‡Zv K_vB ‡bB| ‡Ww eqvb bv‡gi w jbv‡·i GKUv w W‡÷«v (w jbv· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g) Av‡Q ‡hUv GZUvB ÷¨vej ‡h GKevi ‡mUvc w `‡j Avcbvi cieZ©x K‡qK cÖRb¥ ‡mB Kw ¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡i ‡h‡Z cvi‡e ‡Kvb mgm¨v QvovB| hyw ³t w jbv‡·`iKvw imdUIq¨vibvB| DËit mw Z¨B nvm¨Ki| w jbv· e¨enviKvixiv w K mdUIq¨vi QvovB Kw ¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡i? w jbv‡· DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZ jvL jvL mdUIq¨vi bvB GUv w VK| Z‡e nvRvi nvRvi mdUIq¨vi Av‡Q| Avcbvi w cw m‡Z ¸‡Y ‡`L‡j eo‡Rvi 40 ‡_‡K 50 Uv mdUIq¨vi cvIqv hv‡e ‡h¸‡jv w `‡q Avcw b KvR K‡ib| KviI KviI nq‡Zv Av‡iv GKUy ‡ew kI _vK‡Z cv‡i| w Kš‘ ZvB e‡j ‡KD kZ kZ mdUIq¨vi w cw m‡Z BÝUj K‡i iv‡L bv| me ai‡bi e¨enviKvixi hveZxq cÖ‡qvRb ‡gUv‡biv Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡bi ‡_‡K A‡bK A‡bK ‡ew k mdUIq¨vi Av‡Q w jbv‡·| Avi me‡P‡q eo K_v n‡”Q me mdUIq¨viB w d«| ‡KvbUvB UvKv w `‡q w Kb‡Z nq bv| Z‡e _vW© cvw U©i †cÖvcivBUw i mdUIq¨viI Av‡Q hviv w jbv‡·i Rb¨ fvm©b ‰Zw i K‡i Zv‡`i mdUIq¨vi ¸‡jv UvKv w `‡q w Kb‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jv DB‡Ûv‡RI w Kb‡Z nq| DB‡Ûv‡Ri me cÖ‡qvRbxq mdUIq¨v‡ii Av‡iv DbœZ w eKí w jbv‡· Av‡Q GB w b‡q w jbv‡·i mdUIq¨vi Aa¨v‡q w e¯—vw iZ Av‡jvPbv Kie| hyw ³t GUvw d«| ‡KD‡ZvAvifvjw Rw bmw d«‡Z‡`qbv| w bðB‡KvbNvcjvAv‡Q| DËit GUvi DËi ‡`Iqvi Avi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiw Q bv|| KviY Avcw b hw ` Av‡Mi Aa¨vq¸‡jv c‡o _v‡Kb Zvn‡j w b‡RB ey‡S hv‡eb w jbv· ‡Kb w d«| Avi UvKv w `‡q Avcw b ‡h Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷gUv w Kb‡eb ‡mUv w K‡bI w K kvw š— cv‡eb? Avcbvi GZ UvKv w `‡q ‡Kbv w m‡÷g‡K myiw ¶Z ivL‡Z Avevi UvKv w `‡q Gw ›UfvBivm w Kb‡Z n‡e| bZyb fvm©‡b Avc‡MÖW Ki‡eb? Avevi UvKv jvM‡e| Gfv‡e ïay w `‡qB ‡h‡Z _vK‡eb| w jbv‡·i ‡cQ‡b Gme AccÖPvi Pvjv‡bvi mv‡_ gvB‡µvmdU I Rw oZ Av‡Q| w jbv· e¨envi bv Kivi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K ‡evSv‡Z gvB‡µvmdU w ew fbœ K¨v‡¤úBb K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e gvB‡µvmdU ‡h ïay w jbv‡·i w ei“‡×B AccÖPvi Pvjvq Zv bq eis ¸Mj, dvqvid· Ggbw K A¨vc‡ji w ei“‡×I AccÖPvi Pvjvq| GUv Zv‡`i w b‡Ri gv‡K©w Us Gi GKUv RNb¨ c×w Z| gvB‡µvmdU I‡cb ‡mvm© mdUIq¨vi e¨enviKvix‡`i mgm¨vq ‡djvi Rb¨ w ew fbœ ai‡bi Kyi“w Pc~Y© c×w Z Aej¤^b K‡i| ‡hgb MS OFFICE Gi dvBj dig¨vU cw ieZ©b| Av‡M Iqv‡W©i Rb¨ doc, G‡·‡ji Rb¨ xls Gai‡bi dig¨vU w Qj| I‡cb ‡mvm© mdUIq¨vi A‡cb Aw dm Avi w jevi Aw dm hLb GgGm Aw d‡mi mgK¶ n‡q DVj ZLb A‡b‡K GgGm Aw dm bv w K‡b I‡cb ev w jevi Aw dm e¨envi Kiv ïi“ Kij| ZLb gvB‡µvmdU w b‡R‡`i Aw dm dvB‡j xml hy³ K‡i ‡mUvi dig¨vU evw b‡q ‡djj docx ev xlsx hv‡Z ‡m¸‡jv I‡cb ev w jevi Aw d‡m mv‡cvU© bv K‡i| GZ K‡iI gvB‡µvmdU w RZ‡Z cvij bv| I‡cb ‡mvm© ‡W‡fjcviiv w b‡R‡`i mdUIq¨vi‡K bZyb dig¨v‡Ui Rb¨ Avc‡MÖW K‡i ‡djj| GLb w jevi Aw dm GZ Avc‡W‡UW Avi DbœZ ‡h Avcbv‡K UvKv w `‡q Avi GgGm Aw dm w Kb‡Z B”Qv Ki‡e bv|
PAGE | 25 hw `I Avgiv Gm‡ei cv_©K¨ eySebv KviY Avgiv Aw aKvskB Aw dm my¨U UvKv w `‡q w Kw b bv| ev w Kb‡jI 50 UvKv w `‡q cvB‡i‡UW w Ww fw W w Kw b| w Kš‘ DbœZ ‡`‡ki ‡jvKRb Gme cvB‡i‡UW w Rw bm e¨envi Kivi K_v w Pš—vI Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi †mLv‡b Gme w ew µI nq bv| ZvB Zv‡`i Rb¨ G¸‡jv A‡bK eo e¨vcvi| Avcw b w b‡RB ‡f‡e †`Lyb 120 Wjvi e¨q K‡i GgGm Aw dm †Kb w Kb‡eb †hLv‡b m¤ú~Y© GKB gv‡bi w jevi Aw dm ev I‡cb Aw dm w d«‡Z cvIqv hv‡”Q| w jevi Aw dm DB‡Ûv‡Ri R‡b¨I cvIqv hvq| cÖ‡qvR‡b WvDb‡jvW K‡i BÝUj Ki“b Avi Avgvi K_vi mZ¨Zv hvPvB K‡i w bb| w jevi Aw dm w j¼t www.libreoffice.org gvB‡µvmdU Windows 8/10 G w mw KDi eyU bv‡g Ggb GKw U Rw Uj eyyw Us cÖ‡mm ‰Zw i K‡i‡Q hv‡Z w jbv· Kv‡b©j eyU bv K‡i ev Ki‡jI A‡bK mgm¨ nq| DB‡ÛvR w cÖ BÝUjW j¨vcUc¸‡jv‡Z gvB‡µvmdU UEFI w mw KDi eyU e¨envi Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Q| GB AmvaviY Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avmyb AvgivI w jbv‡mi gZ gvB‡µvmdU‡K Gfv‡e Aw fb›`b RvbvB -- Z_¨ m~Î I Qw et arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/02/linus-torvalds-i-will-not- change-linux-to-deep-throat-microsoft/ gvB‡µvmd‡Ui GiKg Av‡iv A‡bK ‡bvsivw g Av‡Q w Kš‘ ‡m¸‡jv w b‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgq bó Kivi PvB‡Z Pjyb Uv‡·i w KQy gRvi Qw e ‡`‡L w bB --
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w jbv·w fw ËKAcv‡iw Us w m‡÷g
PAGE | 29 w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji Dci w fw Ë K‡i cÖvq mvZkÕiI ‡ew k Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ eZ©gv‡b `yBkÕi ‡ew k Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g mw µq Av‡Q| Avi Ab¨ ¸‡jv w ew fbœ Kvi‡b w bw ®Œq n‡q ‡M‡Q| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K ejv nq w jbv· w Ww ÷«w eDkvb (Linux Distribution) ev ms‡¶‡c w W‡÷«v (Distro)| w jbv‡·i ‡h‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K ‡evSv‡bvi w jbv· w W‡÷«v (Linux Distro) K_vUv e¨envi Kiv nq| w Kfv‡e ‰Zw i nq GB w jbv· w W‡÷«v? D`vniY ‡`Iqv hvK-- Zvn‡j ‡`Lv hv‡”Q w jbv‡·i w W‡÷«v ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ w jbv· Kv‡b©j ‡Zv Aek¨B _vK‡e| GUv QvovI _vK‡e GNU A_©vr ÷jg¨v‡bi evbv‡bv Uyjm Avi jvB‡eªw iR, DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g, DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi, ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U, c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi Avi I‡cb ‡mvm© w d« mdUIq¨vi| G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c ‡R‡b ‡bIqv hvK| G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© bv Rvb‡j w jbv· w W‡÷«v ¸‡jv‡K fvjfv‡e ‡evSv hv‡e bv| w jbv· Kv‡b©j, ÷jg¨v‡bi evbv‡bv Uyjm Avi mdUIq¨vim BZ¨vw `i e¨vcv‡i Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q| ZvB DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g w `‡qB ïi“ Kw i| DB‡Ûvw m‡÷g(Windows System) Kw ¤úDUv‡i MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm ‰Zw ii GKw U w e‡kl c×w Z‡K ejv nq DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g ‡hLv‡b DB‡Ûv, AvBKb, ‡gby, c‡q›Uvi BZ¨vw `i mgš^‡q e¨enviKvix‡K mn‡RB gvDm e¨envi K‡i KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx GKw U w PÎw fw ËK cw i‡ek ‡`Iqv nq| w jbv· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ¸‡jv‡Z G· DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g (X Window System) e¨eüZ nq| GQvov IGm G· Gi DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g n‡”Q ‡KvqvU©R K‡¤úvw RUi (Quartz Compositor) Ges DB‡Ûv‡Ri Uv nj ‡W¯‹Uc DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi (Desktop Window Manager)| w jbv·w W‡÷ªv = w jbv· Kv‡b©j + w RGbBDÕi Uyjm, jvB‡eªw iR + w m‡÷g mdUIq¨vi + DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g + DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi + ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U + c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi + w d« Ges I‡cb ‡mvm© mdU&Iq¨vi w jbv·w g›U = w jbv· Kv‡b©j + w RGbBDÕi Uyjm, jvB‡eªw iR + w m‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi + G· DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g + G· DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi + w mbvgb ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U + Gw cw U c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi + w jevi Aw dm + dvqvid· + evbw m w gDw RK ‡cqvi + U‡Ug gyw f †cøqvi BZ¨vw ` ‡d‡Wviv = w jbv· Kv‡b©j + w RGbBDÕi Uyjm, jvB‡eªw iR + w m‡÷g mdUIq¨vi + G· DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g + G· DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi + ‡Mœvg ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U + Aviw cGg c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi + w jevi Aw dm + dvqvid· + w i`ge· w gDw RK ‡cqvi + w fGjw m ‡cqvi BZ¨vw `
PAGE | 30 DB‡Ûvg¨v‡bRvi(Window Manager) DB‡Ûv w m‡÷‡g w Kfv‡e DB‡Ûv¸‡jv cÖ`w k©Z n‡e ‡mUv w bqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ ‡h w m‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi e¨envi Kiv nq ‡mUvi bvgB n‡”Q DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi| w jbv· w W‡÷«v¸‡jv‡Z G· DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi (X Window Manager) e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡W¯‹UcGbfvqib‡g›U(Desktop Environment) ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U ev ms‡¶‡c DE ej‡Z ‡evSvq GKUv m¤ú~Y© MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm ‡hLv‡b GKRb e¨enviKvix‡K `ª“Z I Kvh©Ki fv‡e Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K e¨envi Kivi cw i‡ek ‡`Iqv nq| mnR K_vq ej‡Z ‡M‡j Avcbvi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi ‡Pnviv w K iKg n‡e ‡mUv w bf©i K‡i ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g‡›Ui Dci| ‡hgb Avcw b DB‡ÛvR G·w c e¨envi Ki‡j GKiKg ‡W¯‹Uc cv‡eb Avevi DB‡ÛvR 7 ev 8 G m¤ú~Y© w fbœ iKg ‡Pnviv cv‡eb| IGm G· e¨envi Ki‡j Avevi m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v ai‡bi Av‡iKUv ‡W¯‹Uc cv‡eb| Avcbv‡K Avcbvi ‡W¯‹U‡ci ‡Pnviv cQ›` bv n‡jI ‡mUvB ‡g‡b w b‡Z n‡e KviY IUv cw ieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| _xg jvw M‡q nqZ GKUy cw ieZ©b Avb‡Z cvi‡eb w Kš‘ ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U cw ieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| w Kš‘ w jbv‡· 10 w UiI ‡ew k ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U Av‡Q| Avcw b ‡Kvb DE e¨envi Ki‡eb Zv cQ›` K‡i w b‡Z cvi‡eb| Ggbw K GKB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gB gvw ëcj DE e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| w jbv‡·i K‡qKw U Rbw cÖq DE nj Cinnamon, Gnome Shell, KDE Plasma, Pantheon, XFCE, Budgie, LXDE, MATE Ges Enlightment BZ¨vw `| w PÎ ‡`Lybt Cinnamon Desktop
PAGE | 31 Gnome Desktop KDE Desktop
PAGE | 32 Pantheon Desktop XFCE Desktop
PAGE | 33 Budgie Desktop LXDE Desktop
PAGE | 34 MATE Desktop Enlightment Desktop
PAGE | 35 c¨v‡KRg¨v‡bRvi(Package Manager) w jbv· w W‡÷«v ¸‡jv GKB mdUIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| ïay Zv‡`i c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi¸‡jv Avjv`v| GB c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi w K w Rw bm? Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡g mdU&Iq¨vi BÝUj Kiv, Avc‡MÖW Kiv, Kbw dMvi Kiv, mdU&Iq¨vi w igyf Kiv BZ¨vw ` Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ‡hB mdU&Iq¨vi e¨envi Kiv nq ‡mUvB n‡”Q c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi| K‡qKw U Rbw cÖq c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi n‡”Q Aviw cGg (RPM), w Ww c‡Kw R (Dpkg), c¨vKg¨vb (Pacman) BZ¨vw `| w W‡÷«vw ijxR(Distro Release) GB w W‡÷«v ¸‡jvi w ew fbœ fvm©b w ijxR nIqvi GKUv w bw `©ó aviv Av‡Q| w W‡÷«v cÖ¯—yZKvix Kw gDw bw U ev ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv GZUvB mw µq ‡h mevB GKUv w bw `©ó mgqKvj ‡g‡b w bqw gZ bZyb fvm©b w ijxR K‡i| w jbv· w W‡÷«v‡Z w Zb ai‡bi w ijxR ‡`Lv hvq - Standard Release - mvavibZ cÖw Z 6 gvm ci ci GKUv w W‡÷«vi bZyb fvm©b w ijxR nq| Z‡e w KQy w KQy w W‡÷«vi ‡¶‡Î GUv GK eQ‡i nq| LTS (Long Term Support) Release - mvaviYZ cÖw Z 2 eQi ci ci LTS w ijxR ‡ei nq| LTS w ijxR fvm©b n‡”Q Ggb GKw U fvm©b ‡hUv‡K 5 eQi ev w KQy ‡¶‡Î 7 eQi ch©š— mv‡cvU© ‡`Iqv nq| Rolling Release - ‡ivw js w ijxR n‡”Q µgvMZ Avc‡Ww Us w m‡÷g| A_©vr ‡ivw js w ijxR w W‡÷«v ¸‡jv 6 gvm ev GK eQi ci Avc‡MÖW Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Kvib GUv me©`v Avc‡W‡UW c¨v‡KR e¨envi K‡i Ges cÖw Zw bqZ Avc‡WU n‡Z _v‡K| w KQz w KQz w W‡÷ªvi ‡¶‡Î GB fvm©b¸‡jvi Avevi Avjv`v Avjv`v †KvW †bg _v‡K| †hgb w jbv· w g›U 17.3 fv©m‡bi †KvW †bg nj Rosa| Avevi ‡Ww eqvb 8 fvm©‡bi †KvW †bg nj Jessie| Z‡e Avcbv‡K ‡h 6 gvm ev GK eQi ci ci Avc‡MÖW Ki‡ZB n‡e Zv w Kš‘ bv| Avcw b PvB‡j ‡h‡Kvb fvm©bB AvRxeb e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| w Kš‘ Avc‡MÖ‡WW fvm©b¸‡jv‡Z w ew fbœ bZyb w dPvi, w mw KDw iw U w d·, evM w d· BZ¨vw ` _v‡K| ZvQvov w W‡÷«v¸‡jv‡Z w bqw gZfv‡eB mdU&Iq¨vi I w mw KDw iw U Avc‡WU mn w ew fbœ Avc‡WU Av‡m| ZvB me©`v Avc‡W‡UW _vKvB eyw ×gv‡bi cw iPq| ZvQvov gRvi e¨vcvi n‡”Q Avc‡WU ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ ev w W‡÷«v fvm©b Avc‡MÖW Kivi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K bZyb K‡i ‡mUvc w `‡Z n‡e bv| Avc‡WU g¨v‡bRv‡i w M‡q Avc‡WU G w K¬K Ki‡eb Avi Avcbvi w m‡÷gmn hZ mdU&Iq¨vi Av‡Q me Avc‡WU n‡q hv‡e| G Kvi‡b w jbv· e¨enviKvixiv me©`v Avc‡W‡UW _v‡K| Z‡e Gi Rb¨ ‡bU Kv‡b‡±W _vK‡Z n‡e| Gevi w jbv· w W‡÷ªv¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b †bIqv hvK| w jbv· w W‡÷ªvmg~‡ni kvLv cÖkvLv GZ ‡ew k ‡h ‡m¸‡jv me GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv m¤¢e bv| ‡hgb ‡Ww eqvb, ¯ø¨vK&Iq¨viw jbv· Avi ‡iWn¨vU ‡_‡K kZ kZ w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q| ‡mme w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb ‡_‡K Avevi bZyb w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q| GQvovI G¸‡jvi gZ Av‡iv A‡bK ¯^Zš¿ w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb Av‡Q ‡h¸‡jv ‡_‡K bZyb kvLv ‡ei n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb ‡Ww eqvb GKw U ¯^Zš¿ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| GUvi w fw ˇZ w bw g©Z kZ kZ w W‡÷ªvi g‡a¨ GKUv n‡”Q Dey›Uy| Avevi Dey›Uy ‡_‡KI kvLv cÖkvLv ‡ei n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb ‡µvw gqvg IGm (GUv ¸M‡ji ‰Zw i), Gw j‡g›Uvw i IGm, w jbv· w g›U BZ¨vw `| GQvovI DE Õi w fw ˇZ Avevi Dey›Uyi A‡bK kvLv Av‡Q ‡hgb Kyey›Uy, jyey›Uy, Ryey›Uy BZ¨vw `| Avevi AvP© w jbv· Av‡iKw U ¯^Zš¿ w W‡÷ªv| A_©vr Ab¨ †Kvb w W‡÷ªvi w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv bq| GUv ‡_‡K ˆZw i n‡q‡Q g¨vbRv‡iv w jbv·, G›Uviw R IGm, Gw cÖw mw U IGm, AvP©e¨vO BZ¨vw `| mnR fv‡e ej‡Z ‡M‡j ai“b X GKUv Mvox evbvj| Y Avevi ‡mUvi mv‡_ w ew fbœ cvU©m ‡Rvov w `‡q ‡mUv‡K GKUv G‡iv‡cøb evw b‡q ‡djj| Z G‡m ‡mB G‡iv‡cø‡bi Wvbv ‡K‡U ‡d‡j Zvi mv‡_ Kvgvb Ry‡o w `‡q GKUv U¨vsK evw b‡q ‡djj| Zvici W G‡m Z Gi U¨vsK‡K Ggb fv‡e ‡gvw WdvB Kij ‡h ‡mUv GKUv mve‡gw i‡b cw iYZ nj| e¨vcviUv A‡bKUv GiKg| Z‡e mevi Bw Äb w Kš‘ GKB| ‡mUv nj w jbv·| GLv‡b W, X, Y, Z n‡Z cv‡i ‡Kvb ‡Kv¤úvw b A_ev ‡Kvb ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i Kw gDw bw U w Ksev ïaygvÎ GKRb ¯^Zš¿ ‡W‡fjcvi|
PAGE | 36 Avw g GLv‡b w jbv‡·i Rbw cÖq w KQy w W‡÷ªv w b‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| Z‡e Avcw b w jbv‡·i hveZxq w W‡÷ªv m¤úw K©Z Z_¨ distrowatch.com mvB‡U ‡M‡j ‡`L‡Z cv‡eb| ‡Ww eqvb(Debian) 1993 mvj ‡_‡K GL‡bv ch©š— mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ w U‡K Av‡Q ‡Ww eqvb| GUv GKUv Kw gDw bw U w bf©i w W‡÷ªv| A_©vr w bw `©ó ‡Kvb GUv‡K ‡Kv¤úvw b ‰Zw i K‡i bv| ‡Ww eqvb‡K Mother Distro I ejv nq KviY GUv ‡_‡K cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e K‡qKÕk w jbv· w W‡÷ªvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| w jbv‡·i hZ w W‡÷ªv Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ ‡Ww eqvbB n‡”Q mePvB‡Z Îæw U gy³ Ges AZ¨š— w bLyZfv‡e cixw ¶Z GKw U w W‡÷ªv| GKvi‡b Stability Õi w `K w `‡q GUvi ‡Kvb ZyjbvB nq bv| GUvi Avc‡WU ‡`ix‡Z Av‡m KviY G‡Z mePvB‡Z Stable mdU&Iq¨vi c¨v‡KR e¨envi Kiv nq| GUv mvf©v‡i e¨env‡ii Rb¨ G‡Kev‡i Av`k©| Z‡e Gi ‡W¯‹Uc fvm©bI Av‡Q| hw ` Avcbvi Ggb GKw U w cw m PvB ‡hUv GKevi ‡mUvc w `‡j AvMvgx GKk eQi Pvjv‡bv hv‡e Zvn‡j ‡Ww eqvb e¨envi Ki“b| GUv ‡bUIqvK© I w m‡÷g GWw gw b‡÷ªUi‡`i w cÖq w W‡÷«v| GUv‡Z GNOME ‡W¯‹Uc e¨envi Kiv nq| GUvi c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi n‡”Q Dpkg| w j¼t www.debian.org w jbv·w g›U(Linux Mint) w jbv· w g›U n‡”Q AZ¨š— Rbw cÖq GKw U Kw gDw bw U w bf©i w W‡÷ªv| GUv ‡Ww eqvb Ges Dey›Uyi Dci w fw Ë K‡i evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GUv Cinnamon, MATE, XFCE Ges KDE PviUv ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g‡›U cvIqv hvq| GUvi Avevi GKUv †Ww eqvb Gw WkvbI Av‡Q| †mUv‡Z LMDE ‡W¯‹Uc e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡h‡nZy ‡Ww eqvb Ges Dey›Uyi w fw ˇZ ‰Zw i ZvB Stability, w mw KDw iw U BZ¨vw ` w el‡q w Pš—v KiviI `iKvi ‡bB| GUv‡Z ‡Ww eqv‡bi Dpkg c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv nq| GUv BÝUj Ki‡jB me cÖ‡qvRbxq w gw Wqv ‡Kv‡WK A‡Uv BÝUj n‡q hvq| Avjv`v K‡i BÝU‡ji cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| GUvi mnR mij BDRvi B›Uvi‡d‡mi Rb¨ GUv bZyb w jbv· e¨enviKvix‡`i mePvB‡Z cQ‡›`i w W‡÷ªv| w j¼t www.linuxmint.com
PAGE | 37 ‡d‡Wviv(Fedora) ‡d‡Wviv n‡”Q GKUv Kw gDw bw U w bf©i w W‡÷ªv ‡hLv‡b ‡iWn¨vU mivmw i ¯úÝi K‡i| ‡iWn¨v‡Ui ‡W‡fjcviivB n‡”Q ‡d‡Wvivi ‡W‡fjcvi| ‡d‡Wviv‡Z RPM c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨eüZ nq| w Wdë fv‡e GNOME ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U ‡`Iqv _vK‡jI KDE, LXDE, XFCE I Cinnamon Gme DE ‡ZI cvIqv hvq| IqvK©‡÷kb (‡W¯‹Uc), mvf©vi I K¬vDW w Zbw Ui Rb¨B ‡d‡Wviv ‰Zw i Kiv nq| ‡d‡Wviv n‡”Q ‡iWn¨v‡Ui j¨ve‡iUw i| ‡iWn¨v‡U bZyb ‡Kvb c¨v‡KR ‡hvM Kivi Av‡M ‡d‡Wviv‡Z ‡U÷ Kiv nq| Gici ‡d‡Wvivi e¨enviKvix‡`i ‡_‡K fvj w dWe¨K cvIqv ‡M‡j ‡mUv ‡iWn¨v‡Ui cieZ©x fvm©‡b hy³ Kiv nq| w j¼t getfedora.org
PAGE | 38 ‡m›UIGm(Cent OS) ‡m›U IGm n‡”Q GKw U Kw gDw bw U w bf©i w W‡÷ªv ‡hUv‡K ‡iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR w jbv‡·i (Red Hat Enterprise Linux - RHEL) ‡K¬vb ejv hvq| g~jZ ‡iW n¨v‡Ui ‡W‡fjcviiv w ebvg~‡j¨ ‡iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR w jbv‡·i mgK¶ GKw U IGm ‰Zw ii j‡¶¨ ‡iWn¨v‡Ui ‡mvm© ‡KvW e¨envi K‡iB ‡m›U IGm ‰Zw i K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z ‡iWn¨vUI GB ‡m›U IGm ‡K mv‡cvU© Kiv ïi“ K‡i| GUv‡Z RPM c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv nq| GUvi w Wdë ‡W¯‹Uc n‡”Q GNOME ev KDE Plasma| e¨enviKvix ‡hUv Pvq ‡mUvB e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| w j¼t www.centos.org I‡cbmy‡m(Open SUSE) I‡cb my‡m n‡”Q Rvg©vw bi SUSE LINUX ‡Kv¤úvw bi ‰Zw i Rbw cÖq GKw U w jbv· w W‡÷ªv| GUv‡Z RPM c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨eüZ nq| GUv‡Z ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U n‡”Q KDE Plasma| g~jZ cvIqvi BDRvi, w m‡÷g GWw gw b‡÷ªUi, ‡W‡fjcvi I e¨emvw qK cÖw Zôvb‡K Uv‡M©U K‡i GUv evbv‡bv n‡jI GUvi IqvK©‡÷kb (‡W¯‹Uc) Gi R‡b¨I fvm©b Av‡Q| GUv Ggbfv‡e evbv‡bv hv‡Z bZyb e¨enviKvix ‡_‡K ïi“ K‡i ‡UK‡bvjw R G·cvU© mevi cQ›` nq| w j¼t www.opensuse.org
PAGE | 39 g¨vw Rqv(Mageia) g¨vbw Wªfv cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q GB g¨vw Rqv w W‡÷ªv ‡ek Rbw cÖqZv jvf K‡i| GUv‡Z RPM c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv nq| KDE Plasma, GNOME Ges LXDE w Zbw U fvm©‡bi ‡W¯‹U‡cB GUv cvIqv hvq| g~jZ g¨vbw Wªfv (Mandriva) cÖ‡R± eÜ n‡q hvIqvi ci GB Kw gDw bw Ui ‡W‡fjcviivB eZ©gv‡b GB g¨vw Rqv w W‡÷ªv‡K Gw M‡q w b‡q hv‡”Q| w j¼t www.mageia.org
PAGE | 40 w cw mw jbv·(PC Linux OS) e¨enviKvix‡`i mnR mij w jbv· Dcnvi ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ w fbœ ag©x GKw U w jbv· w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb n‡”Q PC Linux OS| w fbœ ag©x nIqvi KviY Gw U evw b‡q‡Qb w ej ‡i‡bvìm bv‡gi GKRb ‡W‡fjcvi| ‡i‡bvìm g¨vbw Wªfv w jbv· cÖ‡R‡±i Rb¨ RPM c¨v‡KR ‡W‡fjc Ki‡Zb| Zvi RPM c¨v‡KR¸‡jv Texstar bv‡g cw iw PZ w Qj| GKw U mv¶vZKv‡i ‡i‡bvìm e‡jb c¨v‡KR ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i Ans‡eva, J×Z¡ I ivR‰bw ZK g‡bvfve ‡_‡K ‡ei n‡q Avmvi Rb¨ w Zw b w cw m w jbv· m„w ó K‡ib ‡hLv‡b w Zw b w b‡Ri B”QvgZ c¨v‡KR¸‡jv‡K iƒc w `‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvi GB w cw m w jbv· KDE Ges MATE ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g‡›U cvIqv hvq| w cw m w jbv· GKw U ‡ivw js w ijxR ZvB GUv me©`v Avc‡W‡UW| me w jbv· w W‡÷ªvi gZ GUvI LyeB w bivc`| GUv‡Z RPM c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUv g~jZ ‡W¯‹U‡ci Rb¨ evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ‡i‡bvì‡mi mv‡_ GLb A‡bK ‡W‡fjcvi hy³ n‡q GUvi Kw gDw bw U fvm©bI w ijxR Ki‡Q| w j¼t www.pclinuxos.com Dey›Uy (Ubuntu) ‡Ww eqv‡bi Dci w fw Ë K‡i K¨v‡bvw bK¨vj ‡Kv¤úvw bi ˆZw i GKw U w W‡÷ªv nj Dey›Uy| Avcw b hw ` w jbv‡·i bvg ï‡b _v‡Kb Zvn‡j nq‡Zv Dey›Uyi bvgI ï‡b _vK‡eb| Gw U w jbv‡·i AZ¨š— Rbw cÖq GKw U w W‡÷ªv| GUv IqvK©‡÷kb QvovI ‡bUIqvK© mvf©vi, U¨ve‡jU Kw ¤úDUvi, ¯§vU© w Uw f Ges ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi R‡b¨I cvIqv hvq| GUv‡Z K¨v‡bvw bK¨v‡ji w b‡R‡`i evbv‡bv Unity ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U Ges †Ww eqv‡bi Dpkg c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv nq| w j¼t www.ubuntu.com
PAGE | 41 Unity Desktop ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U Ges e¨env‡ii ai‡bi Dci w fw Ë K‡i Dey›Uyi Avevi w ew fbœ iK‡gi f¨vw i‡q›U w W‡÷ªv Av‡Q| ‡hgbt Ubuntu Gnome - Gnome Desktop ubuntugnome.org
PAGE | 42 Ubuntu MATE - MATE Desktop ubuntu-mate.org Kubuntu - KDE Desktop kubuntu.org
PAGE | 43 Lubuntu - LXDE Desktop lubuntu.net Xubuntu - XFCE Desktop xubuntu.org
PAGE | 44 Edubuntu - For Educational Purpose edubuntu.org Mythbuntu - For Home Theater and Myth TV mythbuntu.org
PAGE | 45 Ubuntu Studio - For Digital Multimedia and Video Production ubuntustudio.org Ubuntu Kylin - Special Ubuntu Edition for China ubuntu.com/desktop/ubuntu-kylin
PAGE | 46 ‡Rvw ibIGm(Zorin OS) DB‡ÛvR ‡_‡K w jbv‡· Avmv bZyb e¨enviKvix‡`i K_v gv_vq ‡i‡LB ‡Rvw ib IGm ‰Zw i Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUv‡Z GNOME Ges LXDE ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U e¨envi K‡i A‡bKUv DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZB MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡dm ‰Zw i Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUv‡Z DB‡Ûv‡Ri mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixiv hv‡Z w jbv‡· G‡m Acw iw PZ hvqMvq G‡m‡Q Ggb g‡b bv K‡i ‡mw `‡K j¶¨ ‡i‡LB GB w W‡÷ªv evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ‡h‡nZy Dey›Uyi w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv ZvB Dey›Uyi gZ G‡ZI Dpkg c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi Ges GKB mdUIq¨vi ‡m›Uvi e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| GUv‡Z Wine Ges PlayOnLinux w eë Bb ‡`Iqv Av‡Q hv‡Z DB‡Ûv‡Ri mdUIq¨vi Pvjv‡bv I ‡Mgm ‡Ljv hvq| w j¼t zorinos.com Gw j‡g›Uvw iIGm(Elementary OS) Dey›Uyi Dci w fw Ë K‡i evbv‡bv me PvB‡Z my›`i ‡`L‡Z K‡qKw U w W‡÷ªvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q Elementary OS| G‡Z Gw j‡g›Uvw i IGm Gi ‡W‡fjcviiv Pantheon bv‡gi bZyb ai‡bi ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| OS X Gi mv‡_ mv`„k¨ ‡i‡L Gi w WRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dey›Uyi w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv e‡j G‡Z Dey›Uyi c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi I mdUIq¨vi ‡m›Uvi e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| w j¼t elementary.io
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PAGE | 48 Gevi w KQy ‡¯úkvj w jbv· w W‡÷ªv w b‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK| GB w W‡÷ªv¸‡jv ïaygvÎ w bw `©ó w KQy e¨enviKvix‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v gv_vq ‡i‡LB evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Kvw jw jbv·(Kali Linux) Kvw j w jbv· n‡”Q ‡Ww eqvb n‡Z D™¢~Z GKw U w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb ‡hw U g~jZ w Ww RUvj d‡ibw mK Ges ‡cw b‡Uªkvb ‡Uw ÷s Gi Rb¨ evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A‡dbw mf w mw KDw iw U w jw g‡UW (Offensive Security Ltd) bvgK ‡Kv¤úvw b Gw U ‰Zw i K‡i‡Q| GUv‡Z w ZbÕki I ‡ew k ‡cw b‡Uªkvb ‡Uw ÷s mdUIq¨vi w cÖBÝUjW Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Kvw j w jbv‡·i c~‡e© e¨vKUª¨vK (Backtrack) bv‡gi GKw U w W‡÷ªv w Qj ‡hUv evw b‡qw Q‡jb Mati Aharoni I Devon Kearns| c‡i Zv‡`i mv‡_ ‡Ww eqvb G·cvU© Rahpael Hertzog ‡hvM w `‡j Zviv w ZbR‡b w g‡j e¨vKUª¨vK cÖ‡R± eÜ K‡i bZybfv‡e Kvw j w jbv· ‰Zw i K‡ib Ges A‡dbw mf w mw KDw iw U bv‡gi ‡Kv¤úvw b MVb K‡ib| mnR fvlvq Kvw j w jbv· m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z ‡M‡j Gw U n¨vw Ks Gi Rb¨ w e‡klfv‡e ‰Zw i Kiv GKw U w W‡÷ªv Ges GB MÖ‡ni Aw aKvsk n¨vKvi eZ©gv‡b GB Kvw j w jbv·B e¨envi Ki‡Q| w j¼t www.kali.org w ew ew KDw jbv·(BBQ Linux) GB w W‡÷ªvw U GÛª‡qW ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i Rb¨ w e‡klfv‡e ‰Zw i Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z GÛª‡qW ‡W‡fjc‡g‡›Ui Rb¨ hv w KQy `iKvi Zvi meB ‡`Iqv Av‡Q| Avcw b hw ` dyj UvBg GÛª‡qW ‡W‡fjvcvi nb Zvn‡j Avcbvi BBQ Linux B e¨envi Kiv Dw PZ| w j¼t bbqlinux.org w mG Bw jbv·(CAE Linux) Gw U w e‡klfv‡e Bw Äw bqvi‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v gv_vq ‡i‡LB evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GUv‡Z CAD, CAM, CAE / FEA / CFD, electronic design Ges 3D printing Gi gZ KvR Kiv Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hveZxq Uyjm I Gw cø‡Kkvb w cÖBÝUjW _v‡K| G‡Z Av‡Q Freecad, LibreCAD, PyCAM, Cura Ges CAE softwares ‡hgb Salomé, Code Aster, Code Saturne, OpenFOAM, Elmer BZ¨vw ` ‡h¸‡jv w `‡q mn‡RB CAD R¨vw gw Z, w WRvBb Acw UgvB‡Rkvb Kivi Rb¨ gvw ëw dw R· w mgy‡jkvb, w R‡KvW Ges w _ªw W w cÖw ›Us Gi ‡cÖv‡UvUvBc mn Ggbw K gvB‡µvK‡›Uªvjvi w bf©i mvw K©U w WRvBb BZ¨vw ` Av‡iv A‡bK KvR Kiv m¤¢e| Gme w KQzB CAE Linux Gi mv‡_ m¤ú~Y© w ebvg~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq| w j¼t caelinux.com
PAGE | 49 w K‡gv(Qimo) w K‡gv n‡”Q ‡QvU‡`i ev”Pv‡`i Rb¨ evbv‡bv GKw U w e‡kl w jbv· w W‡÷ªv| GUvi ‡W¯‹Uc B›Uvi‡dm Ggbfv‡e w WRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z ‡QvUiv ev”PvivI mn‡RB e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GUv‡Z A‡bK w k¶vg~jK mdUIq¨vi Avi ‡Mgm w cÖBÝUjW _v‡K| w j¼t qimo4kids.com ÷xgIGm(Steam OS) Gw U ‡Ww eqvb w fw ËK GKw U w W‡÷ªv Gw U ‰Zw i K‡i‡Q Valve Corporation. Gw U g~jZ ÷xg ‡gw kb w fw WI ‡Mg Kb‡mvj Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w n‡m‡eB ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q| A_©vr Gw U cy‡ivcyw i nvW©‡Kvi ‡Mgvi‡`i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| ÷xg IGm w jbv‡·i ‡Mw gs Gi Bw Znvm †KB cv‡ë w `‡q‡Q| w j¼t store.steampowered.com/steamos ÷xg ‡gw k‡b ‡Ljvi Rb¨ w Zb nvRv‡ii I ‡ew k ‡Mgm Av‡Q| Z‡e Avgv‡`i Rb¨ `yt‡Li w elq Avgiv ‡m¸‡jvi µ¨vK Kiv cvB‡i‡UW Kw c 50/60 UvKvq w Kb‡Z cvi‡ev bv| ‡m¸‡jv ‡Lj‡Z n‡j Wjvi LiP K‡i w Kb‡Z n‡e| w K w K †Mgm Av‡Q ÷xg ‡÷v‡i w M‡q †`L‡Z cv‡ibt store.steampowered.com W¨vgfvjbv‡iejw jbv·(Damn Vulnerable Linux) bvg ï‡bB w bðB eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb GUv w K| Avm‡j GUvi PvB‡Z fvjbv‡iej Avi ‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷gB ‡bB| GUv‡Z hZai‡bi fvjbv‡iej, `ye©j Kbw dMv‡ik‡bi G·cvqvW© n‡q hvIqv G·cB‡Uej mdU&Iq¨vi Av‡Q ‡m¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr ‡h‡Kvb n¨vKvi hv‡Z mn‡RB GUv n¨vK Ki‡Z cv‡i ‡mfv‡eB GB w W‡÷ªv evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| w Kš‘ ‡Kb? DËi nj, w jbv· w m‡÷g GWw gb ‡`i ‡Uªw bs ‡`Iqvi Rb¨| w Kfv‡e w m‡÷g‡K Îæw U gy³ Kiv hvq, Avµvš— nIqv ‡_‡K evuPv‡bv hvq ev Avµvš— n‡j w Kfv‡e w m‡÷g D×vi Kiv hvq ‡mme ‡Uªw bs ‡`Iqvi Rb¨B GB w W‡÷ªv ‰Zw i Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b Gw U Avi ‡W‡fjc Kiv n‡”Q bv|
PAGE | 50 ‡iWn¨vUG›UvicÖvBRw jbv·(RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX – RHEL) GUv ‡iWn¨vU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi ‰Zw i GKw U Rbw cÖq evw Yw R¨K w W‡÷ªv| w ew fbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡mmi Avw K©‡UKPv‡ii Rb¨ GB w W‡÷ªvi mvf©vi fvm©b cvIqv hvq| GUv mvf©v‡ii Rb¨ mePvB‡Z w bf©i‡hvM¨ Ges ÷¨vej GKw U w W‡÷ªv| ‡iWn¨vU Zv‡`i w d« w W‡÷ªv ‡d‡Wviv w b‡q M‡elYv K‡i, ‡mUv‡Z bZyb mdU&Iq¨vi c¨v‡KR ‰Zw i K‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z ‡mUv ÷¨vej n‡j Zv ‡iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR w jbv‡· hy³ K‡i| ‡d‡Wvivi Rb¨ ‡iWn¨vU ‡Kvb ‡ní mv‡cvU© bv w `‡jI ‡iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR w jbv‡·i Rb¨ me ai‡bi mv‡cvU© w `‡q _v‡K| ZvB GUv cÖvw Zôvw bK e¨enviKvix‡`i w e‡kl K‡i mv©fvi †Kv¤úvw b¸‡jvi cÖ_g cQ›`| www.redhat.com AvP©w jbv·(Arch Linux) GUv n‡”Q Aw fÁ w jbv· e¨enviKvix‡`i w W‡÷ªv| GUv ‡Ww eqvb, Dey›Uy ev Ab¨ ‡Kvb w W‡÷ªvi w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv nq w b| GUv m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb GKw U w W‡÷ªv| GUvi i‡q‡Q w bR¯^ Kw gDw bw U Ges mdU&Iq¨vi w i‡cvw RUw i| GUv GKUv ‡ivw js w ijxR w W‡÷ªv ZvB memgq Avc‡W‡UW _v‡K| GUvi Pacman c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi Ab¨vb¨ w W‡÷ªvi c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi¸‡jvi PvB‡Z A‡bK dv÷| Z‡e GUv Pvjv‡Z ‡M‡j ïi“ ‡_‡KB Avcbv‡K ‡hvM¨Zvi cÖgvY w `‡Z n‡e| KviY GUv BÝUj Kivi ci Avcw b ïay GKUv Uvw g©bvj cv‡eb Avi w KQy _vK‡e bv| ‡mB Uvw g©bv‡j KgvÛ w `‡qB Avcbv‡K w b‡Ri Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Rb¨ hv hv Pvb ‡mme g¨vbyqvjx BÝUj K‡i w b‡Z n‡e| ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U ‡_‡K ïi“ K‡i cÖw Zw U mdU&Iq¨vi K‡¤úv‡b›U w b‡R WvDb‡jvW K‡i BÝUj K‡i w b‡Z n‡e| w b‡Ri cQ›`gZ mdUIq¨vi w `‡q w b‡Ri Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g mvw R‡q w b‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e Gi Rb¨ w jbv· e¨env‡ii e¨vcK Aw fÁZv _vK‡Z n‡e| GUv w jbv· G·cvU©‡`i cQ‡›`i w W‡÷ªv| w j¼t www.archlinux.org Z‡e AvP© w jbv· Gi w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv K‡qKw U w W‡÷ªv Av‡Q ‡h¸‡jv‡Z ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U w eë Bb _v‡K A_ev BÝU‡ji mgq cQ›` K‡i ‡bIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K| Ggb K‡qKw U w W‡÷ªv n‡”Q Manjaro Linux, Anterg Os, Apricity Os, Archbang BZ¨vw `|
PAGE | 51 Arch Linux Manjaro Linux manjaro.github.io
PAGE | 52 AntergOS antergos.com Apricity OS antergos.com
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PAGE | 55 w jbv· Pvjv‡Z nvB Kbw dMv‡ikv‡bi nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Kw ¤úDUvi w Kb‡Z nq bv| cy‡iv‡bv ‡jv Kbw dMv‡ik‡bi nvW©Iq¨v‡iI GUv fvjfv‡e P‡j| Avcbvi Kv‡Q hw ` A‡bK cy‡iv‡bv ‡Kvb ‡W¯‹Uc ev j¨vcUc ‡_‡K _v‡K Zvn‡j ‡mUv‡Z jyey›Uy ‡mUvc w `‡Z cv‡ib| jyey›Uyi Rb¨ gvÎ 256 ‡gMvevBU i¨vg, B‡›Uj ‡cw ›Uqvg 2 A_ev ‡m‡jib cÖ‡mmi n‡jB P‡j| AmvaviYMÖvw dK¨vjBDRviB›Uvi‡dm w jbv· w W‡÷ªv Aa¨v‡q w jbv‡·i w ew fbœ w W‡÷ªvi MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm ‡`Lvi ci Avcbvi w bðB Avi g‡b n‡”Q bv ‡h w jbv‡· ïay Uvw g©bv‡j KgvÛ w j‡L KvR Ki‡Z nq| w jbv· ‡W¯‹Uc GZ my›`ifv‡e mvRv‡bv _v‡K ‡h Avcw b gvDm e¨envi Ki‡Z Rvb‡jB w jbv· e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K ‡UKx ev n¨vKvi n‡Z n‡e bv| Avi w jbv‡·i ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U ‡mUv ‡nvK Cinnamon ev Gnome, KDE ev LXDE DB‡Ûv‡Ri ‡_‡K A‡bK fvj| Avi ‡KvbUv e¨envi Ki‡eb ‡mUv cQ›` K‡i ‡bIqvi ¯^vaxbZv ‡Zv Av‡QB| WªvBfvi‡`Iqv_v‡K DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvix‡`i nvW©Iq¨v‡ii WªvBfvi Avjv`v K‡i BÝUj Kivi Af¨vm Av‡Q| Ggbw K Aw WI w fw WI WªvBfviI Avjv`v K‡i BÝUj Ki‡Z nq| w Kš‘ A‡bK mgq ‡`Lv hvq nvW©Iq¨v‡ii WªvBfvi mdUIq¨viw U nvw i‡q ‡M‡j ‡mw U Ly‡R cvIqv w b‡q A‡bK mgm¨vq co‡Z nq| w jbv‡· Gme mgm¨v ‡bB| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡jB cÖ‡qvRbxq me WªvBfvi ‡`Iqv Av‡Q| ZvB ‡Kvb evw n¨K nvW©Iq¨vi jvMv‡j ‡mUvi Rb¨ Avjv`v K‡i WªvBfvi BÝUj Ki‡Z nq bv| A‡Uv‡gw UK ‡mUvi WªvBfvi ‡c‡q hvq| ‡hgb Avcw b w cÖ›Uv‡ii Rb¨ DB‡Ûv‡R Avjv`v WªvBfvi BÝUj K‡ib w Kš‘ w jbv‡· w cÖ›Uvi w cw m‡Z jvMv‡bvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi WªvBfvi ‡c‡q hv‡e| Ggbw K Avcbv‡K w jbv· BÝUjI Ki‡Z n‡e bv, jvBf w mw W e¨envi K‡iI ‡`L‡eb Avcbvi w Uw f KvW©, BDBGmw e gvBK, ‡Mg K‡›Uªvjvi, w cÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw ` me KvR Ki‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨Kw U bZyb w ijx‡Ri mv‡_ GB WªvBfvi mv‡cv‡U©i nvi Av‡iv evo‡Q| mdU&Iq¨viw i‡cvw RUw i DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZ w jbv‡·i mdU&Iq¨vi ¸‡jv GLvb ‡_‡K ILvb ‡_‡K Lyu‡R Lyu‡R WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z nq bv| w jbv‡·i me mdU&Iq¨vi GK RvqMv‡ZB _v‡K hvi bvg mdU&Iq¨vi w i‡cvw RUw i ev mdU&Iq¨vi ‡m›Uvi| GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨Kw U mdU&Iq¨vi ‡U÷ K‡i Zvici ‡`Iqv nq| GUv A‡bKUv ¸Mj ‡cø ‡÷v‡ii gZ| GB w i‡cvw RUw i‡Z nvRvi nvRvi w d« mdU&Iq¨vi Av‡Q| Avevi w KQy w KQy ‡cBW mdUIq¨vi I _v‡K| Avcbvi `iKvw i mdU&Iq¨viw U bvgv‡bvi Rb¨ ¸M‡j mvP© Ki‡Z n‡e bv| Avi BÝUj cÖw µqvI Lye ‡mvRv| mdU&Iq¨vi ‡m›Uv‡i w M‡q ‡hB mdU&Iq¨viw U bvgv‡Z Pvb ‡mw U‡Z w K¬K K‡i BÝUj evU‡b w K¬K Ki‡eb Avi mv‡_ mv‡_ ‡mw U WvDb‡jvW n‡q BÝUj n‡q hv‡e| w VK ‡hfv‡e Avcw b GÛª‡q‡W ¸Mj ‡cø ‡÷vi ‡_‡K mdU&Iq¨vi BÝUj K‡i _v‡Kb ‡mfv‡e| mnRAvc‡Ww Us cÖ‡mm DB‡ÛvR KL‡bv Avc‡WU w `‡q‡Qb? hw ` w `‡q _v‡Kb Zvn‡j w bðB Avcbvi Aw fÁZv Av‡Q| Avi hviv ‡`b w b Zv‡`i Rb¨ ew j, DB‡ÛvR cÖ_‡g Avcbv‡K ‡bvw Uw d‡Kkvb w `‡e Avc‡WU BÝUj Ki‡eb w Kbv, hw ` B‡qm ‡`b Zvn‡j kvUWvD‡bi mgq P~ovš— ‰ah© cix¶v w `‡Z n‡e| Òpreparing to configure Windows, do not shutdown your systemÓ GUv ‡`L‡Z ‡`L‡Z K¬vš— n‡q hLb Avcw b Nyw g‡q co‡eb ZLb DB‡ÛvR w ieyU Ki‡e Avi Avcw b Nyg ‡_‡K D‡V ‡`L‡eb w cw m w i÷vU© n‡q‡Q Avi ZL‡bv Avc‡WU cÖ‡mm Pj‡Q| GQvovI DB‡Ûv‡R cÖ‡Z¨Kw U mdUIq¨vi Avjv`v Avjv`v Avc‡WU w `‡Z nq| Ab¨w `‡K w jbv‡· Avcbv‡K w bqw gZ Avc‡WU ‡bvw Uw d‡Kkvb ‡`Iqv n‡e| GB Avc‡W‡U ïay w m‡÷g Avi w mw KDw iw U bq eis ‡hme mdU&Iq¨vi Avcw b BÝUj K‡i‡Qb ‡mme mdU&Iq¨viI Aš—f©y³ _vK‡e| w jbv‡· kvUWvDb Ges w i÷v‡U©i mgq Avc‡WU BÝUj nq bv ZvB Avcw b Avc‡W‡U w K¬K K‡i w b‡Ri KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| w jbv· Avc‡WU Kiv ïay GKw U w K¬‡Ki e¨vcvi| GK w K¬‡K mg¯— mdU&Iq¨vi mn cy‡iv w m‡÷g Avc‡W‡UW| GQvovI bZyb fvm©‡b Avc‡MÖW Ki‡Z n‡jI cybivq ‡mUvc w `‡Z nq bv| ‡mUvI ïay GKw U w K¬‡Ki e¨vcvi|
PAGE | 56 Kw gDw bw Umv‡c©vU w jbv‡·i mePvB‡Z fvj e¨vcviw U n‡”Q w jbv· Kw gDw bw U| w jbv‡·i `yw bqvq Avcw b KL‡bv GKjv ‡eva Ki‡eb bv| w jbv‡·i e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ Av‡Q AmsL¨ eøM I ‡dvivg ‡hLv‡b GKRb mgm¨vq ci‡j `k Rb Gw M‡q Av‡m mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨| Avcw b hLb cÖ_g w jbv‡· Avm‡eb ZLb Avcbvi w ew fbœ mgm¨v ‡`Lv w `‡Z cv‡i| Avcw b ZLb Kw gDw bw U‡Z mvnvh¨ PvB‡eb| Kw gDw bw Ui ‡g¤^viiv Avcbv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| Zv‡`i Avcw b ab¨ev` Rvbv‡eb| ciew Z©‡Z Avcw b hLb w jbv‡· Af¨¯— n‡q hv‡eb ZLb ‡`L‡eb Ab¨vb¨ bZyb e¨enviKvixiv ‡Kvb mgm¨vi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ PvB‡Q ‡hUvi mgvavb Avcw b Rv‡bb| Avcw b Zv‡`i w `‡K mvnv‡h¨i nvZ evw o‡q ‡`‡eb| Zv‡`i mgm¨vi mgvavb ‡`‡eb| Gfv‡eB G‡K Ac‡ii mvnvh¨ mn‡hvMxZvi w fw ˇZB w jbv· Gw M‡q hv‡”Q| w Kš‘ gRvi e¨vcvi nj w jbv· Kw gDw bw U¸‡jv GZ ‡ew k mg„× ‡h Avcbvi ‡hB mgm¨vB ‡nvK bv ‡Kb Avcw b ‡`L‡eb ‡mUvi mgvavb Av‡M ‡_‡KB Av‡Q| KviY Avcbvi Av‡M w VK GKB iKg mgm¨vq Ab¨ ‡KD c‡ow Qj ‡mUvi mgvavb Kw gDw bw U ‡g¤^viiv K‡i w `‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv GUvB w jbv· e¨enviKvix‡`i mePvB‡Z eo myw eav| w jbv· e¨enviKvix‡`i Av‡Q eû msL¨K Ackb ‡hLvb ‡_‡K w b‡Ri cQ›`gZ ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U, mdU&Iq¨vi Ggbw K m¤ú~Y© Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷gUvB ‡e‡Q ‡bIqvi my‡hvM Av‡Q| ïay ZvB bq ‡mB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K Avevi w b‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv ‡gvw WdvB K‡i ‡bIqv hvq| Ggbw K w e‡kl ‡Kvb nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ w jbv· Kv‡b©j‡KI cw ieZ©b K‡i ‡djv hvq| w b‡Ri Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w b‡R ‰Zw i K‡i ‡bIqvi gZ ¯^vaxbZv GKgvÎ w jbv·B ‡`q| cÖvB‡fw m w jbv· ‡W‡fjcviiv Gi e¨enviKvix‡`i cÖvB‡fw m‡K AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡ mnKv‡i ‡`‡L| DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZ e¨enviKvix‡`i e¨w ³MZ Z_¨ Pyw i K‡i bv| DB‡ÛvR 8 Ges DB‡ÛvR 10 G Ggb w m‡÷g Av‡Q hv‡Z Avcw b w K w K mdU&Iq¨vi BÝUj K‡i‡Qb, KZ¶b a‡i ‡m¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i‡Qb, ‡Kvb ‡Kvb I‡qemvBU w fw RU K‡i‡Qb BZ¨vw ` Z_¨ ¯^qsw µqfv‡e gvB‡µvmd‡Ui Kv‡Q P‡j hvq| Z‡e Avcw b cÖvB‡fw m ‡mw Us‡m w M‡q G¸‡jv eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡ib w Kš‘ gvB‡µvmd‡Ui Gme ‡bvsiv gvbw mKZv ‡Zv Avi eÜ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Windows 10 Avcbv‡K Zv‡`i w ew fbœ ‡cÖvWv± I mvw f©‡m hy³ Kivi ‡Póv Ki‡e| Zv‡`i B‡Kv w m‡÷g, KiUvbv, Iqvb W«vBf, Aw dm my¨U BZ¨vw ` ‡hb Avcw b e¨envi K‡ib ‡m e¨vcv‡i ‡Rvi ‡Póv Pvjv‡e| w jbv‡· Gme w KQyB n‡e bv KviY Avcbvi cÖvB‡fw mi ¸i“Z¡ mePvB‡Z ‡ew k| De›Uy w W‡÷ªv‡Z A¨vgvR‡bi GKw U App ‡`Iqv Av‡Q ‡mUv‡K ¯úvBIq¨vi w n‡m‡e A‡b‡K mgv‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| ‡mUv mn‡RB w igyf K‡i ‡djv hvq| GUv QvovI w jbv‡·i AmsL¨ w W‡÷ªv Av‡Q ‡hLv‡b Gai‡bi ‡Kvb ¯úvBIq¨vi ‡bB| w jbv‡·i ‡Kvb w W‡÷ªvB Avcbv‡K w bw `©ó ‡Kvb mdUIq¨vi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ ‡Rvi Ki‡e bv| w jbv‡· Avcw b m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb| m¤ú~Y©w ebvg~‡j¨cvIqvhvq GB Z_¨w U GZ¶‡b Avcbvi Kv‡Q cy‡iv‡bv n‡q ‡M‡Q| w jbv· m¤ú~Y© w d«| GUvi Kv‡b©jI w d«| GUvi mdU&Iq¨vi ¸‡jvI w d«| Avi w jbv· w `‡q evbv‡bv w W‡÷ªv ¸‡jvI w d«| w d« w d« w d«| G¸‡jv msw køó I‡qemvBU ‡_‡K WvDb‡jvW K‡i w b‡Z nq| Av‡M K¨v‡bvw bK¨vj ‡Kv¤úvw b AW©vi w `‡jB w d«‡Z gvby‡li N‡i N‡i Dey›Uyi w mw W/w Ww fw W cvw V‡q w `Z| GLb w mw W/w Ww fw Wi Pj D‡V hv‡”Q ZvB GLb Avi cvVv‡”Q bv| w Pš—v K‡i ‡`Lyb, ïay w d« bq eis w b‡R‡`i A_© e¨q K‡i gvby‡li Kv‡Q w jbv· ‡K ‡cŠ‡Q w `‡q‡Q K¨v‡bvw bK¨vj K‡c©v‡ikvb| `yt‡Li w elq nj GUv w jbv‡·i GK b¤^i myw eav nIqv ¯^‡ËI GUv‡K mevi ‡k‡l w jL‡Z n‡”Q KviY Avgiv Gi gg© eySe bv| Avgiv 50/60 UvKv w `‡q DB‡Ûv‡Ri cvB‡i‡UW w Ww fw W w K‡bB Af¨¯—| Wjvi LiP K‡i jvB‡mÝ w K‡b DB‡ÛvR e¨envi Kivi w elqUvi mv‡_ Avgiv †Zgb cw iw PZ bB| Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q eis w jbv‡·i `vgB ‡ew k| KviY w jbv· WvDb‡jvW K‡i w b‡Z nq| GLbKvi ‡j‡U÷ w jbv· w W‡÷ªv¸‡jvi mvBR 1 w Rw ei Dc‡i| Avi Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k GL‡bv 1 w Rw e B›Uvi‡b‡Ui g~j¨ DB‡Ûv‡Ri cvB‡i‡UW w Ww fw Wi PvB‡ZI ‡ew k|
PAGE | 57 Geviw jbv‡·iw KQy ‡UKw bK¨vjmyw eav†R‡b†bIqvhvK cÖPw jZ Ab¨vb¨ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ¸‡jvi PvB‡Z w jbv· A‡bK nvjKv nIqvq Mw Zi w `K w `‡q w jbv·‡K nviv‡bvi ¶gZv GL‡bv Kv‡iv nq w b| DB‡ÛvR ‡Zv aZ©e¨i g‡a¨B c‡i bv| Avi g¨vK e¨enviKvix‡`i `yt‡Li mv‡_ Rvbvw ”Q ‡h, IGmG· I Mw Zi w `K w `‡q w jbv‡·i Kv‡Q nvi ‡g‡b‡Q| w jbv‡·i eyU Avc Ges kvU WvDb UvBg me PvB‡Z Kg| Avi Gw U A‡bK Kg w i‡mvm© e¨envi K‡i e‡j Gw U me©`v Mw Zkxj _v‡K| w jbv‡· EXT4 dvBj w m‡÷g e¨eüZ nq| GUv DB‡Ûv‡Ri NTFS Gi PvB‡Z A‡bK ‡ew k kw ³kvjx Ges dv÷| EXT4 dvBj w m‡÷‡g dvBj¸‡jv‡K w e‡kl Kvq`vq mw ¾Z Kiv nq hvi d‡j nvW© w W¯‹ w Wd«¨vM‡g›U Ki‡Z nq bv| nvW© WªvBf memgq Mw Zkxj _v‡K| Gi d‡j Kw ¤úDUvi KL‡bv Slow nq bv| EXT4 Gi WvUv UªvÝdvi ¯úxW I dvBj mvP© ¯úxW NTFS Gi PvB‡Z A‡bK ‡ew k| EXT4 DB‡Ûv‡Ri NTFS ‡K mn‡RB w iW ivBU Ki‡Z cvi‡jI NTFS w jbv‡·i EXT4 ‡K WªvBf w n‡m‡eB w Pw ýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| w jbv· mevi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i ‰Zw i n‡jI Ab¨ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g¸‡jv GZUv D`vi GL‡bv n‡Z cv‡i w b| w jbv· me ai‡bi cÖ‡mmi Avw K©‡UKPv‡iB P‡j| w e¯—vw iZ Zvw jKv Av‡MB w `‡qw Q| Avcbvi hw ` Intel Avi AMD e¨vZxZ Ab¨ ‡Kvb Avw K©‡UKPv‡ii cÖ‡mmi _v‡K ‡hgb ARM cÖ‡mm‡ii ‡Kvb Kw ¤úDUvi _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡Z DB‡ÛvR BÝU‡ji ‡Póv K‡i ‡`L‡Z cv‡ib...Avcbvi Rb¨ ïf Kvgbv _vKj !!! w jbv‡· ‡h‡Kvb w KQyB Gw ·w KD‡Uej Kiv hvq| ZvB GUv ‡cÖvMÖvgvi‡`i w cÖq Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| ZvQvov w jbv· Kw gDw bw Ui Rb¨ ‡KD hw ` ‡Kvb mdUIq¨vi ‰Zw i Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Kw gDw bw Ui Ab¨vb¨ ‡cÖvMÖvgviivI Gw M‡q Av‡m| w jbv· ‡mUvc ‡`Iqvi Av‡MB m¤ú~b© Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g jvBf ‡`‡L ‡bIqv hvq| A_©vr w jbv· Pvjv‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K w jbv· BÝUj Ki‡ZI n‡e bv| BÝUj bv K‡iB e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avsw kK fv‡e bq, m¤ú~Y© fv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avcbvi me nvW©Iq¨viB jvBf ‡gv‡W KvR Ki‡e| ‡Kvb G·Uªv nvW©Iq¨vi jvMv‡bv _vK‡j ‡mUvI KvR Ki‡e WªvBfvi BÝUj QvovB| A_©vr BÝUj Kivi Av‡M w jbv· ‡U÷ K‡i ‡bIqvi my‡hvM ‡`q| w jbv‡·i GB jvBf ‡gvW A‡bK Kvh©Kix| hw ` ‡Kvb Kvi‡b Avcbvi DB‡ÛvR µ¨vk K‡i eyU bv K‡i ‡m‡¶‡Î Avcbvi w cw m‡Z XyK‡Z n‡j w jbv‡·i GB jvBf ‡gvW AZ¨š— Kv‡R Av‡m| Avcw b jvBf ‡gv‡W w cw m Pvw j‡q WvUv UªvÝdvi K‡i ‡dj‡Z cvi‡eb| A‡bK mgq ‡`L‡eb DB‡Ûv‡R ‡Kvb mdU&Iq¨vi ev dvBj w Ww jU Ki‡Z ‡M‡j ejv nq Gw U w m‡÷‡g e¨eüZ n‡”Q| ZvB w Ww jU Kiv hv‡e bv| w Ww jU Kivi Rb¨ ‡mUvi cÖ‡mm eÜ K‡i w b‡Z nq| w Kš‘ w jbv‡· Ggb w KQy nq bv| Avcw b Pjgvb Ae¯’vqI ‡h‡Kvb mdUIq¨vi ev dvBj w Ww jU K‡i w `‡Z cvi‡eb| ‡hgb Avcw b ‡Kvb w fw WI ‡`L‡Qb Ggb Ae¯’vqI ‡mB w fw WI dvBjw U w Ww jU K‡i w `‡Z cvi‡eb| KviY hLb w jbv‡· ‡Kvb dvBj I‡cb Kiv nq ‡mUv cy‡ivUvB i¨vg G P‡j Av‡m, nvW©w W¯‹ ‡_‡K Avi w iW Kiv nq bv| ZvB w fw WI dvBjw U w Ww jU K‡i w `‡jI w Ww WIw U Pj‡Z _vK‡e Ges w fw WI ‡cqvi eÜ K‡i w `‡j ‡mw U Avi _vK‡e bv| Kw ¤úDUv‡i GKvw aK w jbv· w W‡÷ªv BÝUj K‡i ‡m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ‡nvg w W‡i±w i Ges w cÖdv‡iÝ ‡mw Usm ‡kqvi Kiv hvq| ai“b Avcw b Dey›Uy, ‡d‡Wviv Avi w jbv· w g›U w Îcj eyU K‡i‡Qb| Zvn‡j ‡m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ‡nvg w W‡i±w i ‡kqvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mdUIq¨v‡ii w cÖdv‡iÝ ‡kqvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ‡hgb Avcw b GKB iKg dvqvid· ‡mw Us w Zbw U w W‡÷ªv‡ZB e¨envi Ki‡eb ‡mUvi Rb¨ w Zbw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡g eyU K‡i Avjv`v Avjv`v ‡mw Usm Ki‡Z n‡e bv| w jbv· w W‡÷ªv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GB ‡kqvw is Gi e¨vcviUv Amvavib GKUv e¨vcvi| ‡hLv‡b DB‡ÛvR Avi w jbv· Wy‡qj eyU Ki‡j DB‡ÛvR w jbv‡·i cvw U©kvbB ‡`L‡Z cvq bv ‡mLv‡b w jbv· Uy w jbv‡·i GB ‡kqvw is Gi ‡Kvb ZyjbvB nq bv|
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Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী
Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী

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Linux Fundamentals by Rajib chowdhury লিনাক্স ফান্ডামেন্টাল by রাজীব চৌধুরী

  • 2. ‡gŠw jKw jbv· ivRxe‡PŠayix GB eBw U w jbv‡·i cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ iw PZ| Gw U m¤ú~Y© w ebvg~‡j¨ WvDb‡jvW I ‡kqvi Kiv hv‡e| w Kš‘ ‡jL‡Ki c~e©vbygw Z e¨vZxZ Avsw kK ev c~Y© g~`ªY K‡i w eµq ev ‡Kvb ai‡Yi evw Yw R¨K D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨envi Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e e¨vw ³MZ cÖ‡qvR‡b g~`ªY Kiv hv‡e| eB‡qi †Kvb †jLv †jL‡Ki Abygw Z e¨vZxZ AbjvBb †Kvb gva¨‡g †hgb eøM ev †dviv‡g cÖKvk Kiv hv‡e bv| m¤ú~Y© eBUvB †kqvi K‡i w jbv‡·i cÖPv‡i mn‡hvMxZv Kiæb| © MÖš’¯^Ë¡ msiw ¶Z bdlinuxfun.blogspot.com I‡qemvBU t linux.fundamentals.bd@gmail.com B‡gBj t GB eB‡qi e¨vcv‡i ‡h‡Kvb gZvgZ, mgv‡jvPbv, Aw f‡hvM ev Aw fb›`b Rvbv‡Z PvB‡j mivmw i B‡gBj Ki‡Z cv‡ib A_ev mvB‡U K‡g›U Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖ_gcÖKvk t ‡g2016
  • 3. K…ZÁZv¯^xKvi evsjv‡`‡ki ‡mBme gnvb w jbv· ‡cÖgx‡`i Kv‡Q Avw g K…ZÁ hv‡`i Kj¨v‡Y w jbv· m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z ‡c‡iw Q| hv‡`i w bijm cÖ‡Póvi Kvi‡YB AvR Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k w jbv· e¨enviKvixi msL¨v w `‡b w `‡b evo‡Q| w jbv‡·i cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ bZyb GKw U eB Dcnvi ‡`Iqvi gva¨‡g Avw g Zv‡`i cÖw Z m¤§vb Ávcb Kiw Q|
  • 4. DrmM© eÜy Zvbfxi nvmvb ‡K| hvi ‡cb WªvB‡f _v‡K nvRvi nvRvi fvBivm| Zvi ‡cbWªvBf hZeviB Avgvi w cw m‡Z jvw M‡qw Q ZZeviB nq DB‡ÛvR Kiv‡ÞW n‡q Blue Screen of Death bv nq C: Drive Gi ‡¯úm K‡g 0 kb n‡q w M‡q w cw m eyU K‡i bv| Ggbw K Avgvi jvB‡mÝ Kiv Norton ev ESET NOD32 I ‡VKv‡Z cv‡iw b Zvi A`g¨ kw ³ai fvBivm ¸‡jv‡K| GB fvBiv‡mi mgm¨v ‡_‡K w PiZ‡i gyw ³ cvIqvi Dcvq LyuR‡Z w M‡qB Avgvi w jbv‡·i mv‡_ cw iPq| ZvB GB eBUv Zv‡KB DrmM© Kijvg|
  • 5. m~PxcÎ f~w gKv ... ... ... 6 w jbv·w K? ... ... ... 8 Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡giBw Znvm ... ... ... 12 w jbv·‡K†KbGZfq? ... ... ... 23 w jbv·w fw ËKAcv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ... ... ... 29 ‡Kbw jbv·e¨enviKi‡eb? ... ... ... 54 ‡Kvbw W‡÷ªve¨enviKi‡eb? ... ... ... 60 w Kfv‡e†mUvcw `‡eb? ... ... ... 64 w jbv‡·imdU&&Iq¨vi ... ... ... 80 dvBj w m‡÷gI w m‡÷gGWw gw b‡÷ªkvb ... ... ... 98 mnRUvw g©bvjw k¶v ... ... ... 104 mgm¨vmgvavbI w jbv·w i‡mvm© ... ... ... 110
  • 6. f~w gKv w jbv‡·i `yw bqvq ¯^vMZg| Avcw b ‡h‡nZy GB eBw U co‡Qb Zvn‡j ejv hvq c„w _exi mePvB‡Z kw ³kvjx Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g e¨envi Kivi c‡_ Avcw b A‡bK`~i Gw M‡q G‡m‡Qb| Avkv Kiv hvq GB eBw U cov ‡kl n‡j Avcw bI GKRb AvZ¥w ek¦vmx w jbv· e¨enviKvix n‡q DV‡Z cvi‡eb| w jbv· m¤ú‡K© hv‡`i mw VK aviYv ‡bB Zv‡`i g‡b w jbv· memgqB GKUv fxw ZKi iƒc w b‡q Avw ef©~Z nq| g~jZ AÁZv ‡_‡KB GB f‡qi m„w ó| GB AÁZvB Avgv‡`i‡K w jbv‡·i A`g¨ ¶gZv e¨envi Kiv ‡_‡K ew ÂZ K‡i ‡i‡L‡Q| w Kš‘ Gfv‡e Avi KZ w `b? GLb mgq G‡m‡Q w jbv·‡K Rvbvi, ‡evSvi I AvZ¥w ek¦v‡mi mv‡_ G‡K e¨envi Kivi| ZvB w jbv· m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi hveZxq åvš— aviYv, Kyms¯‹vi I Ag~jK fxw Z `~i K‡i Gi m¤ú‡K© ‡gŠw jK Ávb cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨B GB eB‡qi Avw ef©ve| AbjvB‡b evsjv ‡UK‡bvjw R w elqK mvBU ¸‡jv‡Z w jbv· m¤ú‡K© A‡bK DcKvw i w i‡mvm© Qw o‡q w Qw U‡q _vK‡jI GKw U c~Y©v½ MvB‡Wi cÖ‡qvRb w Qj ‡hUv c‡o ‡h ‡KD w jbv·‡K mw VKfv‡e Rvb‡Z cvi‡e Ges e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| hw `I w jbv‡·i e¨vcv‡i LyuR‡Z ‡M‡j ÒDey›UyÓ m¤úw K©Z ‡cv÷B ‡ew k Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| GB Dey›Uy ‡Kw ›`ªKZv Avgvi ‡gv‡UI fvj jv‡M w b| w jbv· gv‡bB Dey›Uy bq| w jbv‡·i RMr A‡bK w ekvj| ‡mB w ekvjZvi w KQyUvi mv‡_ n‡jI Avcbv‡`i cw iPq Kw i‡q ‡`Iqvi ‡Póv K‡iw Q GB eB‡q| w jbv· m¤ú‡K© GKRb bZyb e¨enviKvixi hv hv Rvbv `iKvi Zvi meB mnR fvlvq Dc¯’vcb Kivi ‡Póv K‡iw Q| w jbv‡·i mv‡_ Ggb fv‡e cw iPq Kw i‡q ‡`Iqv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z w jbv‡·i m¤ú~Y© w fbœ GKw U cw i‡e‡k G‡m Lvc LvIqv‡Z Kv‡iv ‡Kvb Amyw eav bv nq| eBw U c‡o Kv‡iv hw ` w jbv· m¤ú‡K© åvš— aviYv I fxw Z `~i nq Ges Aš—Z GKRbI hw ` w jbv· e¨enviKvix n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i Z‡eB Avgvi cÖ‡Póv mv_©K n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b Kie| ivRxe‡PŠayix
  • 8. PAGE | 8 w jbv· Kv‡K e‡j ‡mUv cw i®‹vifv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Rvb‡Z n‡e Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w K? GKRb Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix w n‡m‡e GUv Avcbvi Rvbv `iKvi| Z‡e GUv bv Rvb‡j ‡h Kw ¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv hvq bv Zv bq, w Kš‘ Avcw b ‡h‡nZy w jbv‡·i e¨vcv‡i AvMÖnx ZvB w jbv· w K w Rw bm ‡mUv fvjfv‡e ‡evSvi Rb¨ Av‡M Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g eyS‡Z n‡e| Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g mnR fvlvq ej‡Z ‡M‡j Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g n‡”Q Ggb GKw U mdU&Iq¨vi ‡hw U Kw ¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi Ges e¨enviKvixi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i Ges e¨enviKvix KZ©…K w ew fbœ Gw cø‡Kkvb mdU&Iq¨vi Pvjv‡bvi cw i‡ek m„w ó K‡i| Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Qvov Kw ¤úDUvi APj, KviY Kw ¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi mg~n‡K Kvh©Ki Ges w bqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ Gw U Acw invh©| Kv‡b©j Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi ‡h Askw U nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i ‡mw U‡K ejv nq Kv‡b©j| Kv‡b©j g~jZ cÖ‡mmi, i¨vg Ges Ab¨vb¨ nvW©Iq¨vi w WfvB‡mi mv‡_ mivmw i ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| Gw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi GKw U ‡gŠw jK Ask| Kv‡b©j cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| g‡bvw jw _K Kv‡b©j Ges gvB‡µv Kv‡b©j| g‡bvw jw _K Kv‡b©j Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Kg©¶gZv e„w ×i Rb¨ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi mKj ‡KvW Kv‡b©j G‡Wªm ‡¯ú‡m m¤úv`b K‡i ‡hLv‡b gvB‡µv Kv‡b©j ‡KvW¸‡jv‡K BDRvi ‡¯ú‡m m¤úv`b K‡i hv‡Z Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi w bqš¿Y ¶gZv evov‡bv hvq| Avevi GB `yB ai‡bi Kv‡b©‡ji myw eavmg~n‡K mgw š^Z K‡i ‰Zw i nq nvBw eªW Kv‡b©j| g~jZ g‡bvw jw _K Kv‡b©‡ji mnR mij w WRvBb Ges Mw Z Avi gvB‡µv Kv‡b©‡ji gWy¨j G·‡UÛ Kivi ¶gZv w b‡q ‰Zw i nq nvBw eªW Kv‡b©j| w jbv· w jbv· n‡”Q GKw U g‡bvw jw _K Kv‡b©j| GB Kv‡b©‡ji mv‡_ w ew fbœ w m‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi I Gw cø‡Kkvb mdU&Iq¨vi Ry‡o w `‡q ‰Zix nq w jbv· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| mvaviYfv‡e A‡b‡K w jbv·‡K Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g e‡j _vK‡jI Gw U Avm‡j ‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g bq| Gw U g~jZ GKw U Kv‡b©j| GB Kv‡b©‡ji Dci w fw Ë K‡i w bw g©Z Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K ejv nq w jbv· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji Dci w fw Ë K‡i kZ kZ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Rbw cÖq K‡qKw U nj †Ww eqvb, †iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR w jbv·, †m›U IGm, †d‡Wviv, w jbv· w g›U, Dey›Uz, I‡cb my‡m BZ¨vw `| ZvB ‡KD hw ` e‡j, w Zw b w jbv· e¨envi K‡ib Zvn‡j w Zw b w jbv· w fw ËK ‡h‡Kvb GKw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g e¨envi Kivi K_v ej‡Qb| GB eB‡ZI mn‡R ‡evSv‡bvi Rb¨ A‡bK RvqMvq w jbv· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi cw ie‡Z© ïay w jbv· ejv n‡q‡Q|
  • 9. PAGE | 9 w jbv·Kv‡b©‡jiw KQy ‰ew kó¨‡R‡b‡bB gvw ëBDRvi Ñ A‡bK BDRvi GKmv‡_ jw Mb K‡i GKB mg‡q KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K BDRv‡ii Rb¨ Avjv`v Iqvw K©s Gbfvqib‡g›U _v‡K| BDRvi GKvD›U¸‡jv cvmIqvW© ‡cÖv‡U‡±W _v‡K| A_©vr GKB w i‡mvm© GK mv‡_ A‡b‡K GKB mg‡q e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvw ëUvw ¯‹s Ñ GKmv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv ‡cÖvMÖvg GKB mg‡q Pvjv‡Z cv‡i| GQvov e¨vKMÖvD‡Û ‡cÖvMÖvg Pvjv‡bvi ¶gZv iv‡L| e¨vKMÖvDÛ cÖ‡mm¸‡jv w jbv·‡K mvf©vi w n‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i Ges µgvš^‡q cÖ‡mm¸‡jv Gw ·w KDU Ki‡Z _v‡K| w jbv‡· GB e¨vKMÖvDÛ cÖ‡mm¸‡jv‡K Daemons ejv nq| MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Ñ w jbv‡· kw ³kvjx MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Av‡Q hv‡K X Window System ejv nq| GB G· DB‡Ûvi Dci w fw Ë K‡i w ew fbœ ai‡bi ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U Av‡Q ‡h¸‡jv w jbv‡· KvR Kivi Rb¨ Amvavib MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡dm w `‡q _v‡K| nvW©Iq¨vi mv‡cvU© Ñ Kw ¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ Kv‡b± Kiv hvq GiKg cÖvq me ai‡bi w WfvBm w jbv‡· mv‡cvU© K‡i| w Kš‘ ‡ew kifvM nvW©Iq¨vi cÖ¯—yZKviKB w jbv‡·i Rb¨ WªvBfvi ‰Zix K‡i bv| GB WªvBfvi¸‡jv w jbv· Kw gDw bw Ui ‡W‡fjcvi I m`m¨iv w b‡RivB ‰Zix K‡i ‡bq| ‡bUIqvK© Kv‡bw ±w fw U Ñ w jbv‡· ‡bUIqv‡K© Kv‡b± Kivi Rb¨ me ai‡bi mv‡cvU© _v‡K| j¨vb KvW©, g‡Wg, w mw iqvj w WfvBm mn me ai‡bi ‡bUIqvK© w WfvBm mv‡cvU© K‡i w jbv‡·| j¨vb ‡cÖv‡UvKj (B_vi‡bU) QvovI hZ Avcvi ‡j‡fj ‡bUIqvK© ‡cÖv‡UvKj Av‡Q Zvi meB w jbv‡· w eë Bb _v‡K| TCP/IP QvovI Ab¨vb¨ ‡cÖv‡UvKj ‡hgb IPX Ges X.25 I w jbv‡· _v‡K| ‡bUIqvK© mvf©vi Ñ ‡bUIqvK© mvf©vi w n‡m‡e e¨enviKvix‡`i ‡mev cÖ`v‡bi ‡¶‡Î w jbv· ‡miv| w cÖ›U mvf©vi, dvBj mvf©vi, Gdw Uw c mvf©vi, ‡gBj mvf©vi, I‡qe mvf©vi, w bDR mvf©vi I IqvK©MÖyc mvf©vi (DHCP/NIS) me ‡¶‡ÎB w jbv· D”Pgv‡bi ‡mev ‡`q hvi ‡Kvb ZyjbvB nq bv| Gw cø‡Kkvb mv‡cvU©Ñ Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX) Ges Ab¨vb¨ Av‡iv A‡bK ai‡bi Application Programing Interface (API) Gi mv‡_ K¤ú¨vw Uej _vKvi d‡j w jbv‡·i Gw cø‡Kkvb mdUIq¨v‡ii AvIZvI A‡bK e¨vcK| Z‡e G¸‡jv meB w d«Iq¨vi hvi ‡ew kifvMB w RGbBD (GNU) bvgK w d« mdUIq¨vi dvD‡Ûkv‡bi evbv‡bv| w mw KDw iw U Ñ w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji w mw KDw iw U w b‡q ej‡Z ‡M‡j Avjv`v Av‡iKUv eB w jL‡Z n‡e| e¨enviKvix‡`i m‡e©v”P w mw KDw iw U ‡`Iqvi K_v gv_vq ‡i‡LB w jbv· ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q| ZvB GUv‡K w mw KDw iw U ‡dvKvmW Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ejv nq hvi cÖavb j¶¨B n‡”Q P~ovš— w bivcËv w bw ðZ Kiv| e¨vKIqvW©K¤ú¨vw Uej Ñ w jbv· Kv‡b©j Ggbfv‡e ‰Zw i Kiv nq hv‡Z A‡bK cy‡iv‡bv nvW©Iq¨v‡iI mv‡cvU© K‡i| evRv‡i bZyb Avmv nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ GUv hv‡Z w ek eQ‡ii cy‡iv‡bv nvW©Iq¨v‡iI Pvjv‡bv hvq ‡Zgbfv‡eB GUv evbv‡bv nq| I‡cb ‡mvm© Ñ w jbv· m¤ú~Y© I‡cb ‡mvm©| Gi gv‡b nj w jbv‡·i ‡mvm© ‡KvW mevi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y© Db¥y³| A_©vr ‡h ‡KD B‡”Q Ki‡j w jbv‡·i ‡mvm© ‡KvW w b‡q covïbv, cw ieZ©b Ggb w K ‡h‡Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ e¨venvi I w eZiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Avevi ‡KD B‡”Q Ki‡j w jbv·‡K Av‡iv mg…× Kivi ‡¶‡Î Ae`vbI ivL‡Z cvi‡e|
  • 10. PAGE | 10 w jbv·Kviv‡W‡fjcK‡i I‡cb ‡mvm© nIqvi Kvi‡b w jbv· Kv‡iv GKvi m¤úw Ë bq| A¸w YZ ‡W‡fjcvi Gi ‡cQ‡b AK¬vš— cw ikÖg K‡i hv‡”Q cÖw Z w bqZ| mv¤úªw ZK Z_¨ Abymv‡i Gi bZyb fvm©‡b 12000 jvB‡bi cw ieZ©b G‡m‡Q hv‡Z Ae`vb ‡i‡L‡Q 1,528 Rb ‡W‡fjcvi| Gi c~e©ew Z© fvm©‡b cw ieZ©b n‡qw Qj 13000 jvB‡bi Ges ‡W‡fjcv‡ii msL¨v w Qj 1,575| ïay gvÎ fvm©b cw ieZ©‡bB ‡`o nvRvi ‡W‡fjcvi Ae`vb iv‡L Avi m¤ú~Y© Kv‡b©‡j KqR‡bi Ae`vb Av‡Q w Pš‘v K‡i ‡`Lyb| Av‡iv eo K_v n‡”Q G‡`i ‡ew kifvMB Ae`vb ‡i‡L‡Q m¤ú~Y© w ebv cvw ikÖw g‡K gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Yi Z‡i w jbv·‡K Av‡iv mg„× Kivi R‡b¨| G‡Zv ‡Mj ¯^Zš¿ ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i K_v| ïay ‡h ¯^Zš¿ ‡W‡fjcvi ivB Gi ‡cQ‡b KvR K‡i Zv w Kš‘ bv| w jbv· ‡W‡fjc‡g‡›Ui ‡cQ‡b A‡bK eo eo ‡Kv¤úvw bI KvR K‡i| B‡›Uj, ‡iW n¨vU, AvBw eGg, GGgw W, m¨vgmvs, IivK¨vj, ¸Mj, ‡U·vm BÝUªy‡g›Um, Gbw fw Wqv I ûqv‡q ‡UK‡bvjw R mn A‡bK Av‡iv ‡Kv¤úvw bB Av‡Q hviv w jbv· ‡W‡fjc‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ Rw oZ| Gi Rb¨ Zv‡`i nvRvi nvRvi ‡eZbfy³ ‡W‡fjcvi Av‡Q hv‡`i KvRB n‡”Q w jbv·‡K Av‡iv ‡W‡fjc Kiv| Avmyb ‡`‡L ‡bB w jbv‡·i bZyb Kv‡b©j fvm©‡b Avmv cw ieZ©b¸‡jv‡Z Kvi KZ Ae`vb Ñ Z_¨ m~Ît kernelnewbies.org/DevelopmentStatistics (March 9, 2016) Avkv Kw i w jbv· Kv‡b©j m¤ú‡K© Avi w KQy ‡evSv‡bvi `iKvi ‡bB| Zvn‡j Gevi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Av‡jvPbvq w d‡i hvIqv hvK| Avgiv ‡R‡bw Q cÖ‡Z¨Kw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gB GKw U Kv‡b©j _vK‡e| Zvn‡j DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Kv‡b©‡ji bvg w K? DB‡Ûv‡Ri Kv‡b©‡ji bvg n‡”Q Windows NT| Gw U ‡W‡fjc K‡i gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ikb| OSX (c~e©eZ©x bvg Mac OS) Gi Kv‡b©‡ji bvg n‡”Q XNU| Gw U ‡W‡fjc K‡i A¨vcj K‡c©v‡ikb| Windows NT Ges XNU n‡”Q nvBw eªW Kv‡b©j| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji w fw ˇZ w bw g©Z K‡qKw U Rbw cÖq Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g n‡”Q - w jbv· w g›U, ‡Ww eqvb, Dey›Uy, ‡d‡Wviv, ‡m›U IGm, I‡cb my‡m, g¨vbw W«fv, AvP© w jbv· BZ¨vw `| GB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g¸‡jv Avjv`v Avjv`v ‡Kv¤úvw b ev Kw gDw bw U ‰Zw i K‡i Ges m¤ú~Y© w ebvg~‡j¨ w eZiY K‡i _v‡K| w jbv· w Ww ÷ªw eDkvbm Aa¨v‡q w e¯—vw iZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gevi ‡gvevBj IGm Gi e¨vcv‡i Av‡jvPbv Kw i| eZ©gv‡b me‡P‡q Rbw cÖq ‡gvevBj Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‡Kvbw U? Aek¨B GÛª‡qW| Avcw b w K Rv‡bb GB GÛª‡qW ‡Kv‡Ì‡K G‡m‡Q? GÛª‡qW n‡”Q w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji GKw U ‡gvw WdvBW fvm©b| w jbv· Kv‡b©j‡K ¯§vU©‡dvb Ges U¨ve‡j‡U Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ GUv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbgZ cw ieZ©b K‡i w b‡q‡Q ¸Mj| GB GÛª‡qWI I‡cb ‡mvm©| ZvB w KQy w KQy ‡Kv¤úvw b Avevi GÛª‡qW‡KI nvjKv cw ieZ©b K‡i Aw Zw i³ w dPvi hy³ K‡i w b‡R‡`i w WfvBm evRv‡i Qv‡o| ZvB GÛª‡qW nIqv ¯^‡Ë¡I w ew fbœ †Kv¤úvw bi ¯§vU©‡dv‡b Acv‡iw Us Gi cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| ‡Kv¤úvw bi bvg cw ieZ©‡bi nvi ‡Kv¤úvw bi bvg cw ieZ©‡bi nvi Intel 14.4% Mellanox 2.3% Red Hat 6.1% Broadcom 1.7% Linaro 6.0% Oracle 1.5% Samsung 4.3% Google 1.3% SUSE 3.2% Texas Instruments 1.3% Renesas Electronics 3.0% Huawei Technologies 1.2% IBM 2.9% NVidia 1.1% AMD 2.4% ARM 1.1%
  • 12. PAGE | 12 G Aa¨v‡q Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Bw Znvm m¤ú‡K© Rvbe| Bw Znvm w eiw ³Ki g‡b n‡jI Avcw b hw ` GKevi Kó K‡i GB Aa¨vqw U c‡o ‡d‡jb Zvn‡j w jbv·‡K Avcbvi PvB‡Z fvj Avi ‡KD w Pb‡e bv| GQvovI Avcw b A‡bK ARvbv Z_¨ Rvb‡eb ‡h¸‡jv nqZ Avcbvi `„w ófw ½‡K cv‡ë w `‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ‡h‡nZy GUv ‡Kvb Bw Znv‡mi eB bq ‡m‡nZy ïaygvÎ w jbv·‡K ‡evSvi Rb¨ hZUyKy `iKvi ZZUyKyB Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e| BDw b·(UNIX) eZ©gv‡b cÖPw jZ me ai‡bi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi ‡Mvov cËb nq hLb 1969 mv‡j AT&T ‡ej j¨ve G ‡Ww bm w iw P Ges ‡Kb _¤úmb w m ‡cÖvMÖvw gs j¨vs¸‡qR Avw e®‹vi K‡ib| KviY GB ‡cÖvMÖvw gs j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri gva¨‡gB ‡jLv nq hyMvš—Kvix Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g BDw b·| ‡Kb _¤úmb I ‡Ww bm w iw P ‡K BDw b‡·i cÖavb Avw e®‹viK w n‡m‡e aiv n‡jI eªvqvb Kvw b©snvb, WMjvm g¨vKiq Ges ‡Rv Imvbv Gbv‡`iI BDw b· m„w ói ‡cQ‡b Ae`vb w Qj| GB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷gw U g~jZ ‡ej j¨ve‡iUw i‡Z e¨env‡ii Rb¨ ‰Zw i Kiv n‡qw Qj| ‡mB mgq BDw b‡·i ‡mvm© ‡KvW w k¶v I M‡elYvi Rb¨ Db¥y³ K‡i ‡`Iqv nq| w eGmw W(BSD) 1974 mv‡j ee d¨vw eª w hw b w Q‡jb BDw bfvw m©w U Ae K¨vw j‡dvw b©qvi GKRb cÖ‡dmi Zv‡`i PDP - 11 bvgK Kw ¤úDUv‡i e¨env‡i Rb¨ ‡ej j¨ve ‡_‡K BDw b‡·i GKUv Kw c msMÖn K‡ib| d¨vw eª Ges Zvi mnKg©xiv w g‡j BDw b·‡K ‡gvw WdvB Kiv ïi“ K‡ib Ges Gi Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi ‰Zw i Kiv ïi“ K‡ib| Zviv BDw b‡·i GB ‡gvw WdvBW fvm©‡bi bvg ‡`b evK©w j mdUIq¨vi w Ww ÷«w eDkvb (Berkeley Software Distribution) ev ms‡¶‡c BSD| 1977 G BDw bfvw m©w U Ae K¨vw j‡dvw b©qvi MÖ¨vRy‡qU w ej Rq, ‡h w Qj d¨vw eªi QvÎ ‡mI G‡m w eGmw W cÖ‡R‡± ‡hvM`vb K‡i Ges Ae`vb ivL‡Z ïi“ K‡i| GB cÖ‡R‡± A‡b‡KB Ae`vb ‡i‡Lw Qj KviY Zviv g‡b K‡iw Qj GUv PvB‡j ‡h ‡KD B‡”QgZ cw ieZ©b K‡i e¨envi Ki‡Z I cyb©w eZiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| w Kš‘ w ej Rq g‡b KiZ mdU&Iq¨vi Gi BDRvi‡`i ‡mvm© ‡KvW cvëv‡bvi Aw aKvi ‡`Iqv Dw PZ bq| GB Aw aKvi ïaygvÎ mdU&Iq¨vi ‡W‡fjcv‡ii Kv‡QB _vKv Dw Pr| Zvi GB aviYv ‡K ev¯—‡e iƒc ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ ‡m w eGmw W cÖ‡R‡±i Rb¨ ‡hme mdU&Iq¨vi ‰Zw i K‡iw Qj ‡m¸‡jv cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K mw i‡q w b‡q ‡m¸‡jvi jvB‡mÝ w b‡Ri bv‡g K‡i ‡bq| Zvi GB RNb¨ KyK‡g©ii e¨vcv‡i Rvbvi ci w eGmw Wi w b‡ew `ZcÖvY cÖw ZôvZv m`m¨MY Zvi Kyi“w Pc~Y© Kv‡Ri K_v Rbmg‡¶ cÖKvk K‡i Ges Zv‡K cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K ew n®‹vi K‡i| w Kš‘ ‡mUv Ki‡Z GKUy ‡`ix n‡q hvq Avi ZZw `‡b w ej w eGmw Wi bZyb GKUv fvm©b ‰Zix ‡d‡j K‡i Ges w eGmw Wi A‡bK m`m¨‡KB ‡eªBb Iqvk K‡i Zvi `‡j Uvb‡Z mg_© nq| 1983 ‡Z w ej Zvi mn‡hvMx‡`i w b‡q mvb gvB‡µvw m‡÷gm bv‡g w b‡Ri ‡Kv¤úvw b cÖw Zôv K‡i| w ej QvovI Ab¨ Av‡iKw U ‡Kv¤úvw b w eGmw W cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K ‡mvm© ‡KvW w b‡q evK©w j mdUIq¨vi w WRvBb K‡c©v‡ikb bv‡g w b‡R‡`i ¯^Ëvw aKvi hy³ K‡i w eGmw W Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g evRv‡i w b‡q Av‡m| GB ‡Kv¤úvw bi cÖw ZôvZvMY BDw bfvw m©w U Ae K¨vw j‡dvw b©qvi Kw ¤úDUvi w m‡÷g w imvP© MÖæ‡ci m`m¨ w Qj| Dennis Ritchie Ken Thompson
  • 13. PAGE | 13 GQvovI 80Õi `k‡Ki ïi“‡Z gvB‡µvmdU, A¨vcj Ges Ab¨vb¨ Av‡iv A‡bK mdU&Iq¨vi ‡Kv¤úvw b eyS‡Z cv‡i ‡h w eGmw W n‡”Q w d« ‡mvm© ‡Kv‡Wi Drm ‡hUv‡K e¨envi K‡i Zviv w b‡R‡`i ¯^Ëvw aKvihy³ mdUIq¨vi ‰Zw i K‡i w ew µ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Ab¨w `‡K AT&T I w b‡R‡`i BDw b· Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi ‡mvm© ‡Kv‡Wi Db¥y³Zv eÜ K‡i w b‡R‡`i ¯^Ëvw aKvi hy³ K‡i| w eGmw W K‡c©v‡ikb (Berkeley Software Design Corporation) Zv‡`i fvm©‡bi BDw b· evRv‡i w eµx Kiv Kiv ïi“ Ki‡j BDw b· w m‡÷g j¨ve‡iUw im Zv‡`i w ei“‡× gvgjv K‡i ‡`q| GB gvgjvq BDw b· w m‡÷g j¨ve‡iUw im Rq jvf K‡i Ges w eGmw W cÖ‡R± Ges w eGmw W K‡c©v‡ik‡bi w eGmw W Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‡W‡fjc‡g›U eÜ n‡q hvq| ZLb A¨vcj K‡c©v‡ikb Gw M‡q G‡m w eGmw W cÖ‡R± n‡Z ‡mvm© ‡KvW msMÖn K‡i Ges w b‡R‡`i ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i w bhy³ K‡i GB cÖ‡R‡±i Dbœq‡bi Rb¨| A¨vcj Gi bvg ‡`q w d« w eGmw W (Free BSD)| A¨vcj GB w d« w eGmw W cÖ‡R‡±i ‡mvm© ‡KvW Db¥y³ K‡i ‡`q| ‡bUA¨vc Ges gvB‡µvmdU w g‡j A¨vc‡ji K‡qKRb w d« w eGmw W ‡W‡fjcvi‡K Nyl w `‡q w d« w eGmw W cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K ‡ei K‡i Av‡b Ges ‡bU w eGmw W (NET BSD) bvgK bZyb cÖ‡R± ïi“ K‡i| Gi c‡i w _I ‡W i¨vU (Theo de Raadt) bv‡g ‡bUA¨v‡ci GKRb ‡W‡fjcvi‡K w d« w eGmw W cÖ‡R‡±i mv‡_ ‡hvMv‡hvM Kivi Aw f‡hv‡M w eGmw W cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K ew n®‹vi Kiv nq| Ges ciew Z©‡Z ‡W i¨vU w b‡Ri bZyb cÖ‡R± I‡cb w eGmw W (OPEN BSD) ïi“ K‡i| Gfv‡eB BSD w ew fbœ fv‡M w ef³ n‡q Gi Avmj D‡Ïk¨ gy³ mdUIq¨vi/Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‡_‡K `~‡i m‡i w M‡q evw Yw R¨K ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv Øviv w bqw š¿Z n‡Z _v‡K| GB ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv w b‡Ri Aw ¯—Z¡ w Uw K‡q ivLvi Rb¨ Amg jovB‡q ‡b‡g c‡o hvi ew j n‡Z _v‡K Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvixiv| GQvovI AT&T hLb Zv‡`i BDw b‡·i mvejvB‡mÝ w ew µ Kiv ïi“ K‡i ZLb w ew fbœ ‡Kv¤úvw b Zv‡`i KvQ ‡_‡K BDw b· w K‡b w b‡R‡`i fvm©‡bi BDw b· Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g evbv‡Z _v‡K| ‡hgb AvBw eGg evbvj AIX, GBPw c evbvj HP UNIX, w Ww RUvj BKyBc‡g›U K‡c©v‡ikb evbvj ALTRIX, w mw jKb MÖvw d· ‡Kv¤úvw b evbvj IRIX, gvB‡µvmdU evbvj XENIX BZ¨vw `| Avcw b Gevi Ae¯’vUv w Pš—v K‡i ‡`Lyb, GLb Avgv‡`i Kw ¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bvi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ej‡Z ‡M‡j GKgvÎ Ackb n‡”Q DB‡ÛvR| hv‡`i A‡bK UvKv Av‡Q Zviv A¨vcj w Kb‡Q| Avi hviv w jbv· m¤ú‡K© Rv‡bb Zviv w jbv· e¨envi Ki‡Qb| w Kš‘ hw ` Ggb nZ evRv‡i DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZ Av‡iv 5/10 Uv Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Av‡Q Ges G‡KKRb G‡KK w U e¨envi Ki‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi w bR¯^ mdUIq¨vi Av‡Q| GKR‡bi mv‡_ Av‡iKR‡bi dig¨vU w gj‡Q bv Zvn‡j w K Ae¯’v n‡Zv? Ggb cw iw ¯’w Z‡ZB ZLbKvi Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix‡`i ci‡Z n‡qw Qj hLb ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv Zv‡`i w b‡R‡`i ‰Zw i nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw i Kiv ïi“ Kij ‡h¸‡jv w Qj g~jZ BDw b‡·iB cw iew Z©Z fvm©b| Gi d‡j e¨vcK nv‡i GKR‡bi mv‡_ Ab¨ R‡bi K¤ú¨vw Uw ew jw U mgm¨v ‡`Lv w `‡Z jvMj| POSIX - Portable Operating System Interface GB mgm¨vi mgvavb Kivi Rb¨ 1988 ‡Z IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) Kw ¤úDUvi ‡mvmvBw U ‡cv‡U©ej Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g B›Uvi‡dBm (POSIX) bv‡gi GKw U mvaviY ÷¨vÛvW© ‰Zw i Kij hv‡Z BDw b· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g¸‡jvi Gw cø‡Kkvb ‡cÖvMÖvw gs B›Uvi‡dm, KgvÛ jvBb ‡kj, BDw Uw jw U B›Uvi‡dm, mdUIq¨vi K¤ú¨vw Uw ew jw U BZ¨vw ` GKB _v‡K| w iPvW©g¨vw _D÷jg¨vb(Richard Matthew Stallman) / w RGbBD(GNU) ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv ax‡i ax‡i mg¯— Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix‡`i Zv‡`i `v‡m cw iYZ Kiw Qj| w Kš‘ GB e¨vcviUv cQ›` nj bv w iPvW© ÷jg¨v‡bi| nvfv‡W© cÖ_g e‡l©i QvÎ _vKvKvjxb Mw Y‡Z AmvaviY cÖw Zfvi cw iPq w `‡q cÖ_g e‡l©i ‡k‡lB MIT ‡Z Avw U©w dw mqvj Bw ›Uw j‡RÝ j¨ve‡iUw i‡Z ‡cÖvMÖvgvi w n‡m‡e w bhy³ nb ÷jg¨vb| nvfvW© ‡_‡K c`v_©w e`¨vq mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ w Ww MÖ AR©b Kivi ci w Zw b GgAvBw U‡Z cybivq MÖ¨vRy‡qU ÷y‡W›U w n‡m‡e fw Z© nb| w Zw b ‡mLv‡b ‡cÖvMÖvw gs G GZUvB g‡bvw b‡ek K‡ib ‡h c`v_©w e`¨vq W±‡iU w Ww MÖ ‡bevi B”Qv ev` ‡`b| ÷jg¨vb ‡`L‡jb mdU&Iq¨vi ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv w b‡R‡`i evRvi `L‡ji Rb¨ ‰eix cÖw ZØw ›`Zv ïi“ K‡i‡Q hvi d‡j e¨enviKvixiv ¶w ZMÖ¯— n‡”Q|
  • 14. PAGE | 14 GB mgm¨v ‡_‡K mdU&Iq¨vi e¨enviKvix‡`i gyw ³ ‡`Iqvi Rb¨B ÷jg¨vb ïi“ K‡ib gy³ mdU&Iq¨vi Av‡›`vjb| ÷jg¨vb g‡b Ki‡Zb mdU&Iq¨vi Ggb fv‡e ‰Zix nIqv Dw PZ hv‡Z ‡mUv‡Z e¨enviKvixi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K| e¨enviKvix hv‡Z GUv w b‡q covïbv, cw ieZ©b, cw iea©b I w eZiY Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡hme mdU&Iq¨vi GB ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv w bw ðZ Ki‡e ‡m¸‡jvB n‡e w d« mdU&Iq¨vi| Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix ‰`bw ›`b Kv‡R e¨envi K‡i Ggb w KQy w d« mdU&Iq¨vi ‰Zw i K‡ib w Zw b| Avi GB w d« mdU&Iq¨vi ¸‡jv w b‡qB ÷jg¨vb w d« mdU&Iq¨vi dvD‡Ûkvb cÖw Zôv K‡ib Ges w d« mdU&Iq¨vi Rb¨ w RGbBD ‡Rbv‡ij cvew jK jvB‡mÝ (GPL) iPbv K‡ib| GB jvB‡mÝ Gi AvIZvq _vKv mdU&Iq¨vi mg~n GKRb e¨enviKvix‡K ‡m¸‡jv Pvjv‡bv, ‡mvm© ‡KvW w b‡q covïbv, w eZiY I cw ieZ©b Kivi ¯^vaxbZv ‡`q| GB mdU&Iq¨vi mg~‡n w bw `©ó Kv‡iv ¯^Ëvw aKvi (Kw civBU) _vK‡e bv| G¸‡jv n‡e Kw c‡jd&‡UW mdUIq¨vi| Kw c‡jd&U n‡”Q Kw civB‡Ui w ecixZ hv AvBbMZ fv‡e mdU&Iq¨v‡ii ¯^vaxbZv w bw ðZ Ki‡e| ïay ZvB bq BDw b‡·i w eKí GKw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi ‰Zw ii Rb¨ GgAvBw Ui j¨v‡e 1983 mv‡j ïi“ K‡ib w RGbD (GNU – GNU's NOT UNIX) cÖ‡R±| GNU BDw b‡·i gZ ‡`L‡Z m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v GKw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w Kš‘ G‡Z _vK‡e bv BDw b‡·i ‡Kvb ‡KvW Ges GUv n‡e m¤ú~Y© w d« mdU&Iq¨v‡ii w fw ˇZ ‰Zix| bZyb GB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Rb¨ `iKvi Av‡iv ‡ew k mdU&Iq¨vi hvi Rb¨ mevi Av‡M PvB GKUv K¤úvBjvi| w KQyw `‡bi g‡a¨B ÷jg¨vb evw b‡q ‡dj‡jb w RGbBD w m K¤úvBjvi (GCC) ‡hw U‡K K¤úvBjvi RM‡Zi Ab¨Zg Kvh©Ki K¤úvBjvi w n‡m‡e w e‡ePbv Kiv nq| ÷jg¨vb GNU OS Gi Rb¨ gvB‡µv Avw K©‡UKPv‡ii Kv‡b©j w WRvBb K‡ib hvi bvg w Qj GNU HURD| 1983 mv‡ji ‡m‡Þ¤^i 27 Zvw i‡L BDw b· e¨enviKvix‡`i ‡dviv‡g ÷jg¨vb ‡h ‡cv÷w U K‡iw Q‡jb Zvi cÖ_g Ask GLv‡b Zy‡j aijvg – Free Unix! Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free to everyone who can use it. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed. w Kš‘ ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i KvQ ‡_‡K Avkvbyiƒc mviv bv cvIqvq ÷jg¨v‡bi w RGbBD Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g nv‡j cvw b ‡cj bv| w Kš‘ ZviciI nvj a‡i GKjv `vw o‡q iB‡jb ÷jg¨vb| Gw `‡K w ej Rq Ges Zvi mn‡hvMxiv w g‡j w RGbBDi ‡mvm© ‡KvW msMÖn K‡i †d‡j| Zviv Gi Kv‡b©‡ji Am¤ú~Y©Zvi my‡hvM ‡bq Ges w b‡R‡`i Kv‡b©j e¨envi K‡i m¤ú~Y© Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g `vo Kw i‡q ‡d‡j| Zviv GUv n‡Z w RGbBD i ‡Rbv‡ij cvew jK jvB‡mÝ ev` w `‡q w b‡R‡`i ¯^Ëvw aKvw i jvB‡mÝ hy³ K‡i bZyb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g evRv‡i w b‡q Av‡m| GQvovI w eGmw W Ges BDw b· f¨vw i‡q›U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ¸‡jv‡Z evRvi mqjve n‡q hvq| Gme ‡Kv¤úvw b nvRvi nvRvi Wjv‡i w b‡R‡`i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g I mdU&Iq¨vi w ew µ Ki‡Z _v‡K|
  • 15. PAGE | 15 G‡`i nv‡Z w Rw ¤§ n‡q _vKv Qvov Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix‡`i Avi Kivi w KQyB w Qj bv| Gfv‡eB Pjw Qj hZw `b bv ch©š— w jbvm ‡e‡bw W± Uifvìm Zvi Af~Zc~e© Kv‡b©j Òw jbv·Ó w b‡q Avw ef©~Z nq| w jbvm‡e‡bw W±Uifvìm(Linus Benedict Torvalds) / w jbv·(Linux) 1969 Gi w W‡m¤^‡i w dbj¨vÛ Gi ivRavbx ‡njw mbw K ‡Z Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib w jbvm| Zvi evev w bjm Uifvìm I gv G¨vbv Uifvìm ‡bv‡ej w eRqx imvqbw e` w jbvm cvDw js Gi bvgvbymv‡i ‡Q‡ji bvg iv‡Lb| ZLb ZvivI w K ey‡Sw Q‡jb ‡h Zv‡`i ‡Q‡j GKw `b Kw ¤úDUvi RM‡r bZyb Bw Znvm m„w ó Ki‡e? w jbvm‡`i cw ieviw U w Qj mvsevw `K cw ievi| Zvi evev gv `yB RbB w Q‡jb mvsevw `K| Zvi `v`v w Q‡jb GKw U w dw bm cw ÎKvi m¤úv`K Ges PvPv GKw U w dw bm w Uw f P¨v‡b‡j mvsevw `KZv Ki‡Zb| ZvB w jbvmI eo n‡q cvw ievw iK ‡ckv mvsevw `KZvB ‡e‡Q ‡b‡eb GUvB w Qj mevi aviYv| w Kš‘ mew KQy cw ieZ©b n‡Z ïi“ K‡i hLb w jbv‡mi bvbv w jI ‡Uv‡qb©w f÷ w hw b w Q‡jb BDw bfvw m©w U Ae ‡njw mbw Ki cw imsL¨v‡bi cÖ‡dmi w jbvm‡K K‡gvWi w fAvBw m 20 (Commodore VIC-20) bv‡gi GKw U Kw ¤úDUvi Dcnvi ‡`b| Kw ¤úDUvi ‡c‡q ‡Zv w jbvm gnv Lyw k| w Kš‘ GB Lyw k ‡ew kw `b ¯’vqx nq bv hLb w jbvm ‡`L‡jb ‡h GUvi mv‡_ ‡`Iqv w KQy mdU&Iq¨vi e¨envi Kiv Qvov GUv w `‡q Avi w KQyB Kiv hvq bv| ZvB w Zw b w b‡RB GUvi Rb¨ ‡cÖvMÖvg ‡jLv ïi“ K‡i ‡`b| cÖ_‡g ‡ew mK j¨vs¸‡qR w `‡q ïi“ Ki‡jI ciew Z©‡Z D”PZi G‡m¤^w j j¨vs¸‡qR w `‡q ‡cÖvMÖvg w jL‡Z _v‡Kb| w KQyw `‡bi g‡a¨B w jbvm‡K ‡cÖvMÖvw gs Gi ‡bkvq ‡c‡q e‡m| Zvi evev Zv‡K ‡Ljvayjv I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvw RK Kv‡R AskMÖnb Kiv‡bvi A‡bK ‡Póv K‡ib w Kš‘ Zvi me ‡PóvB w ed‡j hvq| 1987 mv‡j w jbvm Zvi me Rgv‡bv A_© e¨q K‡i w mb‡K¬qvi w KDGj (Sinclair QL) bv‡gi GKw U Kw ¤úDUvi w K‡bb| GUvB w Qj e¨vw ³MZ e¨env‡ii Rb¨ w e‡k¦i me©cÖ_g 32w eU Kw ¤úDUvi| GUv‡Z w Qj g‡Uv‡ivjv 68008 cÖ‡mmi hvi Mw Z w Qj 7.5 ‡gMvnvU©R Ges GUv‡Z w Qj 128 w K‡jvevBU i¨vg| GUv Zvi bvbvi ‡`Iqv K‡gvWi w fAvBw m 20 ‡_‡K A‡bK DbœZ w Qj| 1988 ‡Z hLb w jbvm w cZv gvZvi c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i BDw bfvw m©w U Ae ‡njw mbw K ‡Z fw Z© nb ZLbB w Zw b w Q‡jb h‡_ó fv‡jv gv‡bi ‡cÖvMÖvgvi| ¯^vfvw eK fv‡eB w Zw b Kw ¤úDUvi mvBÝ ‡gRi ‡bb| 1990 ‡Z w Zw b w m ‡cÖvMÖvw gs j¨vs¸‡qR Gi K¬v‡m Ask ‡bb Ges ciew Z©‡Z GB j¨vs¸‡qR w `‡qB w j‡Lb Zvi hyMvš‘Kvix Kv‡b©j| Commodore VIC-20 Sinclair QL
  • 16. PAGE | 16 1991 Gi ïi“‡Z w jbvm AvBw eGg Gi cv‡m©vbvj Kw ¤úDUvi w K‡bb ‡hUv‡Z w Qj 3 ‡gMvnvU©R B‡›Uj 386 cÖ‡mmi Ges 4 ‡gMvevBU ‡g‡gvw i| GUvi cÖ‡mmi w jbvm‡K e¨vcKfv‡e AvKl©b K‡i| KviY GUv Av‡Mi B‡›Uj cÖ‡mmi¸‡jvi ‡_‡K A‡bK DbœZ w Qj| Gi nvW©Iq¨vi w b‡q w jbvm A‡bK Lyw k n‡jI Gi MSDOS Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w jbvm‡K cy‡ivcyw i nZvk K‡iw Qj| GB kw ³kvjx 386 cÖ‡mmi‡K cy‡ivcyw i e¨envi Kivi ¶gZv GgGmW‡mi w Qj bv| w jbvm ZvB GB Kw ¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ BDw b· ‡c‡Z PvB‡jb ‡hUv w Zw b BDw bfvw m©w U‡Z e¨envi K‡ib| w Kš‘ hLb ‡`L‡jb DBw b‡·i `vg 5000 Wjvi ZLb Avi DBw b· e¨envi Kiv nj bv| w Zw b ZLb w gw b‡·i w `‡K SyK‡jb| w gw b· n‡”Q BDw b‡·i GKUv ‡QvULvU ‡K¬vb ‡hUv ‡b`vij¨vÛ Gi Avg÷viWv‡gi w å‡R BDw bfvw m©w Ui cÖ‡dmi GÛ«y Uv‡bbe‡gi ‰Zw i| w Zw b Qv·`i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‡evSv‡bvi Rb¨ Zvi w b‡Ri ‰Zw i gvB‡µv Kv‡b©j Avw K©‡UKPv‡ii w gw b· e¨envi Ki‡Zb| w Zw b ÒOperating System Design and ImplementationÓ bv‡g GKw U eB w j‡Lw Q‡jb hv‡Z w gw b‡·i 12000 jvB‡bi msw ¶ß fvm©‡bi ‡KvW w cÖ›U Kiv w Qj Ges eBUv w Kb‡j GB ms‡¶w cZ ‡mvm© ‡KvW d¬w c w W‡¯‹ cvIqv ‡hZ| GB eBUvB w jbvm GKw `b w K‡b ‡dj‡jb Avi w gw b· w b‡q bvovPvov ïi“ Ki‡jb| K‡qKw `‡bi g‡a¨B w Zw b eyS‡Z cvi‡jb GUv GKUv Am¤ú~Y© Avi Îyw Uc~Y© Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| ZvQvov GUvi m¤ú~b© ‡mvm© ‡KvW cvIqv ‡hZ bv Avi ‡h¸‡jv cvIqv ‡hZ ‡m¸‡jv w b‡Ri gZ K‡i cw ieZ©‡bi jvB‡mÝ w Qj bv| Gi d‡j w jbvm Avev‡iv nZvk n‡q co‡jb Ges fq¼i GKUv w m×vš— w b‡q ‡dj‡jb| w Zw b w b‡RB BDw b· Avi w gw b‡·i Av`‡j bZyb GKUv Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw i Kivi w m×vš— w b‡jb| Gi Rb¨ w ecyj cw igvY kÖg I mgq w `‡Z n‡e GUv eyS‡Z ‡c‡i w jbvm BDw bfvw m©w U ‡_‡K ‡eªK w b‡q ‡dj‡jb| ZLb w dbj¨v‡Û Pvi eQ‡ii g‡a¨B MÖ¨vRy‡qkvb ‡kl Ki‡Z n‡e Ggb ‡Kvb w bqg w Qj bv| w jbvm cy‡iv`‡g Zvi bZyb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Kv‡R ‡j‡M co‡jb| 1991 Gi 25 AMv÷ w jbvm w gw b· Gi w bDR MÖy‡c w b‡Pi ‡jLvUv ‡cv÷ K‡ib - Message-ID: 1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.helsinki.fi From: torvalds@klaava.helsinki.fi (Linus Benedict Torvalds) To: Newsgroups: comp.os.minix Subject: What would you like to see most in minix? Summary: small poll for my new operating system Hello everybody out there using minix- I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386 (486) AT clones. This has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-sytem due to practical reasons)among other things. I've currently ported bash (1.08) an gcc (1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that i'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-) Linus Torvalds torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi PS. Yes – it’s free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT protable (uses 386 task switching etc), and it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that’s all I have. :-( Andrew S. Tanenbaum
  • 17. PAGE | 17 GB ‡cv÷ c‡oB ‡evSv hvq w jbvm w b‡RI Kíbv K‡ibw b w Zw b Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi fw el¨r ‰Zw i Ki‡Z hv‡”Qb| ‡m‡Þ¤^‡ii g‡a¨B w Zw b Zvi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi 0.01 fvm©b ‡ei K‡i ‡d‡jb| A‡±e‡ii g‡a¨ w Zw b GUvi 0.02 fvm©b ‡ei K‡ib hv‡Z w Qj e¨vk ‡kj w fw ËK ‡U·U Abw j BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm| GUv‡Z Av‡iv w Qj ÷jg¨v‡bi w RGbBDi w Rw mw m K¤úvBjvi| Gi c‡i w jbvm Avevi ‡cv÷ ‡`b - Do you pine for the nice days of minix-1.1, when men were men and wrote their own device drivers? Are you without a nice project and just dying to cut your teeth on a OS you can try to modify for your needs? Are you finding it frustrating when everything works on minix? No more all-nighters to get a nifty program working? Then this post might be just for you :-) As I mentioned a month(?) ago, I'm working on a free version of a minix-lookalike for AT-386 computers. It has finally reached the stage where it's even usable (though may not be depending on what you want), and I am willing to put out the sources for wider distribution. It is just version 0.02 (+1 (very small) patch already), but I've successfully run bash/gcc/gnu-make/gnu-sed/compress etc under it. Gi ci G‡Ki ci GK ‡W‡fjcvi I n¨vKviiv G‡m w jbv‡mi mv‡_ hy³ n‡Z _v‡K| K‡qK mßv‡ni g‡a¨B ‡ei nq fvmb 0.03| GKB eQ‡ii w W‡m¤^‡iB ‡ei nq fvm©b 0.10| w jbvm Zvi GB bZyb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi bvg w `‡jb w d«· (FREKS)| w d«· nj FREE, FREAK Avi UNIX Gi mw ¤§w jZ iƒc| w jbv‡mi eÜy G¨vw i j¨v‡gw K w hw b w Q‡jb ‡njw mbw K DBw bfvw m©w Ui Gdw Uw c mvf©v‡ii GWw gw b‡÷«Ui w Zw b w jbvm ‡K ej‡jb Zvi bZyb GB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Gdw Uw c mvf©v‡i Avc‡jvW Ki‡Z hv‡Z mevB mn‡RB WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zv‡Z w jbvm ¯^vb‡›` ivRx n‡jb| w Kš‘ w jbv‡mi ‡`Iqv w d«· bvgUv G¨vw ii cQ›` nj bv| G¨vw i w jbv‡mi w d«· ‡K mvf©v‡i Avc‡jvW Kivi mgq ‡dvìv‡ii bvg w `‡q w `‡jb w jbv·| Linus Avi Unix GB `y‡Uv w gw j‡q LINUX bvgUv G¨vw ii gv_vq Av‡m| GB bvg ‡`Iqv‡Z w jbvm A‡bK Avcw Ë K‡iw Q‡jb KviY GUv Zvi w b‡Ri bv‡gi mv‡_ w g‡j hv‡”Q G‡Z w b‡Ri Ans‡eva cÖKvk cvq| w Kš‘ ZZ¶‡b A‡b‡KB w jbv· WvDb‡jvW K‡i ‡d‡j‡Q| Kv‡RB Zv‡K ‡kl ch©š— w jbv· bvgUvB ‡g‡b w b‡Z nq| Gici w jbv‡·i AMÖhvÎv ïi“ nq| G‡Ki ci GK ‡W‡fjcvi, n¨vKvi Ggbw K w ew fbœ ‡Kv¤úvw b G‡Z ‡hvM w `‡q w b‡R‡`i Amvgvb¨ ‡cÖvMÖvw gs `¶Zv ‡`Lv‡Z _v‡K Avi w jbv· w `‡b w `‡b Av‡iv kw ³kvjx n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K| 1997 G w jbvm Uªv݇gUv K‡c©v‡ik‡b PvKw i w b‡q w mw jKb f¨vw j‡Z P‡j hvb| GB ‡Kv¤úvw bw U w Qj gvB‡µvmd‡Ui ‡hŠ_ cÖw ZôvZv cj G¨vjv‡bi| w jbvm GLv‡b PvKw ii Adviw U ‡dj‡Z cv‡ib w b KviY w d« mdU&Iq¨vi ‡W‡fjc K‡i Zvi ‡Kvb DcvR©bB n‡Zv bv| Zvi cw ievi‡K mv‡cvU© Kivi Rb¨ Gw U Zv‡K Ki‡ZB n‡Zv| Ggw b‡ZI w jbvm w dbj¨v‡Ûi `xN© kx‡Z _vK‡Z _vK‡Z w ei³ n‡q w M‡qw Q‡jb| ZvQvov me ‡cÖvMÖvgvi‡`iB ¯^cœ _v‡K w mw jKb f¨vjx‡Z hvIqvi| me w gw j‡q w Zw b ‡mLv‡b PvKw i w b‡qw Q‡jb w Kš‘ w jbv‡·i ‡Kvb ¶w Z w Zw b n‡Z ‡`b w b| Gw `‡K gvB‡µvmd‡Ui w ej ‡MUm ‡Zv Avi e‡m _v‡K w b| ‡cÖvMÖvw gs cÖw Zfv Avi ayiÜi e¨emvw qK eyw ×i mg¯^‡q w ej ‡MUm m¤ú‡`i cvnvo M‡o ‡d‡j‡Q| e¨w ³MZ Kw ¤úDUv‡ii evRvi cy‡ivUvB gvB‡µvmd‡Ui `L‡j| gvB‡µvmd‡Ui K_v hLb AvmjB ZLb ms‡¶‡c gvB‡µvmd‡Ui e¨vcv‡i GKUy ‡R‡b ‡bqv hvK| w ej‡MUm(Bill Gates) / gvB‡µvmdU(Microsoft) nvfvW© Gi QvÎ _vKv Kvjxb Ae¯’vq w ej ‡MUm Avi cj G¨vjvb w g‡j Altair 8800 bvgK Kw ¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ_g cv KvW© w fw ËK ‡cÖvMÖvg w j‡L| Altair ‡K w e‡k¦i cÖ_g gvB‡µv Kw ¤úDUvi w n‡m‡e aiv nq| ‡mB ‡cÖvMÖvg Altair ‡Kv¤úvw bi Kv‡Q w ew µ K‡i w ej ‡MUm ‡ek w KQy A_© Avq K‡i ‡mB UvKvq w b‡Ri ‡Kv¤úvw b Ly‡j e‡m hvi bvg ‡`q gvB‡µvmdU| Altair 8800
  • 18. PAGE | 18 Gi ci hLb A¨vcj w b‡R‡`i cv‡m©vbvj Kw ¤úDUvi g¨vw Kb‡Uvk evRv‡i Av‡b ZLb w ej ‡MUm A¨vc‡ji ‡mB Kw ¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi KvW© ‰Zw i K‡i, ‡h¸‡jv cÖPyi cw igv‡b w ew µ nq| w Kš‘ ZL‡bv ‡MU‡mi w b‡Ri ‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w Qj bv| AvBw eGg K‡c©v‡ikb w b‡R‡`i cv‡m©vbvj Kw ¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw ii Kivi e¨vcv‡i ‡`‡ki ‡miv ‡cÖvMÖvgvi‡`i ‡W‡K G‡b GKUv w gw Us K‡i| ‡mLv‡b w ej ‡MUm e‡j e‡m Zvi GKw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Av‡Q| w Kš‘ ZLb Zvi ‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w Qj bv| w ej ‡MUm ZLb M¨vw i w KÛvj bv‡gi GKRb mdUIq¨vi ‡W‡fjcv‡ii KvQ ‡_‡K Zvi ‰Zw i QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System) bv‡gi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷gw U gvÎ 50000 Wjv‡i w K‡b ‡d‡j| ‡mB QDOS ‡K w b‡Ri cÖw Zôv‡bi bv‡g jvB‡mÝ K‡i ‡MUm ‡mUvi bvg ‡`q MSDOS| ‡MUm hLb GB GgGmWm AvBw eG‡gi Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb K‡i ZLb ‡m Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Aw ek¦vm¨ GK `vex K‡i e‡m| ‡MUm Zvi GB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Z…Zxq c‡¶i Kv‡QI w ew µ Kivi Aw aKvi Pvq| A_©vr AvBw eGg QvovI Ab¨‡`i Kw ¤úDUv‡ii R‡b¨I ‡m hv‡Z GUv w ew µ Ki‡Z cv‡i| `yi`w k© ‡MUm ey‡Sw Qj A‡bK ‡Kv¤úvw b Kw ¤úDUvi ‰Zw i Ki‡Q w Kš‘ Zv‡`i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g Qvov ‡Kvb Mw Z ‡bB| Zvn‡j Rvbv ‡Mj GgGmW‡mi Avmj Kvw nbx| w Kš‘ DB‡ÛvR ‡Zv gvB‡µvmd‡Ui Abb¨ m…w ó| Gi MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡d‡mi d‡jB ‡Zv DB‡ÛvR GZ Rbw cÖqZv ‡c‡q‡Q| ZvB bv? Zvn‡j Gevi Rvbyb gvB‡µvmdU nVvr K‡i ‡U·U ‡eRW B›Uvi‡dm n‡Z MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡dm w Kfv‡e ‡W‡fjc Kij? GB MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡d‡mi Avmj K…w ZZ¡ n‡”Q ‡Ri· K‡c©v‡ik‡bi| ZvivB GUv cÖ_g ‰Zw i K‡iw Qj| Zv‡`i GB MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡dm cvIqvi Rb¨ w ÷f Rem Zv‡`i‡K G¨vc‡j w ew b‡qvM Kivi Avgš¿b Rvbvq| G¨vcj Avi ‡Ri· w g‡j hLb MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm w ew kó Kw ¤úDUvi ‰Zw i Kij ZLb w ÷f Rem ‡mUv ‡`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ w ej ‡MUm‡K Wv‡K| ‡MUm w Qj Re‡mi eÜy Avi Gi Av‡MI ‡MUm G¨vc‡ji Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi evw b‡q‡Q| ZvB Rem g‡b K‡iw Qj Gi Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi evbv‡bvi `vw qZ¡I ‡MUm‡KB ‡`‡e| w Kš‘ PZyi w ej ‡MUm Zv‡`i ‡mB MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Pyw i K‡i ‡djj Avi evw b‡q ‡djj DB‡ÛvR 01| ‡MUm GUv evbv‡bvi ci ‡mUvi Kw c Rem‡K d¬w c w W‡¯‹ K‡i cvVvq| ‡mUv ‡`‡LB Rem cÖPÛ ‡i‡M hvb Ges gvB‡µvmd‡U w M‡q ‡MUm‡K w Zi¯‹vi K‡ib| Avi Zv‡`i eÜyZ¡ bó n‡q w M‡q Zviv G‡K Ac‡ii kÎy‡Z cw iYZ nq| ‡mB DB‡ÛvR 01 ‡K ‡W‡fjc K‡iB gvB‡µvmdU ciew Z©‡Z DB‡ÛvR 95, 98 BZ¨vw ` ‡ei Ki‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e gvB‡µvmd‡Ui DB‡ÛvR D™¢veb ‡kl n‡q ‡M‡Q| DB‡ÛvR 10 n‡”Q Zv‡`i me©‡kl Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| Gi ci bZyb ‡Kvb DB‡ÛvR Avm‡e bv Ggb ‡NvlbvB w `‡q‡Q gvB‡µvmdU| Z‡e A‡bK ‡`w i‡Z n‡jI ‡MUm eyS‡Z cv‡i ‡h c„w _ex‡Z w b‡Ri bvg ‡i‡L ‡h‡Z n‡j gvby‡li g½‡ji R‡b¨I w KQy Kiv Dw PZ| ZLb ‡m G¨vcj‡K eÜ n‡q hvIqvi nvZ ‡_‡K i¶v K‡i| w b‡Ri Ges ¯¿xi bv‡g Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation cÖw Zôv K‡i ‡hUv n‡”Q w e‡k¦i me©e„nr cÖvB‡fU dvD‡Ûkvb| w k¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, ‰ew k¦K Dbœqb mn Av‡iv w ew fbœ w el‡q Ae`vb ‡i‡L P‡j‡Q GB dvD‡Ûkvb| w ÷fRem(Steve Jobs) / A¨vcj(Apple) gvB‡µvmd‡Ui K_v hLb njB ZLb A¨vc‡ji e¨vcv‡iI w KQy ‡R‡b ‡bIqv hvK| w ÷f IRw bqvK Ges w ÷f Rem ¯‹yj Rxeb ‡_‡KB eÜy w Q‡jb| Zv‡`i `yB R‡biB B‡jKUªw b‡· e¨vcK AvMÖn w Qj| K‡j‡Ri cov‡jLv `yR‡bi ‡KDB ‡kl Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI IRw bqvK GBPw c ‡Z Ges Rem AvUvw i ‡Kv¤úvw b‡Z PvKw i ‡c‡q hvq| Re‡mi AvUvw i‡Z PvKw i cvIqvi w cQ‡bI IRw bqv‡Ki Ae`vb Av‡Q| IRw bqvK cs bv‡gi GKUv ‡Mg ‰Zw i K‡i Ges ‡mUv w b‡q Rem AvUvw i ‡Kv¤úvw bi Kv‡Q w ew µ Ki‡Z hvq| AvUvw i ‡Kv¤úvw bi ‡jvKRb g‡b K‡i RemB GUv ‰Zw i K‡i‡Q ZvB Zv‡K PvKw i w `‡q ‡`q| IRw bqvK Aemi mg‡q w b‡Ri evw oi M¨v‡i‡R B‡jKUªw bK hš¿cvw Z w b‡q NvUvNvw U Ki‡Z Ki‡Z cÖvq Kw ¤úDUv‡ii gZ GKUv w WfvBm evw b‡q ‡d‡j| IRw bqv‡Ki GB w WfvBmw U‡Z Kx ‡ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ BbcyU ‡`Iqv ‡hZ ‡hLv‡b cÖPw jZ Kw ¤úDUvi ¸‡jv‡Z cv KvW© e¨envi nZ| Bill Gates
  • 19. PAGE | 19 Rem GB w Rw bm ‡`Lvi mv‡_ mv‡_B eyS‡Z cvij GUvI D”Pg~‡j¨ w eµq‡hvM¨ GKw U e¯—y| IRw bqvK Zvi GB ‡gw k‡bi Rb¨ bvg PvB‡j Rem G¨vcj bvgw U w `‡q e‡mb| ‡mB mgq Rem djg~j I ‡fw R‡Uw iqvb Wv‡q‡U w Q‡jb Avi cÖPzi Av‡cj †L‡Zb e‡jB G¨vcj bvgw U Zvi gv_vq G‡mw Qj e‡j c‡i Rvbv hvq| Kw ¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ ‡Kvb m¤úK© bv _vK‡jI G¨vcj bvgUv cQ›` nq IRw bqv‡Ki| P~ovš‘ e¨emvw qK `yi`„w ó m¤úbœ Rem Zv‡`i ‡mB ‡gw kbUv cÖvq Avw k beŸB Kw c w ew µ K‡i cÖvß A_© w `‡q ïi“ K‡ib G¨vcj K‡c©v‡ikb| IRw bqv‡Ki D™¢vew b ¶gZv Avi Re‡mi `yi`„w ó I e¨emvw qK eyw × `ª“ZB G¨vcj‡K mvg‡bi w `‡K Gw M‡q w b‡q ‡h‡Z _v‡K| Re‡mi fw el¨r ‡`Lvi ¶gZv w Qj| w Zw b ‡hb ‡Pv‡Li mvg‡bB ‡`L‡Z ‡c‡jb cy‡iv Kw ¤úDUvi ‡gw kbUvB GKUv ‡QvU ev‡·i g‡a¨| ZrKvjxb mgqKvi Kw ¤úDUvi¸‡jvi AvKvi A‡bK w ekvj w Qj| Re‡mi Rb¨B Kw ¤úDUvi ‡QvU n‡Z n‡Z GLb nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq P‡j G‡m‡Q| A¨vcj D™¢veb Kij ‡m mgqKvi mePvB‡Z ¯§vU© Kw ¤úDUvi g¨vw Kb‡Uvk| Avi Re‡mi eÜy w ej ‡MUm A¨vc‡ji Rb¨ mdUIq¨vi evw b‡q A¨vc‡ji w ew µ Av‡iv evw o‡q w `j| w Kš‘ ‡MUm A¨vc‡ji MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm Pyw i Ki‡j Zv‡`i `yBR‡bi eÜyZ¡ bó n‡q hvq| Ges `yBRb n‡q hvq cÖw ZØw ›`| w Kš‘ ‡MU‡mi AvMÖvmx e¨emvw qK cw jw m Avi Zvi AcÖw ZØ›`x Aw dm ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi Zygyj Rbw cÖqZvi Rb¨ gvB‡µvmd‡Ui Kv‡Q A¨vcj ‡n‡i hvq| GK ch©v‡q G¨vc‡ji w eµ‡qi nvi GZUvB w b‡P ‡b‡g hvq ‡h Zv‡`i ‡Kv¤úvw b w Uw K‡q ivLv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| G¨vc‡ji w ew b‡qvMKvixiv Zv‡`i UvKv ‡diZ cvevi Rb¨ Pvc w `‡Z _v‡K| w Kš‘ Rem w KQy‡ZB `‡g hvIqvi cvÎ bq| w Zw b bZyb cw iKíbv w b‡q nvw Ri nb| w Kš‘ Zvi ‡Kvb K_vB ïb‡Z ivw R nq bv G¨vc‡ji g¨v‡bw Rs Kw gw U hv‡`i Rem w bhy³ K‡iw Q‡jb ‡Kv¤úvw bi cw iPvjbvi Rb¨| GK ch©v‡q Zviv w ÷f Rem‡K G¨vcj ‡_‡K ‡ei K‡i ‡`b| w b‡Ri nv‡Z Mov ‡Kv¤úvw b ‡_‡K ‡ei K‡i ‡`Iqv n‡j Rxe‡bi mePvB‡Z eo av°vUv Lvb Rem| Ab¨ ‡KD n‡j ‡mLv‡bB ‡_‡g ‡hZ| w Kš‘ Rem Avevi bZyb K‡i ïi“ Ki‡jb| G¨vcj ‡_‡K ‡ei n‡q ‡b·U Kw ¤úDUvi bv‡gi bZyb ‡Kv¤úvw b ïi“ K‡ib| Zvi bZzb Kw ¤úDUv‡ii Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w n‡m‡e w eGmw W cÖ‡R± n‡Z ‡b·U‡÷c bv‡gi bZyb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw i K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨ ‡K‡U hvq AvUw U eQi| A¨vc‡ji Ae¯’v Lvivc n‡Z n‡Z ‡Kv¤úvw b cÖvq eÜ n‡q hvevi Ae¯’vq w M‡q †V‡K| AvU eQi ci G¨vc‡ji KZ©ve¨vw ³iv eyS‡Z cv‡i Rem‡K w dw i‡q Avbv Dw PZ| ‡mB GKgvÎ G¨vcj‡K D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Rem‡K cybivq G¨vc‡j w dw i‡q Avbv nq| ZLb Pvw iw `‡K ‡`bvi `v‡q G¨vcj Wy‡e ‡M‡Q| ‡Kv¤úvw b‡K w Uw K‡q ivL‡Z ‡M‡j w ÷f Rem‡K ZLb ‡hfv‡eB ‡nvK UvKvi ‡RvMvi Ki‡Z nZ| w Zw b Zvi eÜy ‡_‡K kÎy n‡q hvIqv w ej ‡MUm‡KB cÖ_g ‡dvb Uv K‡ib Avi e‡jb, Òw ej, Zyw g w K PvI ‡Zvgvi me cÖw ZØw ›`B nvw i‡q hvK? cÖw ZØw ›`‡`i evw P‡q ivL‡j ‡ZvgviB myw eavÓ| Re‡mi K_vi g‡a¨ w bðB w KQy w Qj hv ‡MUm‡K w ePw jZ K‡i| A¨vcj‡K evuPv‡Z ‡MUm Gw M‡q Av‡m Ges 150 w gw jqb Wjvi w ew b‡qvM K‡i G¨vc‡ji Aw ¯—Z¡ w ejxb n‡q hvIqvi nvZ ‡_‡K i¶v K‡i| Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs Macintosh
  • 20. PAGE | 20 Gw `‡K Rem w d‡i G‡m G‡Ki ci GK hyMvš—Kvix Avw e®‹vi Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Zvi g‡a¨ mePvB‡Z D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj AvBcW, AvB‡dvb I AvBc¨vW| G¸‡jv mviv Av‡gw iKvq Z_v mgMÖ w e‡k¦ e¨vcK mviv ‡d‡j ‡`q| G¨vc‡ji AvB‡dvb ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi fw el¨r w bg©vY K‡i ‡`q| Re‡mi ‡b·U Kw ¤úDUvi‡K G¨vcj w K‡b ‡bq Ges ‡b· ‡÷c Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K ‡W‡fjc K‡i ‡hUv g¨vK IGm ev eZ©gv‡b IGmG· bv‡g cw iw PZ| GB IGmG· n‡”Q g¨vKeyK Ges AvBg¨v‡Ki BDw b· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| 5 A‡±vei 2011 mv‡j Kw ¤úDUvi RM‡Zi GB fw el¨r`ªóv K¨vbmv‡i Avµvš— n‡q mgMÖ Av‡gw iKvevmx‡K Kvuw `‡q ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| e¨vKUy w jbv· Avevi w d‡i Avw m w jbv‡·i K_vq| 90 Gi `k‡K gvB‡µvmd‡Ui cÖw ZØw ›`iv ‡hgb Ii¨vKj, B‡›Uj, ‡bU‡¯‹c Ges Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ ‡ek w KQy ‡Kv¤úvw b w jbv· e¨envi I G‡K mv‡cvU© Kivi ‡NvlYv ‡`q| ‡ew kifvM ‡Kv¤úvw bB Zv‡`i B›Uvi‡bU mvf©v‡ii Rb¨ w jbv· e¨envi Kiv ïi“ K‡i| eZ©gv‡b me©vw aK e¨eüZ w d« I‡qe mvf©vi Gcvw P g~jZ w jbv‡·i Rb¨B ‰Zw i Kiv n‡qw Qj| AvBw eGgI eyS‡Z cvij Zv‡`i mvf©vi Kw ¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bvi ¶gZv MSDOS w Ksev Zv‡`i AIX Gi ‡bB| Aeavw iZfv‡eB AvBw eGg ZLb w jbv·‡KB ‡e‡Q w bj Ges w jbv· ‡K mv‡cvU© ‡`Iqv ïi“ Kij| K‡c©v‡iUiv hLb w jbv· e¨envi Kiv ïi“ Kij ZLb w jbv‡·i Rb¨ GKUv gvmK‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb ‡`Lv w `j| K‡c©v‡iU fveg~w Z©i m‡½ gvbvbmB n‡e Ggb GKUv gvmKU| gvmK‡Ui K_v ej‡ZB w jbvm ej‡jb w jbv‡·i gvmKU n‡e ‡c½yBb| Z‡e ‡hgb ‡Zgb ‡c½yBb n‡j n‡e bv| `ycy‡ii LvIqv ‡k‡l `y cv Qw o‡q Av‡qk K‡i e‡m Av‡Q Ggb ‡gvUv‡mvUv bv`ym by`ym ‡c½yBb PvB| GB gvmKU cQ›` Kivi KviY w Qj m`¨ A‡÷«w jqvi K¨vb‡eivq National Zoo & Aquarium G ‡eov‡Z w M‡q ‡c½yB‡bi Kvgo ‡L‡qw Q‡jb w jbvm| A‡b‡KB GB gvmK‡Ui e¨vcv‡i Avcw Ë Rvbvj| GB gvmKU ‡Kvbfv‡eB w jbv‡·i kw ³kvjx fveg~w Z©i mv‡_ hv‡”Q bv| ZLb w jbvm ej‡jb hviv Avcw Ë Ki‡Qb Zviv GKUv ivMx ‡c½yBb‡K N›Uvq 100 gvBj ‡e‡M KvD‡K AvµgY Ki‡Z ‡`‡Lw b| ‡kl ch©š‘ GB ‡c½yBb B nj w jbv‡·i gvmKU| Gw U G‡Kw Q‡jb j¨vw i DBsm| G‡K w P‡b ivLyb| Gi bvg nj TUX| Uvw K©‡Wv Avi w jbv· w g‡j nj Uv·| ‡hLv‡bB G‡K ‡`L‡eb ey‡S w b‡eb GLv‡b w jbv· Av‡Q| G‡K f‡qi w KQzB †bB|
  • 21. PAGE | 21 GKw `‡K w ej ‡MUm ‡hLv‡b w ecyj m¤ú‡`i gvw jK ‡mLv‡b w jbvm Uifvì‡mi m¤ú` ej‡Z cÖvq w KQyB w Qj bv| w jbvm w Qj GKRb mvavib ‡eZbfy³ ‡cÖvMÖvgvi| Zvi cw ieviI LyeB mvaviY Rxeb hvcb KiZ| 1999 Gi ‡k‡l w jbv· w fw ËK mdUIq¨vi I mvw f©‡mi mePvB‡Z eo cÖw Zôvb ‡iW n¨vU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Avw ef©ve N‡U| w jbv‡·i m„w óKZ©v‡K m¤§vb Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ ‡iWn¨vU K‡c©v‡ikvb w jbvm‡K w b‡R‡`i ‡Kv¤úvw bi ‡kqvi Dcnvi ‡`q Ges ‡iWn¨v‡Ui ‡kqvi evRv‡i Avmvi mv‡_ mv‡_B w jbv‡mi ‡kqv‡ii A_©g~j¨ `vovq 20 w gw jqb Wjvi| w jbv‡·ieZ©gvb eZ©gv‡b e¨eüZ 97 kZvs‡ki I ‡ew k mycvi Kw ¤úDUv‡i w jbv· e¨eüZ nq| w e‡k¦i Avw k fvM ¯§vU©‡dvb I U¨ve‡j‡U Av‡Q w jbv·| 70 kZvsk mvf©v‡iB w jbv· e¨eüZ nq| j¶ j¶ ‡W¯‹Uc ev j¨vcUc e¨envi Kvix GLb w jbv· e¨envi K‡ib| Ab¨vb¨ IGm ‡_‡K w jbv‡· Avmvi nviI w `b w `b evo‡Q| G¸‡jv QvovI w Uw f, w Ww fw W ‡cøqvi, ‡cø ‡÷kvb, Iqvw ks ‡gw kb, w WGmGj g‡Wg, ivDUvi, ‡¯úm ‡÷kvb, mve‡gw ib, †iveU mn Ggb Av‡iv AmsL¨ Kw ¤úDUvivBRW w WfvB‡m w jbv· e¨eüZ nq ‡h¸‡jv nq‡Zv Avgiv Rvw bI bv| Ggbw K w jbvmI †evanq fv‡ebw b Zvi 386 Avw K©‡UKPv‡ii Rb¨ †jLv Kv‡b©j GZ e¨vcK nv‡i e¨eüZ n‡e| GUvB nj I‡cb †mv‡m©i ‰ew kó¨| Avi w jbv· Kviv e¨envi Ki‡Q? GB w j÷Uv A‡bK w ekvj| ZviciI ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq w ew fbœ ‡`‡ki miKvi, miKvw i w ew fbœ ms¯’v, ‡Mv‡q›`v ms¯’v, mvgw iK evw nbx, ‰eÁvw bK ms¯’v, w k¶v cÖw Zôvb, e¨emv cÖw Zôvb, e¨w ³MZ Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvix BZ¨vw ` BZ¨vw `| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji ‡W‡fjcv‡ii msL¨v AmsL¨ n‡jI w jbvm GL‡bv w b‡RB GB Kv‡b©j ‡gb‡UBb K‡i _v‡Kb| Z‡e gRvi e¨vcvi n‡”Q w jbv· Kv‡b©‡j AmsL¨ ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i ‡KvW Aš—©f~³ n‡Z n‡Z w jbv‡mi w b‡Ri ‡jLv ‡Kv‡Wi cw igvb GLb 2 kZvs‡kiI K‡g w M‡q ‡V‡K‡Q| nq‡Zv GK mgq ‡`Lv w jbv· Kv‡b©‡j w jbv‡mi ‡jLv ‡Kvb ‡KvWB Avi Aew kó ‡bB| ‡R‡b ivLyb, BDw b‡·i Av`‡j ‰Zw i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g¸‡jv‡K ejv nq BDw b·-jvBK (UNIX-LIKE) Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| w jbv·I GKw U BDw b· jvBK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| (GLv‡b mnR A‡_© Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ejv n‡”Q| w jbv· Avm‡j Kv‡b©j| Gi mv‡_ w RGbDi mdUIq¨vi I Uyjm hy³ K‡i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q ZvB A‡bK mgq G‡K GNU/LINUX I ejv nq|) = + GNU LINUX Name : Linus Benedict Torvalds Born : December 28, 1969 Born In : Helsinki Parents : Anna and Nills Torvalds Spouse : Tove Torvalds Education : University of Helsinki Occupation : Software Engineer Creator : Linux Kernel, Git Quotes "Software is like sex: it's better when it's free." "Talk is cheap, Show me the code".
  • 23. PAGE | 23 w jbv·?? evc‡i evc| IUv ‡_‡K `~‡i _vKvB fvj| ‡Kb? w jbv· w K Kvgovq? bv| w jbv· KvgovqI bv Py‡lI bv| g¨vK ‡hgb Avcbvi e¨vsK e¨v‡jÝ Py‡l ‡bq, DB‡ÛvR ‡hgb Avcbvi mgq Avi ‰ah©kw ³ Py‡l ‡bq w jbv· ‡ZgbUv K‡i bv| ZviciI mvaviY Kw ¤úDUvi e¨enviKvixiv w jbv·‡K GZ fq cvq ‡Kb? GB f‡qi g~j KviY n‡”Q w jbv· m¤ú‡K© mg¨K Áv‡bi Afve| Avgiv DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixiv mvaviYZ w jbv· m¤ú‡K© mw VKfv‡e bv Rvbvi Kvi‡b ‡ek w KQy åvš— aviYv I Kyms¯‹vi cy‡l ivw L Avi Gi ‡_‡KB m„w ó nq f‡qi| w jbv· Avgvi Rb¨ bv, Avgvi Øviv m¤¢e bv, w jbv‡· GUv ‡bB, IUv Kiv hvq bv BZ¨vw ` BZ¨vw ` ARynvZ Avgiv w `‡q _vw K w jbv· bv e¨envi Kivi KviY w n‡m‡e| Zvn‡j Pjyb ‡`‡L w bB w KQy cÖavb hyw ³ (ARynvZ) ‡h¸‡jv Avgiv w jbv· e¨envi bv Kivi c‡¶ w `‡q _vw K Ges ‡m¸‡jvi DËi| hyw ³t KgvÛjvB‡bigva¨‡gKw ¤úDUviPvjv‡bvAvgvic‡¶m¤¢ebv| DËit A‡a©‡Ki ‡ew k DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvix g‡b K‡i _v‡K ‡h w jbv· GKUv KgvÛ jvBb w fw ËK ‡U·U ‡eRW Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| GUv Pvjv‡Z n‡j Uvw g©bv‡ji Kv‡jv ¯Œx‡b KgvÛ w jL‡Z n‡e| A_P w jbv‡· MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm G‡m‡Q 16 eQi Av‡M| ‡mB MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡dm ‡h GLb KZUv DbœZ ‡mUv bv ‡`L‡j w ek¦vm n‡e bv| w Kš‘ Avgv‡`i w KQy hvq Av‡m bv KviY w jbv‡·i e¨vcv‡i Avgvi m¤ú~Y© AÜKv‡i _vw K| Avgiv ‡Rbv‡ikvb Uy ‡Rbv‡ikvb DB‡Ûv‡RB Avm³| w jbv· bv‡g ‡h ‡Kvb e¯—y Av‡Q ‡mUvB A‡b‡K Rvw b bv| hyw ³t Avw gn¨vKvibv| Avw g‡Kbw jbv·Pvjve? GUvn¨vKvi‡`iAcv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| DËit n¨vKviiv w jbv·‡K AZ¨š— cQ›` K‡i KviY GUv‡Z mxgvnxb ¯^vaxbZv cvIqv hvq, GUv‡K B”QvgZ ‡gvw WdvB Kiv hvq Avi GUv‡Z i‡q‡Q P~ovš— w bivcËv e¨e¯’v hv Ab¨ ‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡g cvIqv hvq bv| Zvi Dci GUv cvIqv hvq m¤ú~Y© w d« ‡Z| w jbv· ‰Zw ii ‡¶‡ÎI AmsL¨ n¨vKv‡ii Ae`vb Av‡Q| w Kš‘ ZvB e‡j GUv e¨envi Ki‡Z ‡h Avcbv‡KI n¨vKvi n‡Z n‡e ‡mUv ‡K e‡j‡Q? hyw ³t Avw gmvavibKw ¤úDUvie¨enviKvix| Aviw jbv·n‡”Q‡Uw K‡`iw Rw bm| GUvAvgviRb¨bv| DËit n¨v ‡Uw K iv w jbv· fvjev‡m| KviY w jbv· w `‡q Zviv ‡mme Ki‡Z cv‡i hv Zviv Ki‡Z Pvq| w Kš‘ ZvB e‡j w K w jbv· Zv‡`i GKvi m¤úw Ë? w jbv· mevi Rb¨ w d«| ‡Uw Kiv gRv w b‡q w b‡”Q| Avcw b w b‡Z bv cvi‡j jm AvcbviB| hyyw ³t w jbv‡·nvW©Iq¨vimv‡cvU©mxw gZ| menvW©Iq¨vimv‡cvU©K‡ibv| DËit GUv w jbv· m¤ú‡K© iUv‡bv GKUv Wvnv w g_¨v K_v| w jbv· me ai‡bi cÖ‡mmi Avw K©‡UKPv‡iB P‡j| Pjyb ‡`w L - B‡›Uj ev Ggw W Qvov Ab¨ ‡Kvb Avw K©‡UKPv‡i DB‡ÛvR P‡j bv| IGmG· I B‡›Uj Avi g‡Uv‡ivjv cvIqvi cÖ‡mmi Qvov Ab¨ ‡Kv_vI P‡j bv| GKgvÎ w jbv·B me ai‡bi Avw K©‡UKPv‡i P‡j| LINUX WINDOWS OS X Intel Intel AMD Motorola NO SUPPORT × NO SUPPORT × Intel AMD Sun SPARC, Motorola 68000, Power Pc, ARM, Alpha AXP, Hitachi Super H, IBM S/390, MIPS, HP PA-RISC, Intel IA-64, AXIS CRIS, Reasons H8/300, NEC V850, Tensilica Xtensa, Analog Devices Blackfin, Architectures
  • 24. PAGE | 24 ZvQvov w jbv· Kv‡b©‡jB A‡bK nvW©Iq¨v‡ii WªvBfvi w eë Bb _v‡K| ïay ZvB bv, nvW©Iq¨vi jvMv‡bvi mv‡_ mv‡_ A‡Uv‡gw UK WªvBfvi ‡c‡q hvq| DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZ Avjv`v K‡i WªvBfvi BÝUj Ki‡Z nq bv| w ek¦vm n‡”Q bv? Avw gI Av‡M w ek¦vm Kw iw b| Pvjv‡bvi c‡i w ek¦vm K‡iw Q| w cÖ›Uv‡ii K¨vej jvw M‡q hLb cvIqvi Ab K‡iw Qjvg mv‡_ mv‡_ w cÖ›Uvi ‡c‡q ‡Mw Qj, ‡mUv w Qj Avgvi Rb¨ GK Avðh© Aw fÁZv| hyw ³t w jbv‡·i‡Kvb÷¨vw ew jw UbvB| DËit gvbyl ‡h KZ AvRe AvRe ARynvZ w b‡q Av‡m w jbv· m¤ú‡K©| ‡KvbUv‡Z ÷¨vw ew jw U Av‡Q? IGmG· bvw K DB‡ÛvR? IGm· w b‡R‡`i nvW©Iq¨v‡i ivb K‡i ZvB IGmG· GLv‡b AcÖvmw ½K| Ab¨ nvW©Iq¨v‡i (n¨vw Kb‡Uvk) BÝU‡ji ‡Póv hviv K‡i‡Qb Zviv Rv‡bb µ¨vw ks KZ cÖKvi I w K w K? evw K iBj DB‡ÛvR| cvB‡i‡UW DB‡Ûv‡Ri K_v ‡Zv ev`B w `jvg| jvB‡mÝ Kiv DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvix ivI DB‡ÛvR µ¨vw ks Avi ey ¯Œxb Ae ‡W‡_i mv‡_ fv‡jvgZB cw iw PZ| Zvn‡j, w jbv· w K KL‡bv µ¨vk K‡i bv? K‡i| Z‡e ‡mUv e¨enviKvix hw ` ‡Kvb fyjfvj w KQy K‡i ZLb| w b‡R fyj w KQy bv Ki‡j w jbv‡·i µ¨vw ks ‡`Lvi Rb¨ nqZ Avcbv‡K eQ‡ii ci eQi A‡c¶v K‡i nZvk n‡Z n‡e| w jbv‡·i ÷¨vej fvm©b e¨envi Ki‡j ‡Zv K_vB ‡bB| ‡Ww eqvb bv‡gi w jbv‡·i GKUv w W‡÷«v (w jbv· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g) Av‡Q ‡hUv GZUvB ÷¨vej ‡h GKevi ‡mUvc w `‡j Avcbvi cieZ©x K‡qK cÖRb¥ ‡mB Kw ¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡i ‡h‡Z cvi‡e ‡Kvb mgm¨v QvovB| hyw ³t w jbv‡·`iKvw imdUIq¨vibvB| DËit mw Z¨B nvm¨Ki| w jbv· e¨enviKvixiv w K mdUIq¨vi QvovB Kw ¤úDUvi e¨envi K‡i? w jbv‡· DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZ jvL jvL mdUIq¨vi bvB GUv w VK| Z‡e nvRvi nvRvi mdUIq¨vi Av‡Q| Avcbvi w cw m‡Z ¸‡Y ‡`L‡j eo‡Rvi 40 ‡_‡K 50 Uv mdUIq¨vi cvIqv hv‡e ‡h¸‡jv w `‡q Avcw b KvR K‡ib| KviI KviI nq‡Zv Av‡iv GKUy ‡ew kI _vK‡Z cv‡i| w Kš‘ ZvB e‡j ‡KD kZ kZ mdUIq¨vi w cw m‡Z BÝUj K‡i iv‡L bv| me ai‡bi e¨enviKvixi hveZxq cÖ‡qvRb ‡gUv‡biv Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡bi ‡_‡K A‡bK A‡bK ‡ew k mdUIq¨vi Av‡Q w jbv‡·| Avi me‡P‡q eo K_v n‡”Q me mdUIq¨viB w d«| ‡KvbUvB UvKv w `‡q w Kb‡Z nq bv| Z‡e _vW© cvw U©i †cÖvcivBUw i mdUIq¨viI Av‡Q hviv w jbv‡·i Rb¨ fvm©b ‰Zw i K‡i Zv‡`i mdUIq¨vi ¸‡jv UvKv w `‡q w Kb‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jv DB‡Ûv‡RI w Kb‡Z nq| DB‡Ûv‡Ri me cÖ‡qvRbxq mdUIq¨v‡ii Av‡iv DbœZ w eKí w jbv‡· Av‡Q GB w b‡q w jbv‡·i mdUIq¨vi Aa¨v‡q w e¯—vw iZ Av‡jvPbv Kie| hyw ³t GUvw d«| ‡KD‡ZvAvifvjw Rw bmw d«‡Z‡`qbv| w bðB‡KvbNvcjvAv‡Q| DËit GUvi DËi ‡`Iqvi Avi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiw Q bv|| KviY Avcw b hw ` Av‡Mi Aa¨vq¸‡jv c‡o _v‡Kb Zvn‡j w b‡RB ey‡S hv‡eb w jbv· ‡Kb w d«| Avi UvKv w `‡q Avcw b ‡h Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷gUv w Kb‡eb ‡mUv w K‡bI w K kvw š— cv‡eb? Avcbvi GZ UvKv w `‡q ‡Kbv w m‡÷g‡K myiw ¶Z ivL‡Z Avevi UvKv w `‡q Gw ›UfvBivm w Kb‡Z n‡e| bZyb fvm©‡b Avc‡MÖW Ki‡eb? Avevi UvKv jvM‡e| Gfv‡e ïay w `‡qB ‡h‡Z _vK‡eb| w jbv‡·i ‡cQ‡b Gme AccÖPvi Pvjv‡bvi mv‡_ gvB‡µvmdU I Rw oZ Av‡Q| w jbv· e¨envi bv Kivi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K ‡evSv‡Z gvB‡µvmdU w ew fbœ K¨v‡¤úBb K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e gvB‡µvmdU ‡h ïay w jbv‡·i w ei“‡×B AccÖPvi Pvjvq Zv bq eis ¸Mj, dvqvid· Ggbw K A¨vc‡ji w ei“‡×I AccÖPvi Pvjvq| GUv Zv‡`i w b‡Ri gv‡K©w Us Gi GKUv RNb¨ c×w Z| gvB‡µvmdU I‡cb ‡mvm© mdUIq¨vi e¨enviKvix‡`i mgm¨vq ‡djvi Rb¨ w ew fbœ ai‡bi Kyi“w Pc~Y© c×w Z Aej¤^b K‡i| ‡hgb MS OFFICE Gi dvBj dig¨vU cw ieZ©b| Av‡M Iqv‡W©i Rb¨ doc, G‡·‡ji Rb¨ xls Gai‡bi dig¨vU w Qj| I‡cb ‡mvm© mdUIq¨vi A‡cb Aw dm Avi w jevi Aw dm hLb GgGm Aw d‡mi mgK¶ n‡q DVj ZLb A‡b‡K GgGm Aw dm bv w K‡b I‡cb ev w jevi Aw dm e¨envi Kiv ïi“ Kij| ZLb gvB‡µvmdU w b‡R‡`i Aw dm dvB‡j xml hy³ K‡i ‡mUvi dig¨vU evw b‡q ‡djj docx ev xlsx hv‡Z ‡m¸‡jv I‡cb ev w jevi Aw d‡m mv‡cvU© bv K‡i| GZ K‡iI gvB‡µvmdU w RZ‡Z cvij bv| I‡cb ‡mvm© ‡W‡fjcviiv w b‡R‡`i mdUIq¨vi‡K bZyb dig¨v‡Ui Rb¨ Avc‡MÖW K‡i ‡djj| GLb w jevi Aw dm GZ Avc‡W‡UW Avi DbœZ ‡h Avcbv‡K UvKv w `‡q Avi GgGm Aw dm w Kb‡Z B”Qv Ki‡e bv|
  • 25. PAGE | 25 hw `I Avgiv Gm‡ei cv_©K¨ eySebv KviY Avgiv Aw aKvskB Aw dm my¨U UvKv w `‡q w Kw b bv| ev w Kb‡jI 50 UvKv w `‡q cvB‡i‡UW w Ww fw W w Kw b| w Kš‘ DbœZ ‡`‡ki ‡jvKRb Gme cvB‡i‡UW w Rw bm e¨envi Kivi K_v w Pš—vI Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi †mLv‡b Gme w ew µI nq bv| ZvB Zv‡`i Rb¨ G¸‡jv A‡bK eo e¨vcvi| Avcw b w b‡RB ‡f‡e †`Lyb 120 Wjvi e¨q K‡i GgGm Aw dm †Kb w Kb‡eb †hLv‡b m¤ú~Y© GKB gv‡bi w jevi Aw dm ev I‡cb Aw dm w d«‡Z cvIqv hv‡”Q| w jevi Aw dm DB‡Ûv‡Ri R‡b¨I cvIqv hvq| cÖ‡qvR‡b WvDb‡jvW K‡i BÝUj Ki“b Avi Avgvi K_vi mZ¨Zv hvPvB K‡i w bb| w jevi Aw dm w j¼t www.libreoffice.org gvB‡µvmdU Windows 8/10 G w mw KDi eyU bv‡g Ggb GKw U Rw Uj eyyw Us cÖ‡mm ‰Zw i K‡i‡Q hv‡Z w jbv· Kv‡b©j eyU bv K‡i ev Ki‡jI A‡bK mgm¨ nq| DB‡ÛvR w cÖ BÝUjW j¨vcUc¸‡jv‡Z gvB‡µvmdU UEFI w mw KDi eyU e¨envi Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Q| GB AmvaviY Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Avmyb AvgivI w jbv‡mi gZ gvB‡µvmdU‡K Gfv‡e Aw fb›`b RvbvB -- Z_¨ m~Î I Qw et arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/02/linus-torvalds-i-will-not- change-linux-to-deep-throat-microsoft/ gvB‡µvmd‡Ui GiKg Av‡iv A‡bK ‡bvsivw g Av‡Q w Kš‘ ‡m¸‡jv w b‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgq bó Kivi PvB‡Z Pjyb Uv‡·i w KQy gRvi Qw e ‡`‡L w bB --
  • 29. PAGE | 29 w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji Dci w fw Ë K‡i cÖvq mvZkÕiI ‡ew k Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ eZ©gv‡b `yBkÕi ‡ew k Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g mw µq Av‡Q| Avi Ab¨ ¸‡jv w ew fbœ Kvi‡b w bw ®Œq n‡q ‡M‡Q| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡ji w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K ejv nq w jbv· w Ww ÷«w eDkvb (Linux Distribution) ev ms‡¶‡c w W‡÷«v (Distro)| w jbv‡·i ‡h‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K ‡evSv‡bvi w jbv· w W‡÷«v (Linux Distro) K_vUv e¨envi Kiv nq| w Kfv‡e ‰Zw i nq GB w jbv· w W‡÷«v? D`vniY ‡`Iqv hvK-- Zvn‡j ‡`Lv hv‡”Q w jbv‡·i w W‡÷«v ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ w jbv· Kv‡b©j ‡Zv Aek¨B _vK‡e| GUv QvovI _vK‡e GNU A_©vr ÷jg¨v‡bi evbv‡bv Uyjm Avi jvB‡eªw iR, DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g, DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi, ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U, c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi Avi I‡cb ‡mvm© w d« mdUIq¨vi| G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c ‡R‡b ‡bIqv hvK| G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© bv Rvb‡j w jbv· w W‡÷«v ¸‡jv‡K fvjfv‡e ‡evSv hv‡e bv| w jbv· Kv‡b©j, ÷jg¨v‡bi evbv‡bv Uyjm Avi mdUIq¨vim BZ¨vw `i e¨vcv‡i Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q| ZvB DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g w `‡qB ïi“ Kw i| DB‡Ûvw m‡÷g(Windows System) Kw ¤úDUv‡i MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm ‰Zw ii GKw U w e‡kl c×w Z‡K ejv nq DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g ‡hLv‡b DB‡Ûv, AvBKb, ‡gby, c‡q›Uvi BZ¨vw `i mgš^‡q e¨enviKvix‡K mn‡RB gvDm e¨envi K‡i KvR Kivi Dc‡hvMx GKw U w PÎw fw ËK cw i‡ek ‡`Iqv nq| w jbv· w fw ËK Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ¸‡jv‡Z G· DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g (X Window System) e¨eüZ nq| GQvov IGm G· Gi DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g n‡”Q ‡KvqvU©R K‡¤úvw RUi (Quartz Compositor) Ges DB‡Ûv‡Ri Uv nj ‡W¯‹Uc DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi (Desktop Window Manager)| w jbv·w W‡÷ªv = w jbv· Kv‡b©j + w RGbBDÕi Uyjm, jvB‡eªw iR + w m‡÷g mdUIq¨vi + DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g + DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi + ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U + c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi + w d« Ges I‡cb ‡mvm© mdU&Iq¨vi w jbv·w g›U = w jbv· Kv‡b©j + w RGbBDÕi Uyjm, jvB‡eªw iR + w m‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi + G· DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g + G· DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi + w mbvgb ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U + Gw cw U c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi + w jevi Aw dm + dvqvid· + evbw m w gDw RK ‡cqvi + U‡Ug gyw f †cøqvi BZ¨vw ` ‡d‡Wviv = w jbv· Kv‡b©j + w RGbBDÕi Uyjm, jvB‡eªw iR + w m‡÷g mdUIq¨vi + G· DB‡Ûv w m‡÷g + G· DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi + ‡Mœvg ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U + Aviw cGg c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi + w jevi Aw dm + dvqvid· + w i`ge· w gDw RK ‡cqvi + w fGjw m ‡cqvi BZ¨vw `
  • 30. PAGE | 30 DB‡Ûvg¨v‡bRvi(Window Manager) DB‡Ûv w m‡÷‡g w Kfv‡e DB‡Ûv¸‡jv cÖ`w k©Z n‡e ‡mUv w bqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ ‡h w m‡÷g mdU&Iq¨vi e¨envi Kiv nq ‡mUvi bvgB n‡”Q DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi| w jbv· w W‡÷«v¸‡jv‡Z G· DB‡Ûv g¨v‡bRvi (X Window Manager) e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡W¯‹UcGbfvqib‡g›U(Desktop Environment) ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U ev ms‡¶‡c DE ej‡Z ‡evSvq GKUv m¤ú~Y© MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm ‡hLv‡b GKRb e¨enviKvix‡K `ª“Z I Kvh©Ki fv‡e Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K e¨envi Kivi cw i‡ek ‡`Iqv nq| mnR K_vq ej‡Z ‡M‡j Avcbvi Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi ‡Pnviv w K iKg n‡e ‡mUv w bf©i K‡i ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g‡›Ui Dci| ‡hgb Avcw b DB‡ÛvR G·w c e¨envi Ki‡j GKiKg ‡W¯‹Uc cv‡eb Avevi DB‡ÛvR 7 ev 8 G m¤ú~Y© w fbœ iKg ‡Pnviv cv‡eb| IGm G· e¨envi Ki‡j Avevi m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v ai‡bi Av‡iKUv ‡W¯‹Uc cv‡eb| Avcbv‡K Avcbvi ‡W¯‹U‡ci ‡Pnviv cQ›` bv n‡jI ‡mUvB ‡g‡b w b‡Z n‡e KviY IUv cw ieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| _xg jvw M‡q nqZ GKUy cw ieZ©b Avb‡Z cvi‡eb w Kš‘ ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U cw ieZ©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| w Kš‘ w jbv‡· 10 w UiI ‡ew k ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U Av‡Q| Avcw b ‡Kvb DE e¨envi Ki‡eb Zv cQ›` K‡i w b‡Z cvi‡eb| Ggbw K GKB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gB gvw ëcj DE e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| w jbv‡·i K‡qKw U Rbw cÖq DE nj Cinnamon, Gnome Shell, KDE Plasma, Pantheon, XFCE, Budgie, LXDE, MATE Ges Enlightment BZ¨vw `| w PÎ ‡`Lybt Cinnamon Desktop
  • 31. PAGE | 31 Gnome Desktop KDE Desktop
  • 32. PAGE | 32 Pantheon Desktop XFCE Desktop
  • 33. PAGE | 33 Budgie Desktop LXDE Desktop
  • 34. PAGE | 34 MATE Desktop Enlightment Desktop
  • 35. PAGE | 35 c¨v‡KRg¨v‡bRvi(Package Manager) w jbv· w W‡÷«v ¸‡jv GKB mdUIq¨vi e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| ïay Zv‡`i c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi¸‡jv Avjv`v| GB c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi w K w Rw bm? Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡g mdU&Iq¨vi BÝUj Kiv, Avc‡MÖW Kiv, Kbw dMvi Kiv, mdU&Iq¨vi w igyf Kiv BZ¨vw ` Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ‡hB mdU&Iq¨vi e¨envi Kiv nq ‡mUvB n‡”Q c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi| K‡qKw U Rbw cÖq c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi n‡”Q Aviw cGg (RPM), w Ww c‡Kw R (Dpkg), c¨vKg¨vb (Pacman) BZ¨vw `| w W‡÷«vw ijxR(Distro Release) GB w W‡÷«v ¸‡jvi w ew fbœ fvm©b w ijxR nIqvi GKUv w bw `©ó aviv Av‡Q| w W‡÷«v cÖ¯—yZKvix Kw gDw bw U ev ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jv GZUvB mw µq ‡h mevB GKUv w bw `©ó mgqKvj ‡g‡b w bqw gZ bZyb fvm©b w ijxR K‡i| w jbv· w W‡÷«v‡Z w Zb ai‡bi w ijxR ‡`Lv hvq - Standard Release - mvavibZ cÖw Z 6 gvm ci ci GKUv w W‡÷«vi bZyb fvm©b w ijxR nq| Z‡e w KQy w KQy w W‡÷«vi ‡¶‡Î GUv GK eQ‡i nq| LTS (Long Term Support) Release - mvaviYZ cÖw Z 2 eQi ci ci LTS w ijxR ‡ei nq| LTS w ijxR fvm©b n‡”Q Ggb GKw U fvm©b ‡hUv‡K 5 eQi ev w KQy ‡¶‡Î 7 eQi ch©š— mv‡cvU© ‡`Iqv nq| Rolling Release - ‡ivw js w ijxR n‡”Q µgvMZ Avc‡Ww Us w m‡÷g| A_©vr ‡ivw js w ijxR w W‡÷«v ¸‡jv 6 gvm ev GK eQi ci Avc‡MÖW Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Kvib GUv me©`v Avc‡W‡UW c¨v‡KR e¨envi K‡i Ges cÖw Zw bqZ Avc‡WU n‡Z _v‡K| w KQz w KQz w W‡÷ªvi ‡¶‡Î GB fvm©b¸‡jvi Avevi Avjv`v Avjv`v †KvW †bg _v‡K| †hgb w jbv· w g›U 17.3 fv©m‡bi †KvW †bg nj Rosa| Avevi ‡Ww eqvb 8 fvm©‡bi †KvW †bg nj Jessie| Z‡e Avcbv‡K ‡h 6 gvm ev GK eQi ci ci Avc‡MÖW Ki‡ZB n‡e Zv w Kš‘ bv| Avcw b PvB‡j ‡h‡Kvb fvm©bB AvRxeb e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| w Kš‘ Avc‡MÖ‡WW fvm©b¸‡jv‡Z w ew fbœ bZyb w dPvi, w mw KDw iw U w d·, evM w d· BZ¨vw ` _v‡K| ZvQvov w W‡÷«v¸‡jv‡Z w bqw gZfv‡eB mdU&Iq¨vi I w mw KDw iw U Avc‡WU mn w ew fbœ Avc‡WU Av‡m| ZvB me©`v Avc‡W‡UW _vKvB eyw ×gv‡bi cw iPq| ZvQvov gRvi e¨vcvi n‡”Q Avc‡WU ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ ev w W‡÷«v fvm©b Avc‡MÖW Kivi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K bZyb K‡i ‡mUvc w `‡Z n‡e bv| Avc‡WU g¨v‡bRv‡i w M‡q Avc‡WU G w K¬K Ki‡eb Avi Avcbvi w m‡÷gmn hZ mdU&Iq¨vi Av‡Q me Avc‡WU n‡q hv‡e| G Kvi‡b w jbv· e¨enviKvixiv me©`v Avc‡W‡UW _v‡K| Z‡e Gi Rb¨ ‡bU Kv‡b‡±W _vK‡Z n‡e| Gevi w jbv· w W‡÷ªv¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †R‡b †bIqv hvK| w jbv· w W‡÷ªvmg~‡ni kvLv cÖkvLv GZ ‡ew k ‡h ‡m¸‡jv me GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv m¤¢e bv| ‡hgb ‡Ww eqvb, ¯ø¨vK&Iq¨viw jbv· Avi ‡iWn¨vU ‡_‡K kZ kZ w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q| ‡mme w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb ‡_‡K Avevi bZyb w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q| GQvovI G¸‡jvi gZ Av‡iv A‡bK ¯^Zš¿ w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb Av‡Q ‡h¸‡jv ‡_‡K bZyb kvLv ‡ei n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb ‡Ww eqvb GKw U ¯^Zš¿ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| GUvi w fw ˇZ w bw g©Z kZ kZ w W‡÷ªvi g‡a¨ GKUv n‡”Q Dey›Uy| Avevi Dey›Uy ‡_‡KI kvLv cÖkvLv ‡ei n‡q‡Q| ‡hgb ‡µvw gqvg IGm (GUv ¸M‡ji ‰Zw i), Gw j‡g›Uvw i IGm, w jbv· w g›U BZ¨vw `| GQvovI DE Õi w fw ˇZ Avevi Dey›Uyi A‡bK kvLv Av‡Q ‡hgb Kyey›Uy, jyey›Uy, Ryey›Uy BZ¨vw `| Avevi AvP© w jbv· Av‡iKw U ¯^Zš¿ w W‡÷ªv| A_©vr Ab¨ †Kvb w W‡÷ªvi w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv bq| GUv ‡_‡K ˆZw i n‡q‡Q g¨vbRv‡iv w jbv·, G›Uviw R IGm, Gw cÖw mw U IGm, AvP©e¨vO BZ¨vw `| mnR fv‡e ej‡Z ‡M‡j ai“b X GKUv Mvox evbvj| Y Avevi ‡mUvi mv‡_ w ew fbœ cvU©m ‡Rvov w `‡q ‡mUv‡K GKUv G‡iv‡cøb evw b‡q ‡djj| Z G‡m ‡mB G‡iv‡cø‡bi Wvbv ‡K‡U ‡d‡j Zvi mv‡_ Kvgvb Ry‡o w `‡q GKUv U¨vsK evw b‡q ‡djj| Zvici W G‡m Z Gi U¨vsK‡K Ggb fv‡e ‡gvw WdvB Kij ‡h ‡mUv GKUv mve‡gw i‡b cw iYZ nj| e¨vcviUv A‡bKUv GiKg| Z‡e mevi Bw Äb w Kš‘ GKB| ‡mUv nj w jbv·| GLv‡b W, X, Y, Z n‡Z cv‡i ‡Kvb ‡Kv¤úvw b A_ev ‡Kvb ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i Kw gDw bw U w Ksev ïaygvÎ GKRb ¯^Zš¿ ‡W‡fjcvi|
  • 36. PAGE | 36 Avw g GLv‡b w jbv‡·i Rbw cÖq w KQy w W‡÷ªv w b‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie| Z‡e Avcw b w jbv‡·i hveZxq w W‡÷ªv m¤úw K©Z Z_¨ distrowatch.com mvB‡U ‡M‡j ‡`L‡Z cv‡eb| ‡Ww eqvb(Debian) 1993 mvj ‡_‡K GL‡bv ch©š— mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ w U‡K Av‡Q ‡Ww eqvb| GUv GKUv Kw gDw bw U w bf©i w W‡÷ªv| A_©vr w bw `©ó ‡Kvb GUv‡K ‡Kv¤úvw b ‰Zw i K‡i bv| ‡Ww eqvb‡K Mother Distro I ejv nq KviY GUv ‡_‡K cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e K‡qKÕk w jbv· w W‡÷ªvi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| w jbv‡·i hZ w W‡÷ªv Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ ‡Ww eqvbB n‡”Q mePvB‡Z Îæw U gy³ Ges AZ¨š— w bLyZfv‡e cixw ¶Z GKw U w W‡÷ªv| GKvi‡b Stability Õi w `K w `‡q GUvi ‡Kvb ZyjbvB nq bv| GUvi Avc‡WU ‡`ix‡Z Av‡m KviY G‡Z mePvB‡Z Stable mdU&Iq¨vi c¨v‡KR e¨envi Kiv nq| GUv mvf©v‡i e¨env‡ii Rb¨ G‡Kev‡i Av`k©| Z‡e Gi ‡W¯‹Uc fvm©bI Av‡Q| hw ` Avcbvi Ggb GKw U w cw m PvB ‡hUv GKevi ‡mUvc w `‡j AvMvgx GKk eQi Pvjv‡bv hv‡e Zvn‡j ‡Ww eqvb e¨envi Ki“b| GUv ‡bUIqvK© I w m‡÷g GWw gw b‡÷ªUi‡`i w cÖq w W‡÷«v| GUv‡Z GNOME ‡W¯‹Uc e¨envi Kiv nq| GUvi c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi n‡”Q Dpkg| w j¼t www.debian.org w jbv·w g›U(Linux Mint) w jbv· w g›U n‡”Q AZ¨š— Rbw cÖq GKw U Kw gDw bw U w bf©i w W‡÷ªv| GUv ‡Ww eqvb Ges Dey›Uyi Dci w fw Ë K‡i evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GUv Cinnamon, MATE, XFCE Ges KDE PviUv ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g‡›U cvIqv hvq| GUvi Avevi GKUv †Ww eqvb Gw WkvbI Av‡Q| †mUv‡Z LMDE ‡W¯‹Uc e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡h‡nZy ‡Ww eqvb Ges Dey›Uyi w fw ˇZ ‰Zw i ZvB Stability, w mw KDw iw U BZ¨vw ` w el‡q w Pš—v KiviI `iKvi ‡bB| GUv‡Z ‡Ww eqv‡bi Dpkg c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv nq| GUv BÝUj Ki‡jB me cÖ‡qvRbxq w gw Wqv ‡Kv‡WK A‡Uv BÝUj n‡q hvq| Avjv`v K‡i BÝU‡ji cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| GUvi mnR mij BDRvi B›Uvi‡d‡mi Rb¨ GUv bZyb w jbv· e¨enviKvix‡`i mePvB‡Z cQ‡›`i w W‡÷ªv| w j¼t www.linuxmint.com
  • 37. PAGE | 37 ‡d‡Wviv(Fedora) ‡d‡Wviv n‡”Q GKUv Kw gDw bw U w bf©i w W‡÷ªv ‡hLv‡b ‡iWn¨vU mivmw i ¯úÝi K‡i| ‡iWn¨v‡Ui ‡W‡fjcviivB n‡”Q ‡d‡Wvivi ‡W‡fjcvi| ‡d‡Wviv‡Z RPM c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨eüZ nq| w Wdë fv‡e GNOME ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U ‡`Iqv _vK‡jI KDE, LXDE, XFCE I Cinnamon Gme DE ‡ZI cvIqv hvq| IqvK©‡÷kb (‡W¯‹Uc), mvf©vi I K¬vDW w Zbw Ui Rb¨B ‡d‡Wviv ‰Zw i Kiv nq| ‡d‡Wviv n‡”Q ‡iWn¨v‡Ui j¨ve‡iUw i| ‡iWn¨v‡U bZyb ‡Kvb c¨v‡KR ‡hvM Kivi Av‡M ‡d‡Wviv‡Z ‡U÷ Kiv nq| Gici ‡d‡Wvivi e¨enviKvix‡`i ‡_‡K fvj w dWe¨K cvIqv ‡M‡j ‡mUv ‡iWn¨v‡Ui cieZ©x fvm©‡b hy³ Kiv nq| w j¼t getfedora.org
  • 38. PAGE | 38 ‡m›UIGm(Cent OS) ‡m›U IGm n‡”Q GKw U Kw gDw bw U w bf©i w W‡÷ªv ‡hUv‡K ‡iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR w jbv‡·i (Red Hat Enterprise Linux - RHEL) ‡K¬vb ejv hvq| g~jZ ‡iW n¨v‡Ui ‡W‡fjcviiv w ebvg~‡j¨ ‡iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR w jbv‡·i mgK¶ GKw U IGm ‰Zw ii j‡¶¨ ‡iWn¨v‡Ui ‡mvm© ‡KvW e¨envi K‡iB ‡m›U IGm ‰Zw i K‡i| cieZ©x‡Z ‡iWn¨vUI GB ‡m›U IGm ‡K mv‡cvU© Kiv ïi“ K‡i| GUv‡Z RPM c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv nq| GUvi w Wdë ‡W¯‹Uc n‡”Q GNOME ev KDE Plasma| e¨enviKvix ‡hUv Pvq ‡mUvB e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| w j¼t www.centos.org I‡cbmy‡m(Open SUSE) I‡cb my‡m n‡”Q Rvg©vw bi SUSE LINUX ‡Kv¤úvw bi ‰Zw i Rbw cÖq GKw U w jbv· w W‡÷ªv| GUv‡Z RPM c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨eüZ nq| GUv‡Z ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U n‡”Q KDE Plasma| g~jZ cvIqvi BDRvi, w m‡÷g GWw gw b‡÷ªUi, ‡W‡fjcvi I e¨emvw qK cÖw Zôvb‡K Uv‡M©U K‡i GUv evbv‡bv n‡jI GUvi IqvK©‡÷kb (‡W¯‹Uc) Gi R‡b¨I fvm©b Av‡Q| GUv Ggbfv‡e evbv‡bv hv‡Z bZyb e¨enviKvix ‡_‡K ïi“ K‡i ‡UK‡bvjw R G·cvU© mevi cQ›` nq| w j¼t www.opensuse.org
  • 39. PAGE | 39 g¨vw Rqv(Mageia) g¨vbw Wªfv cÖ‡R± ‡_‡K D™¢~Z n‡q GB g¨vw Rqv w W‡÷ªv ‡ek Rbw cÖqZv jvf K‡i| GUv‡Z RPM c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv nq| KDE Plasma, GNOME Ges LXDE w Zbw U fvm©‡bi ‡W¯‹U‡cB GUv cvIqv hvq| g~jZ g¨vbw Wªfv (Mandriva) cÖ‡R± eÜ n‡q hvIqvi ci GB Kw gDw bw Ui ‡W‡fjcviivB eZ©gv‡b GB g¨vw Rqv w W‡÷ªv‡K Gw M‡q w b‡q hv‡”Q| w j¼t www.mageia.org
  • 40. PAGE | 40 w cw mw jbv·(PC Linux OS) e¨enviKvix‡`i mnR mij w jbv· Dcnvi ‡`Iqvi Rb¨ w fbœ ag©x GKw U w jbv· w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb n‡”Q PC Linux OS| w fbœ ag©x nIqvi KviY Gw U evw b‡q‡Qb w ej ‡i‡bvìm bv‡gi GKRb ‡W‡fjcvi| ‡i‡bvìm g¨vbw Wªfv w jbv· cÖ‡R‡±i Rb¨ RPM c¨v‡KR ‡W‡fjc Ki‡Zb| Zvi RPM c¨v‡KR¸‡jv Texstar bv‡g cw iw PZ w Qj| GKw U mv¶vZKv‡i ‡i‡bvìm e‡jb c¨v‡KR ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i Ans‡eva, J×Z¡ I ivR‰bw ZK g‡bvfve ‡_‡K ‡ei n‡q Avmvi Rb¨ w Zw b w cw m w jbv· m„w ó K‡ib ‡hLv‡b w Zw b w b‡Ri B”QvgZ c¨v‡KR¸‡jv‡K iƒc w `‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvi GB w cw m w jbv· KDE Ges MATE ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g‡›U cvIqv hvq| w cw m w jbv· GKw U ‡ivw js w ijxR ZvB GUv me©`v Avc‡W‡UW| me w jbv· w W‡÷ªvi gZ GUvI LyeB w bivc`| GUv‡Z RPM c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUv g~jZ ‡W¯‹U‡ci Rb¨ evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ‡i‡bvì‡mi mv‡_ GLb A‡bK ‡W‡fjcvi hy³ n‡q GUvi Kw gDw bw U fvm©bI w ijxR Ki‡Q| w j¼t www.pclinuxos.com Dey›Uy (Ubuntu) ‡Ww eqv‡bi Dci w fw Ë K‡i K¨v‡bvw bK¨vj ‡Kv¤úvw bi ˆZw i GKw U w W‡÷ªv nj Dey›Uy| Avcw b hw ` w jbv‡·i bvg ï‡b _v‡Kb Zvn‡j nq‡Zv Dey›Uyi bvgI ï‡b _vK‡eb| Gw U w jbv‡·i AZ¨š— Rbw cÖq GKw U w W‡÷ªv| GUv IqvK©‡÷kb QvovI ‡bUIqvK© mvf©vi, U¨ve‡jU Kw ¤úDUvi, ¯§vU© w Uw f Ges ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi R‡b¨I cvIqv hvq| GUv‡Z K¨v‡bvw bK¨v‡ji w b‡R‡`i evbv‡bv Unity ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U Ges †Ww eqv‡bi Dpkg c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi e¨envi Kiv nq| w j¼t www.ubuntu.com
  • 41. PAGE | 41 Unity Desktop ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U Ges e¨env‡ii ai‡bi Dci w fw Ë K‡i Dey›Uyi Avevi w ew fbœ iK‡gi f¨vw i‡q›U w W‡÷ªv Av‡Q| ‡hgbt Ubuntu Gnome - Gnome Desktop ubuntugnome.org
  • 42. PAGE | 42 Ubuntu MATE - MATE Desktop ubuntu-mate.org Kubuntu - KDE Desktop kubuntu.org
  • 43. PAGE | 43 Lubuntu - LXDE Desktop lubuntu.net Xubuntu - XFCE Desktop xubuntu.org
  • 44. PAGE | 44 Edubuntu - For Educational Purpose edubuntu.org Mythbuntu - For Home Theater and Myth TV mythbuntu.org
  • 45. PAGE | 45 Ubuntu Studio - For Digital Multimedia and Video Production ubuntustudio.org Ubuntu Kylin - Special Ubuntu Edition for China ubuntu.com/desktop/ubuntu-kylin
  • 46. PAGE | 46 ‡Rvw ibIGm(Zorin OS) DB‡ÛvR ‡_‡K w jbv‡· Avmv bZyb e¨enviKvix‡`i K_v gv_vq ‡i‡LB ‡Rvw ib IGm ‰Zw i Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUv‡Z GNOME Ges LXDE ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U e¨envi K‡i A‡bKUv DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZB MÖvw dK¨vj B›Uvi‡dm ‰Zw i Kiv n‡q‡Q| GUv‡Z DB‡Ûv‡Ri mv‡_ mv`„k¨c~Y© mdUIq¨vi e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixiv hv‡Z w jbv‡· G‡m Acw iw PZ hvqMvq G‡m‡Q Ggb g‡b bv K‡i ‡mw `‡K j¶¨ ‡i‡LB GB w W‡÷ªv evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| ‡h‡nZy Dey›Uyi w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv ZvB Dey›Uyi gZ G‡ZI Dpkg c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi Ges GKB mdUIq¨vi ‡m›Uvi e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| GUv‡Z Wine Ges PlayOnLinux w eë Bb ‡`Iqv Av‡Q hv‡Z DB‡Ûv‡Ri mdUIq¨vi Pvjv‡bv I ‡Mgm ‡Ljv hvq| w j¼t zorinos.com Gw j‡g›Uvw iIGm(Elementary OS) Dey›Uyi Dci w fw Ë K‡i evbv‡bv me PvB‡Z my›`i ‡`L‡Z K‡qKw U w W‡÷ªvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡”Q Elementary OS| G‡Z Gw j‡g›Uvw i IGm Gi ‡W‡fjcviiv Pantheon bv‡gi bZyb ai‡bi ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| OS X Gi mv‡_ mv`„k¨ ‡i‡L Gi w WRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dey›Uyi w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv e‡j G‡Z Dey›Uyi c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi I mdUIq¨vi ‡m›Uvi e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| w j¼t elementary.io
  • 48. PAGE | 48 Gevi w KQy ‡¯úkvj w jbv· w W‡÷ªv w b‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK| GB w W‡÷ªv¸‡jv ïaygvÎ w bw `©ó w KQy e¨enviKvix‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v gv_vq ‡i‡LB evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Kvw jw jbv·(Kali Linux) Kvw j w jbv· n‡”Q ‡Ww eqvb n‡Z D™¢~Z GKw U w Ww ÷ªw eDkvb ‡hw U g~jZ w Ww RUvj d‡ibw mK Ges ‡cw b‡Uªkvb ‡Uw ÷s Gi Rb¨ evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A‡dbw mf w mw KDw iw U w jw g‡UW (Offensive Security Ltd) bvgK ‡Kv¤úvw b Gw U ‰Zw i K‡i‡Q| GUv‡Z w ZbÕki I ‡ew k ‡cw b‡Uªkvb ‡Uw ÷s mdUIq¨vi w cÖBÝUjW Ae¯’vq _v‡K| Kvw j w jbv‡·i c~‡e© e¨vKUª¨vK (Backtrack) bv‡gi GKw U w W‡÷ªv w Qj ‡hUv evw b‡qw Q‡jb Mati Aharoni I Devon Kearns| c‡i Zv‡`i mv‡_ ‡Ww eqvb G·cvU© Rahpael Hertzog ‡hvM w `‡j Zviv w ZbR‡b w g‡j e¨vKUª¨vK cÖ‡R± eÜ K‡i bZybfv‡e Kvw j w jbv· ‰Zw i K‡ib Ges A‡dbw mf w mw KDw iw U bv‡gi ‡Kv¤úvw b MVb K‡ib| mnR fvlvq Kvw j w jbv· m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z ‡M‡j Gw U n¨vw Ks Gi Rb¨ w e‡klfv‡e ‰Zw i Kiv GKw U w W‡÷ªv Ges GB MÖ‡ni Aw aKvsk n¨vKvi eZ©gv‡b GB Kvw j w jbv·B e¨envi Ki‡Q| w j¼t www.kali.org w ew ew KDw jbv·(BBQ Linux) GB w W‡÷ªvw U GÛª‡qW ‡W‡fjcvi‡`i Rb¨ w e‡klfv‡e ‰Zw i Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z GÛª‡qW ‡W‡fjc‡g‡›Ui Rb¨ hv w KQy `iKvi Zvi meB ‡`Iqv Av‡Q| Avcw b hw ` dyj UvBg GÛª‡qW ‡W‡fjvcvi nb Zvn‡j Avcbvi BBQ Linux B e¨envi Kiv Dw PZ| w j¼t bbqlinux.org w mG Bw jbv·(CAE Linux) Gw U w e‡klfv‡e Bw Äw bqvi‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡bi K_v gv_vq ‡i‡LB evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| GUv‡Z CAD, CAM, CAE / FEA / CFD, electronic design Ges 3D printing Gi gZ KvR Kiv Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq hveZxq Uyjm I Gw cø‡Kkvb w cÖBÝUjW _v‡K| G‡Z Av‡Q Freecad, LibreCAD, PyCAM, Cura Ges CAE softwares ‡hgb Salomé, Code Aster, Code Saturne, OpenFOAM, Elmer BZ¨vw ` ‡h¸‡jv w `‡q mn‡RB CAD R¨vw gw Z, w WRvBb Acw UgvB‡Rkvb Kivi Rb¨ gvw ëw dw R· w mgy‡jkvb, w R‡KvW Ges w _ªw W w cÖw ›Us Gi ‡cÖv‡UvUvBc mn Ggbw K gvB‡µvK‡›Uªvjvi w bf©i mvw K©U w WRvBb BZ¨vw ` Av‡iv A‡bK KvR Kiv m¤¢e| Gme w KQzB CAE Linux Gi mv‡_ m¤ú~Y© w ebvg~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq| w j¼t caelinux.com
  • 49. PAGE | 49 w K‡gv(Qimo) w K‡gv n‡”Q ‡QvU‡`i ev”Pv‡`i Rb¨ evbv‡bv GKw U w e‡kl w jbv· w W‡÷ªv| GUvi ‡W¯‹Uc B›Uvi‡dm Ggbfv‡e w WRvBb Kiv n‡q‡Q hv‡Z ‡QvUiv ev”PvivI mn‡RB e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡i| GUv‡Z A‡bK w k¶vg~jK mdUIq¨vi Avi ‡Mgm w cÖBÝUjW _v‡K| w j¼t qimo4kids.com ÷xgIGm(Steam OS) Gw U ‡Ww eqvb w fw ËK GKw U w W‡÷ªv Gw U ‰Zw i K‡i‡Q Valve Corporation. Gw U g~jZ ÷xg ‡gw kb w fw WI ‡Mg Kb‡mvj Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w n‡m‡eB ‰Zw i n‡q‡Q| A_©vr Gw U cy‡ivcyw i nvW©‡Kvi ‡Mgvi‡`i Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| ÷xg IGm w jbv‡·i ‡Mw gs Gi Bw Znvm †KB cv‡ë w `‡q‡Q| w j¼t store.steampowered.com/steamos ÷xg ‡gw k‡b ‡Ljvi Rb¨ w Zb nvRv‡ii I ‡ew k ‡Mgm Av‡Q| Z‡e Avgv‡`i Rb¨ `yt‡Li w elq Avgiv ‡m¸‡jvi µ¨vK Kiv cvB‡i‡UW Kw c 50/60 UvKvq w Kb‡Z cvi‡ev bv| ‡m¸‡jv ‡Lj‡Z n‡j Wjvi LiP K‡i w Kb‡Z n‡e| w K w K †Mgm Av‡Q ÷xg ‡÷v‡i w M‡q †`L‡Z cv‡ibt store.steampowered.com W¨vgfvjbv‡iejw jbv·(Damn Vulnerable Linux) bvg ï‡bB w bðB eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb GUv w K| Avm‡j GUvi PvB‡Z fvjbv‡iej Avi ‡Kvb Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷gB ‡bB| GUv‡Z hZai‡bi fvjbv‡iej, `ye©j Kbw dMv‡ik‡bi G·cvqvW© n‡q hvIqv G·cB‡Uej mdU&Iq¨vi Av‡Q ‡m¸‡jv e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©vr ‡h‡Kvb n¨vKvi hv‡Z mn‡RB GUv n¨vK Ki‡Z cv‡i ‡mfv‡eB GB w W‡÷ªv evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| w Kš‘ ‡Kb? DËi nj, w jbv· w m‡÷g GWw gb ‡`i ‡Uªw bs ‡`Iqvi Rb¨| w Kfv‡e w m‡÷g‡K Îæw U gy³ Kiv hvq, Avµvš— nIqv ‡_‡K evuPv‡bv hvq ev Avµvš— n‡j w Kfv‡e w m‡÷g D×vi Kiv hvq ‡mme ‡Uªw bs ‡`Iqvi Rb¨B GB w W‡÷ªv ‰Zw i Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b Gw U Avi ‡W‡fjc Kiv n‡”Q bv|
  • 50. PAGE | 50 ‡iWn¨vUG›UvicÖvBRw jbv·(RED HAT ENTERPRISE LINUX – RHEL) GUv ‡iWn¨vU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi ‰Zw i GKw U Rbw cÖq evw Yw R¨K w W‡÷ªv| w ew fbœ ai‡bi cÖ‡mmi Avw K©‡UKPv‡ii Rb¨ GB w W‡÷ªvi mvf©vi fvm©b cvIqv hvq| GUv mvf©v‡ii Rb¨ mePvB‡Z w bf©i‡hvM¨ Ges ÷¨vej GKw U w W‡÷ªv| ‡iWn¨vU Zv‡`i w d« w W‡÷ªv ‡d‡Wviv w b‡q M‡elYv K‡i, ‡mUv‡Z bZyb mdU&Iq¨vi c¨v‡KR ‰Zw i K‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z ‡mUv ÷¨vej n‡j Zv ‡iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR w jbv‡· hy³ K‡i| ‡d‡Wvivi Rb¨ ‡iWn¨vU ‡Kvb ‡ní mv‡cvU© bv w `‡jI ‡iWn¨vU G›UvicÖvBR w jbv‡·i Rb¨ me ai‡bi mv‡cvU© w `‡q _v‡K| ZvB GUv cÖvw Zôvw bK e¨enviKvix‡`i w e‡kl K‡i mv©fvi †Kv¤úvw b¸‡jvi cÖ_g cQ›`| www.redhat.com AvP©w jbv·(Arch Linux) GUv n‡”Q Aw fÁ w jbv· e¨enviKvix‡`i w W‡÷ªv| GUv ‡Ww eqvb, Dey›Uy ev Ab¨ ‡Kvb w W‡÷ªvi w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv nq w b| GUv m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb GKw U w W‡÷ªv| GUvi i‡q‡Q w bR¯^ Kw gDw bw U Ges mdU&Iq¨vi w i‡cvw RUw i| GUv GKUv ‡ivw js w ijxR w W‡÷ªv ZvB memgq Avc‡W‡UW _v‡K| GUvi Pacman c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi Ab¨vb¨ w W‡÷ªvi c¨v‡KR g¨v‡bRvi¸‡jvi PvB‡Z A‡bK dv÷| Z‡e GUv Pvjv‡Z ‡M‡j ïi“ ‡_‡KB Avcbv‡K ‡hvM¨Zvi cÖgvY w `‡Z n‡e| KviY GUv BÝUj Kivi ci Avcw b ïay GKUv Uvw g©bvj cv‡eb Avi w KQy _vK‡e bv| ‡mB Uvw g©bv‡j KgvÛ w `‡qB Avcbv‡K w b‡Ri Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡gi Rb¨ hv hv Pvb ‡mme g¨vbyqvjx BÝUj K‡i w b‡Z n‡e| ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U ‡_‡K ïi“ K‡i cÖw Zw U mdU&Iq¨vi K‡¤úv‡b›U w b‡R WvDb‡jvW K‡i BÝUj K‡i w b‡Z n‡e| w b‡Ri cQ›`gZ mdUIq¨vi w `‡q w b‡Ri Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g mvw R‡q w b‡Z cvi‡eb| Z‡e Gi Rb¨ w jbv· e¨env‡ii e¨vcK Aw fÁZv _vK‡Z n‡e| GUv w jbv· G·cvU©‡`i cQ‡›`i w W‡÷ªv| w j¼t www.archlinux.org Z‡e AvP© w jbv· Gi w fw ˇZ evbv‡bv K‡qKw U w W‡÷ªv Av‡Q ‡h¸‡jv‡Z ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U w eë Bb _v‡K A_ev BÝU‡ji mgq cQ›` K‡i ‡bIqvi my‡hvM _v‡K| Ggb K‡qKw U w W‡÷ªv n‡”Q Manjaro Linux, Anterg Os, Apricity Os, Archbang BZ¨vw `|
  • 51. PAGE | 51 Arch Linux Manjaro Linux manjaro.github.io
  • 54. PAGE | 54 bZyb GKUv Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g e¨envi Kiv m¤ú~b© bZyb GKUv cw i‡e‡k w M‡q Lvc LvIqv‡bvi gZ| ‡hgb Avcw b hw ` BD‡ivc Av‡gw iKv w Ksev Avw d«Kv ‡h‡Z Pvb ‡m‡¶‡Î ‡mLvbKvi cw i‡e‡k hv‡Z gvw b‡q w b‡Z cv‡ib ‡m R‡b¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖ¯—yw Z w b‡q hvIqvUvB eyw ×gv‡bi KvR n‡e| w jbv‡· AvmvUvI w VK ‡Zgb| cÖ¯—yw Z w b‡q Avm‡j A‡bK myw eav cv‡eb| Z‡e Zvi Av‡M Rvb‡Z n‡e ‡Kb w jbv‡· Avm‡eb? ‡Kvb w jbv· BDRv‡ii KvQ ‡_‡K w jbv‡·i mybvg ï‡b ev w jbv· w elqK GKUv eøM ‡cv÷ c‡o Drmvw nZ n‡q ûU K‡i w jbv· ‡mUvc w `‡q ‡`qv ‡Kvb eyw ×gv‡bi KvR bq| w jbv· e¨envi K‡i Avcbvi w K w K jvf n‡e, w jbv· Avcbvi me cÖ‡qvRb ‡gUv‡Z cvi‡e w Kbv, Avcw b ¯^v”Q‡›`¨ e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb w Kbv Gme fvjfv‡e ‡R‡b ey‡S Zvici Avcbv‡K w jbv‡· Avm‡Z n‡e| Zv bv K‡i ûU nvU K‡i w jbv‡· Avm‡j ‡`Lv hv‡e K‡qKw `b ci Avcbvi fvj jvM‡e bv| a~i!! w jbv· f~qv!!! GB e‡j Avcw b w jbv· ‡_‡K w e`vq w b‡eb| G‡Z w jbv‡·i ‡Kvb ¶w Z ‡bB| eis Avcw bB w jbv· e¨env‡ii gRv ‡_‡K ew ÂZ n‡eb| Zvn‡j Pjyb cÖ_‡g ‡R‡b w bB w jbv· ‡Kb e¨envi Ki‡eb? w bivcËvi‡klK_v, ‡KvbGw ›UfvBivmjv‡Mbv Gw ›UfvBivm Qvov DB‡ÛvR KíbvI Kiv hvq bv| Avi Gw ›UfvBivmI ‡h Avcbv‡K kZ fvM w bivcËv w `‡Z cvi‡e ZviI ‡Kvb M¨vivw ›U ‡bB| Zvi Dci A‡bK Gw ›UfvBivm i¨v‡gi A‡bKUv RvqMv `Lj K‡i w cw mi Mw Z g¯’i K‡i iv‡L| Aciw `‡K fvBivm, g¨vjIq¨vi, ‡UªvRvb, i“UKxU, eU‡bU, ¯úvBIq¨vi BZ¨vw `i Aw ¯—Z¡ w jbv‡·i RM‡Z Gw j‡q‡bi gZ| A_©vr G¸‡jvi ‡`Lv cvIqvi m¤¢vebv ‡bB ej‡jB P‡j| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡jB P~ovš— w bivcËv e¨e¯’v w bw ðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zvi Dci cÖ‡Z¨Kw U w jbv· w W‡÷ªvB ey‡jU cÖæd w bivcËv w bw ðZ Kivi e¨vcv‡i m‡e©v”P AMÖvw aKvi w `‡q _v‡K Ges e¨enviKvixi cÖvB‡fw m ‡K w bivc‡` ivLvi e¨vcv‡i m‡e©v”P ¸i“Z¡ ‡`q| Gme Kvi‡b fvBivm w bg©vZvivI w jbv‡·i e¨vcv‡i ‡gv‡UB AvMÖnx nq bv| Gw ›UfvBivm ‡Kv¤úvw b¸‡jvi e¨emvi cy‡iv cø¨vUdg©UvB ‰Zw i K‡i ‡`q DB‡ÛvR| DB‡Ûv‡Ri `ye©j w mw KDw iw Ui Dci w fw Ë K‡i KZ¸‡jv Gw ›UfvBivm ‡Kv¤úvw b e¨emv K‡i hv‡”Q GKevi w Pš—v K‡i ‡`Lyb| Gi d‡j Kviv ¶w ZMÖ¯— n‡”Q? DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvixivB| w jbv· e¨enviKvix‡`i fvBivm-Gw ›UfvBivm Gme w b‡q w Pš—vI Ki‡Z nq bv| Gme dvjZy w elq w b‡q w Pš—v bv K‡i Zviv w b‡R‡`i Kv‡R g‡bv‡hvM w `‡Z cv‡i| w jbv· w m‡÷‡g ZvB Gw ›UfvBiv‡mi gZ ‡Kvb ev‡R ‡cÖvMÖvg ivb K‡i w m‡÷‡gi w i‡mvm© bó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi w jbv‡·i Rb¨ hw ` GKw U g¨vjIq¨viI ‰Zw i nq Zvn‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ nvRvi nvRvi ‡W‡fjcvi w g‡j c‡ii w `bB ‡mUvi Rb¨ K‡qK k w mw KDw iw U c¨vP ‰Zw i K‡i ‡dj‡e| w jbv‡·i RM‡Z ZvB mevB w bivc`| w jbv· e¨enviKvixiv ‡Kvb w bw `©ó ‡Kv¤úvw bi Dci w bf©i K‡i e‡m _v‡K bv| Zvn‡j w K w jbv‡· fvBivm g¨vjIq¨v‡ii ‡Kvb Aw ¯—Z¡B ‡bB? Av‡Q| w jbv‡·i Rb¨ cix¶v w bix¶vi D‡Ï‡k¨ GL‡bv chš—© gvÎ 48w U g¨vjIq¨vi evbv‡bv n‡q‡Q| w Kš‘ G¸‡jv Pvjv‡ZI i“U cviw gkb jvM‡e| A_©vr e¨envKvix cvmIqvW© w `‡jB G¸‡jv Gw ·w KDU n‡e| Aciw `‡K DB‡Ûv‡Ri Av‡Q w gw jqb w gw jqb fvBivm Ges ‡h¸‡jv w `‡b w `‡b evo‡Q| m‡e©v”PnvW©Iq¨viK¤ú¨vw Uw ew jw U Windows 7/8/10 Avmvi ciI `xN©mgq a‡i A‡b‡KB Windows XP ‡ZB c‡i Av‡Q Zvi g~j KviY nj nvW©Iq¨vi K¤ú¨vw Uw ew jw U| Windows 7/8/10 fvjgZ e¨envi Ki‡Z DbœZ Kbw dMv‡ik‡bi nvW©Iq¨vi jv‡M| cyiv‡bv g‡W‡ji gv`vi‡evW© I cÖ‡mmi n‡j A‡bK mgq Pvjv‡bvI hvq bv| Av‡iv jv‡M b~¨bZg 1 w Rw e i¨vg| Aciw `‡K w jbv‡·i ‡j‡U÷ w W‡÷ªv Pvjv‡Z jv‡M gvÎ 700 ‡gMvnvUR© cÖ‡mmi, 512 ‡gMvevBU i¨vg, 5 w Rw e nvW©w W¯‹ ‡¯úm, w fw RG ¯Œxb ‡iRy‡jkb Ges w Ww fw W WªvBf A_ev BDGmw e ‡cvU©|
  • 55. PAGE | 55 w jbv· Pvjv‡Z nvB Kbw dMv‡ikv‡bi nvW©Iq¨v‡ii Kw ¤úDUvi w Kb‡Z nq bv| cy‡iv‡bv ‡jv Kbw dMv‡ik‡bi nvW©Iq¨v‡iI GUv fvjfv‡e P‡j| Avcbvi Kv‡Q hw ` A‡bK cy‡iv‡bv ‡Kvb ‡W¯‹Uc ev j¨vcUc ‡_‡K _v‡K Zvn‡j ‡mUv‡Z jyey›Uy ‡mUvc w `‡Z cv‡ib| jyey›Uyi Rb¨ gvÎ 256 ‡gMvevBU i¨vg, B‡›Uj ‡cw ›Uqvg 2 A_ev ‡m‡jib cÖ‡mmi n‡jB P‡j| AmvaviYMÖvw dK¨vjBDRviB›Uvi‡dm w jbv· w W‡÷ªv Aa¨v‡q w jbv‡·i w ew fbœ w W‡÷ªvi MÖvw dK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡dm ‡`Lvi ci Avcbvi w bðB Avi g‡b n‡”Q bv ‡h w jbv‡· ïay Uvw g©bv‡j KgvÛ w j‡L KvR Ki‡Z nq| w jbv· ‡W¯‹Uc GZ my›`ifv‡e mvRv‡bv _v‡K ‡h Avcw b gvDm e¨envi Ki‡Z Rvb‡jB w jbv· e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Zvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K ‡UKx ev n¨vKvi n‡Z n‡e bv| Avi w jbv‡·i ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U ‡mUv ‡nvK Cinnamon ev Gnome, KDE ev LXDE DB‡Ûv‡Ri ‡_‡K A‡bK fvj| Avi ‡KvbUv e¨envi Ki‡eb ‡mUv cQ›` K‡i ‡bIqvi ¯^vaxbZv ‡Zv Av‡QB| WªvBfvi‡`Iqv_v‡K DB‡ÛvR e¨enviKvix‡`i nvW©Iq¨v‡ii WªvBfvi Avjv`v K‡i BÝUj Kivi Af¨vm Av‡Q| Ggbw K Aw WI w fw WI WªvBfviI Avjv`v K‡i BÝUj Ki‡Z nq| w Kš‘ A‡bK mgq ‡`Lv hvq nvW©Iq¨v‡ii WªvBfvi mdUIq¨viw U nvw i‡q ‡M‡j ‡mw U Ly‡R cvIqv w b‡q A‡bK mgm¨vq co‡Z nq| w jbv‡· Gme mgm¨v ‡bB| w jbv· Kv‡b©‡jB cÖ‡qvRbxq me WªvBfvi ‡`Iqv Av‡Q| ZvB ‡Kvb evw n¨K nvW©Iq¨vi jvMv‡j ‡mUvi Rb¨ Avjv`v K‡i WªvBfvi BÝUj Ki‡Z nq bv| A‡Uv‡gw UK ‡mUvi WªvBfvi ‡c‡q hvq| ‡hgb Avcw b w cÖ›Uv‡ii Rb¨ DB‡Ûv‡R Avjv`v WªvBfvi BÝUj K‡ib w Kš‘ w jbv‡· w cÖ›Uvi w cw m‡Z jvMv‡bvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi WªvBfvi ‡c‡q hv‡e| Ggbw K Avcbv‡K w jbv· BÝUjI Ki‡Z n‡e bv, jvBf w mw W e¨envi K‡iI ‡`L‡eb Avcbvi w Uw f KvW©, BDBGmw e gvBK, ‡Mg K‡›Uªvjvi, w cÖ›Uvi BZ¨vw ` me KvR Ki‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨Kw U bZyb w ijx‡Ri mv‡_ GB WªvBfvi mv‡cv‡U©i nvi Av‡iv evo‡Q| mdU&Iq¨viw i‡cvw RUw i DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZ w jbv‡·i mdU&Iq¨vi ¸‡jv GLvb ‡_‡K ILvb ‡_‡K Lyu‡R Lyu‡R WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z nq bv| w jbv‡·i me mdU&Iq¨vi GK RvqMv‡ZB _v‡K hvi bvg mdU&Iq¨vi w i‡cvw RUw i ev mdU&Iq¨vi ‡m›Uvi| GLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨Kw U mdU&Iq¨vi ‡U÷ K‡i Zvici ‡`Iqv nq| GUv A‡bKUv ¸Mj ‡cø ‡÷v‡ii gZ| GB w i‡cvw RUw i‡Z nvRvi nvRvi w d« mdU&Iq¨vi Av‡Q| Avevi w KQy w KQy ‡cBW mdUIq¨vi I _v‡K| Avcbvi `iKvw i mdU&Iq¨viw U bvgv‡bvi Rb¨ ¸M‡j mvP© Ki‡Z n‡e bv| Avi BÝUj cÖw µqvI Lye ‡mvRv| mdU&Iq¨vi ‡m›Uv‡i w M‡q ‡hB mdU&Iq¨viw U bvgv‡Z Pvb ‡mw U‡Z w K¬K K‡i BÝUj evU‡b w K¬K Ki‡eb Avi mv‡_ mv‡_ ‡mw U WvDb‡jvW n‡q BÝUj n‡q hv‡e| w VK ‡hfv‡e Avcw b GÛª‡q‡W ¸Mj ‡cø ‡÷vi ‡_‡K mdU&Iq¨vi BÝUj K‡i _v‡Kb ‡mfv‡e| mnRAvc‡Ww Us cÖ‡mm DB‡ÛvR KL‡bv Avc‡WU w `‡q‡Qb? hw ` w `‡q _v‡Kb Zvn‡j w bðB Avcbvi Aw fÁZv Av‡Q| Avi hviv ‡`b w b Zv‡`i Rb¨ ew j, DB‡ÛvR cÖ_‡g Avcbv‡K ‡bvw Uw d‡Kkvb w `‡e Avc‡WU BÝUj Ki‡eb w Kbv, hw ` B‡qm ‡`b Zvn‡j kvUWvD‡bi mgq P~ovš— ‰ah© cix¶v w `‡Z n‡e| Òpreparing to configure Windows, do not shutdown your systemÓ GUv ‡`L‡Z ‡`L‡Z K¬vš— n‡q hLb Avcw b Nyw g‡q co‡eb ZLb DB‡ÛvR w ieyU Ki‡e Avi Avcw b Nyg ‡_‡K D‡V ‡`L‡eb w cw m w i÷vU© n‡q‡Q Avi ZL‡bv Avc‡WU cÖ‡mm Pj‡Q| GQvovI DB‡Ûv‡R cÖ‡Z¨Kw U mdUIq¨vi Avjv`v Avjv`v Avc‡WU w `‡Z nq| Ab¨w `‡K w jbv‡· Avcbv‡K w bqw gZ Avc‡WU ‡bvw Uw d‡Kkvb ‡`Iqv n‡e| GB Avc‡W‡U ïay w m‡÷g Avi w mw KDw iw U bq eis ‡hme mdU&Iq¨vi Avcw b BÝUj K‡i‡Qb ‡mme mdU&Iq¨viI Aš—f©y³ _vK‡e| w jbv‡· kvUWvDb Ges w i÷v‡U©i mgq Avc‡WU BÝUj nq bv ZvB Avcw b Avc‡W‡U w K¬K K‡i w b‡Ri KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| w jbv· Avc‡WU Kiv ïay GKw U w K¬‡Ki e¨vcvi| GK w K¬‡K mg¯— mdU&Iq¨vi mn cy‡iv w m‡÷g Avc‡W‡UW| GQvovI bZyb fvm©‡b Avc‡MÖW Ki‡Z n‡jI cybivq ‡mUvc w `‡Z nq bv| ‡mUvI ïay GKw U w K¬‡Ki e¨vcvi|
  • 56. PAGE | 56 Kw gDw bw Umv‡c©vU w jbv‡·i mePvB‡Z fvj e¨vcviw U n‡”Q w jbv· Kw gDw bw U| w jbv‡·i `yw bqvq Avcw b KL‡bv GKjv ‡eva Ki‡eb bv| w jbv‡·i e¨enviKvix‡`i Rb¨ Av‡Q AmsL¨ eøM I ‡dvivg ‡hLv‡b GKRb mgm¨vq ci‡j `k Rb Gw M‡q Av‡m mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨| Avcw b hLb cÖ_g w jbv‡· Avm‡eb ZLb Avcbvi w ew fbœ mgm¨v ‡`Lv w `‡Z cv‡i| Avcw b ZLb Kw gDw bw U‡Z mvnvh¨ PvB‡eb| Kw gDw bw Ui ‡g¤^viiv Avcbv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| Zv‡`i Avcw b ab¨ev` Rvbv‡eb| ciew Z©‡Z Avcw b hLb w jbv‡· Af¨¯— n‡q hv‡eb ZLb ‡`L‡eb Ab¨vb¨ bZyb e¨enviKvixiv ‡Kvb mgm¨vi Rb¨ mvnvh¨ PvB‡Q ‡hUvi mgvavb Avcw b Rv‡bb| Avcw b Zv‡`i w `‡K mvnv‡h¨i nvZ evw o‡q ‡`‡eb| Zv‡`i mgm¨vi mgvavb ‡`‡eb| Gfv‡eB G‡K Ac‡ii mvnvh¨ mn‡hvMxZvi w fw ˇZB w jbv· Gw M‡q hv‡”Q| w Kš‘ gRvi e¨vcvi nj w jbv· Kw gDw bw U¸‡jv GZ ‡ew k mg„× ‡h Avcbvi ‡hB mgm¨vB ‡nvK bv ‡Kb Avcw b ‡`L‡eb ‡mUvi mgvavb Av‡M ‡_‡KB Av‡Q| KviY Avcbvi Av‡M w VK GKB iKg mgm¨vq Ab¨ ‡KD c‡ow Qj ‡mUvi mgvavb Kw gDw bw U ‡g¤^viiv K‡i w `‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv GUvB w jbv· e¨enviKvix‡`i mePvB‡Z eo myw eav| w jbv· e¨enviKvix‡`i Av‡Q eû msL¨K Ackb ‡hLvb ‡_‡K w b‡Ri cQ›`gZ ‡W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g›U, mdU&Iq¨vi Ggbw K m¤ú~Y© Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷gUvB ‡e‡Q ‡bIqvi my‡hvM Av‡Q| ïay ZvB bq ‡mB Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g‡K Avevi w b‡Ri cÖ‡qvRb g‡Zv ‡gvw WdvB K‡i ‡bIqv hvq| Ggbw K w e‡kl ‡Kvb nvW©Iq¨v‡ii mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ w jbv· Kv‡b©j‡KI cw ieZ©b K‡i ‡djv hvq| w b‡Ri Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g w b‡R ‰Zw i K‡i ‡bIqvi gZ ¯^vaxbZv GKgvÎ w jbv·B ‡`q| cÖvB‡fw m w jbv· ‡W‡fjcviiv Gi e¨enviKvix‡`i cÖvB‡fw m‡K AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡ mnKv‡i ‡`‡L| DB‡Ûv‡Ri gZ e¨enviKvix‡`i e¨w ³MZ Z_¨ Pyw i K‡i bv| DB‡ÛvR 8 Ges DB‡ÛvR 10 G Ggb w m‡÷g Av‡Q hv‡Z Avcw b w K w K mdU&Iq¨vi BÝUj K‡i‡Qb, KZ¶b a‡i ‡m¸‡jv e¨envi K‡i‡Qb, ‡Kvb ‡Kvb I‡qemvBU w fw RU K‡i‡Qb BZ¨vw ` Z_¨ ¯^qsw µqfv‡e gvB‡µvmd‡Ui Kv‡Q P‡j hvq| Z‡e Avcw b cÖvB‡fw m ‡mw Us‡m w M‡q G¸‡jv eÜ Ki‡Z cv‡ib w Kš‘ gvB‡µvmd‡Ui Gme ‡bvsiv gvbw mKZv ‡Zv Avi eÜ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| Windows 10 Avcbv‡K Zv‡`i w ew fbœ ‡cÖvWv± I mvw f©‡m hy³ Kivi ‡Póv Ki‡e| Zv‡`i B‡Kv w m‡÷g, KiUvbv, Iqvb W«vBf, Aw dm my¨U BZ¨vw ` ‡hb Avcw b e¨envi K‡ib ‡m e¨vcv‡i ‡Rvi ‡Póv Pvjv‡e| w jbv‡· Gme w KQyB n‡e bv KviY Avcbvi cÖvB‡fw mi ¸i“Z¡ mePvB‡Z ‡ew k| De›Uy w W‡÷ªv‡Z A¨vgvR‡bi GKw U App ‡`Iqv Av‡Q ‡mUv‡K ¯úvBIq¨vi w n‡m‡e A‡b‡K mgv‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| ‡mUv mn‡RB w igyf K‡i ‡djv hvq| GUv QvovI w jbv‡·i AmsL¨ w W‡÷ªv Av‡Q ‡hLv‡b Gai‡bi ‡Kvb ¯úvBIq¨vi ‡bB| w jbv‡·i ‡Kvb w W‡÷ªvB Avcbv‡K w bw `©ó ‡Kvb mdUIq¨vi e¨env‡ii Rb¨ ‡Rvi Ki‡e bv| w jbv‡· Avcw b m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb| m¤ú~Y©w ebvg~‡j¨cvIqvhvq GB Z_¨w U GZ¶‡b Avcbvi Kv‡Q cy‡iv‡bv n‡q ‡M‡Q| w jbv· m¤ú~Y© w d«| GUvi Kv‡b©jI w d«| GUvi mdU&Iq¨vi ¸‡jvI w d«| Avi w jbv· w `‡q evbv‡bv w W‡÷ªv ¸‡jvI w d«| w d« w d« w d«| G¸‡jv msw køó I‡qemvBU ‡_‡K WvDb‡jvW K‡i w b‡Z nq| Av‡M K¨v‡bvw bK¨vj ‡Kv¤úvw b AW©vi w `‡jB w d«‡Z gvby‡li N‡i N‡i Dey›Uyi w mw W/w Ww fw W cvw V‡q w `Z| GLb w mw W/w Ww fw Wi Pj D‡V hv‡”Q ZvB GLb Avi cvVv‡”Q bv| w Pš—v K‡i ‡`Lyb, ïay w d« bq eis w b‡R‡`i A_© e¨q K‡i gvby‡li Kv‡Q w jbv· ‡K ‡cŠ‡Q w `‡q‡Q K¨v‡bvw bK¨vj K‡c©v‡ikvb| `yt‡Li w elq nj GUv w jbv‡·i GK b¤^i myw eav nIqv ¯^‡ËI GUv‡K mevi ‡k‡l w jL‡Z n‡”Q KviY Avgiv Gi gg© eySe bv| Avgiv 50/60 UvKv w `‡q DB‡Ûv‡Ri cvB‡i‡UW w Ww fw W w K‡bB Af¨¯—| Wjvi LiP K‡i jvB‡mÝ w K‡b DB‡ÛvR e¨envi Kivi w elqUvi mv‡_ Avgiv †Zgb cw iw PZ bB| Avgv‡`i Kv‡Q eis w jbv‡·i `vgB ‡ew k| KviY w jbv· WvDb‡jvW K‡i w b‡Z nq| GLbKvi ‡j‡U÷ w jbv· w W‡÷ªv¸‡jvi mvBR 1 w Rw ei Dc‡i| Avi Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k GL‡bv 1 w Rw e B›Uvi‡b‡Ui g~j¨ DB‡Ûv‡Ri cvB‡i‡UW w Ww fw Wi PvB‡ZI ‡ew k|
  • 57. PAGE | 57 Geviw jbv‡·iw KQy ‡UKw bK¨vjmyw eav†R‡b†bIqvhvK cÖPw jZ Ab¨vb¨ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g ¸‡jvi PvB‡Z w jbv· A‡bK nvjKv nIqvq Mw Zi w `K w `‡q w jbv·‡K nviv‡bvi ¶gZv GL‡bv Kv‡iv nq w b| DB‡ÛvR ‡Zv aZ©e¨i g‡a¨B c‡i bv| Avi g¨vK e¨enviKvix‡`i `yt‡Li mv‡_ Rvbvw ”Q ‡h, IGmG· I Mw Zi w `K w `‡q w jbv‡·i Kv‡Q nvi ‡g‡b‡Q| w jbv‡·i eyU Avc Ges kvU WvDb UvBg me PvB‡Z Kg| Avi Gw U A‡bK Kg w i‡mvm© e¨envi K‡i e‡j Gw U me©`v Mw Zkxj _v‡K| w jbv‡· EXT4 dvBj w m‡÷g e¨eüZ nq| GUv DB‡Ûv‡Ri NTFS Gi PvB‡Z A‡bK ‡ew k kw ³kvjx Ges dv÷| EXT4 dvBj w m‡÷‡g dvBj¸‡jv‡K w e‡kl Kvq`vq mw ¾Z Kiv nq hvi d‡j nvW© w W¯‹ w Wd«¨vM‡g›U Ki‡Z nq bv| nvW© WªvBf memgq Mw Zkxj _v‡K| Gi d‡j Kw ¤úDUvi KL‡bv Slow nq bv| EXT4 Gi WvUv UªvÝdvi ¯úxW I dvBj mvP© ¯úxW NTFS Gi PvB‡Z A‡bK ‡ew k| EXT4 DB‡Ûv‡Ri NTFS ‡K mn‡RB w iW ivBU Ki‡Z cvi‡jI NTFS w jbv‡·i EXT4 ‡K WªvBf w n‡m‡eB w Pw ýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| w jbv· mevi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i ‰Zw i n‡jI Ab¨ Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g¸‡jv GZUv D`vi GL‡bv n‡Z cv‡i w b| w jbv· me ai‡bi cÖ‡mmi Avw K©‡UKPv‡iB P‡j| w e¯—vw iZ Zvw jKv Av‡MB w `‡qw Q| Avcbvi hw ` Intel Avi AMD e¨vZxZ Ab¨ ‡Kvb Avw K©‡UKPv‡ii cÖ‡mmi _v‡K ‡hgb ARM cÖ‡mm‡ii ‡Kvb Kw ¤úDUvi _v‡K Zvn‡j Zv‡Z DB‡ÛvR BÝU‡ji ‡Póv K‡i ‡`L‡Z cv‡ib...Avcbvi Rb¨ ïf Kvgbv _vKj !!! w jbv‡· ‡h‡Kvb w KQyB Gw ·w KD‡Uej Kiv hvq| ZvB GUv ‡cÖvMÖvgvi‡`i w cÖq Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g| ZvQvov w jbv· Kw gDw bw Ui Rb¨ ‡KD hw ` ‡Kvb mdUIq¨vi ‰Zw i Ki‡Z Pvq Zvn‡j Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Kw gDw bw Ui Ab¨vb¨ ‡cÖvMÖvgviivI Gw M‡q Av‡m| w jbv· ‡mUvc ‡`Iqvi Av‡MB m¤ú~b© Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷g jvBf ‡`‡L ‡bIqv hvq| A_©vr w jbv· Pvjv‡Z n‡j Avcbv‡K w jbv· BÝUj Ki‡ZI n‡e bv| BÝUj bv K‡iB e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avsw kK fv‡e bq, m¤ú~Y© fv‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| Avcbvi me nvW©Iq¨viB jvBf ‡gv‡W KvR Ki‡e| ‡Kvb G·Uªv nvW©Iq¨vi jvMv‡bv _vK‡j ‡mUvI KvR Ki‡e WªvBfvi BÝUj QvovB| A_©vr BÝUj Kivi Av‡M w jbv· ‡U÷ K‡i ‡bIqvi my‡hvM ‡`q| w jbv‡·i GB jvBf ‡gvW A‡bK Kvh©Kix| hw ` ‡Kvb Kvi‡b Avcbvi DB‡ÛvR µ¨vk K‡i eyU bv K‡i ‡m‡¶‡Î Avcbvi w cw m‡Z XyK‡Z n‡j w jbv‡·i GB jvBf ‡gvW AZ¨š— Kv‡R Av‡m| Avcw b jvBf ‡gv‡W w cw m Pvw j‡q WvUv UªvÝdvi K‡i ‡dj‡Z cvi‡eb| A‡bK mgq ‡`L‡eb DB‡Ûv‡R ‡Kvb mdU&Iq¨vi ev dvBj w Ww jU Ki‡Z ‡M‡j ejv nq Gw U w m‡÷‡g e¨eüZ n‡”Q| ZvB w Ww jU Kiv hv‡e bv| w Ww jU Kivi Rb¨ ‡mUvi cÖ‡mm eÜ K‡i w b‡Z nq| w Kš‘ w jbv‡· Ggb w KQy nq bv| Avcw b Pjgvb Ae¯’vqI ‡h‡Kvb mdUIq¨vi ev dvBj w Ww jU K‡i w `‡Z cvi‡eb| ‡hgb Avcw b ‡Kvb w fw WI ‡`L‡Qb Ggb Ae¯’vqI ‡mB w fw WI dvBjw U w Ww jU K‡i w `‡Z cvi‡eb| KviY hLb w jbv‡· ‡Kvb dvBj I‡cb Kiv nq ‡mUv cy‡ivUvB i¨vg G P‡j Av‡m, nvW©w W¯‹ ‡_‡K Avi w iW Kiv nq bv| ZvB w fw WI dvBjw U w Ww jU K‡i w `‡jI w Ww WIw U Pj‡Z _vK‡e Ges w fw WI ‡cqvi eÜ K‡i w `‡j ‡mw U Avi _vK‡e bv| Kw ¤úDUv‡i GKvw aK w jbv· w W‡÷ªv BÝUj K‡i ‡m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ‡nvg w W‡i±w i Ges w cÖdv‡iÝ ‡mw Usm ‡kqvi Kiv hvq| ai“b Avcw b Dey›Uy, ‡d‡Wviv Avi w jbv· w g›U w Îcj eyU K‡i‡Qb| Zvn‡j ‡m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ‡nvg w W‡i±w i ‡kqvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mdUIq¨v‡ii w cÖdv‡iÝ ‡kqvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ‡hgb Avcw b GKB iKg dvqvid· ‡mw Us w Zbw U w W‡÷ªv‡ZB e¨envi Ki‡eb ‡mUvi Rb¨ w Zbw U Acv‡iw Us w m‡÷‡g eyU K‡i Avjv`v Avjv`v ‡mw Usm Ki‡Z n‡e bv| w jbv· w W‡÷ªv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GB ‡kqvw is Gi e¨vcviUv Amvavib GKUv e¨vcvi| ‡hLv‡b DB‡ÛvR Avi w jbv· Wy‡qj eyU Ki‡j DB‡ÛvR w jbv‡·i cvw U©kvbB ‡`L‡Z cvq bv ‡mLv‡b w jbv· Uy w jbv‡·i GB ‡kqvw is Gi ‡Kvb ZyjbvB nq bv|