Haifa Multi-K™ potassium nitrate fertilizers

Potassium Nitrate Products
For Healthy Crops
Multi-K®

Contents
Potassium in the plant
Potassium in the soil
What is Multi-K®
The benefits of Multi-K
Nutrigation with Multi-K ®
Foliar nutrition with Haifa Bonus
Multi-K ® products

Pioneering Solutions
Maximum
Nutrient
Efficiency
Enhanced
Plant
Development
Minimal
Environmental
Impact
Haifa’s Specialty Fertilizer Promise Farmers

Plant Nutrients
Macro nutrients:
N (Nitrogen), P (Phosphorus), K (Potassium)
Secondary nutrients:
Ca (Calcium), Mg (Magnesium), S (Sulfur)
Micro nutrients:
Fe (Iron), Cu (Copper), Zn (Zinc), B (Boron),
Mn (Manganese), Mo (Molybdenum), Cl (Chloride)

Potassium (K) in the plant
Necessary for formation of sugars and starch
Activator of enzymatic reaction
Maintains turgor
Regulates opening of leaf stomata
Build cell walls

Potassium (K) in the plant
Due to its roles in many plant systems, potassium improves
plant durability and improves yield quality:
Improved drought resistance
Increased winter hardiness
Better disease resistance
Improved yield quality
Longer storage life

Potassium composition of tomato plant
N
28%
P2O5
4%
K2O
39%
CaO
28%
MgO
8%

The tomato fruit contains:
up to 82% of total plant K
up to 63 % of total plant P
(Source: Atherton and Rudich, 1986)
Potassium composition of tomato fruit
N
29%
P2O5
5%
K2O
57%
CaO
6%
MgO
3%

Relation between K in petiols and sugar
content in Sugar-Beet
% Sugar
K in leaf petiols
10
12
14
16
18
20
2 3 4 5 6

The 4 principal components of soil
Air
Water
Organic
matter
Soil
minerals

Negatively-charged soil particle
Forms of soil potassium
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K Mineral K – unavailable
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+ Exchangeable K – absorbed to
the surface of soil particles
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K in the soil solution
Readily available for plant uptake
K+
K+
K+ K+
K+
K+
K+ Fixed (non-exchangeable) K – unavailable

Typical distribution of K forms in the soil
Mineral K – unavailable Exchangeable K – absorbed to
the surface of soil particles
K in the soil solution
Readily available for plant uptake
Fixed (non-exchangeable) K
– unavailable
90-95% of soil potassium is unavailable for plant uptake
K
K+
K+
K+

Dynamics of soil potassium
K+
K+
K+K+K+
Soil solution
K+
K
KK
Mineral K
K
K+
K+K+
Fixed K
K+
K+K+
K+
Exchangeable K
Plant uptake Fertilization
Leaching

Fine sand Silt Clay
Relative size of soil particles

Composition of soil mineral matter
Sandy loam
Loam
Loam

Potassium availability as a function of content
and conc. of exchangeable potassium
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
‰(w/w)exchangeableK2Ointhesoil
% Clay
Very high High
Optimal
Low
Very low

K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
How potassium moves from soil to root
Most potassium reaches root by diffusion
K+
K+
K+
K+K+
K+
Roots contact only small proportion of the soil
K+ travels only short distance: 7 mm or less
7mm
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+ supply near root may be depleted even in high K soil
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+
K+

Potassium Nitrate
What is Multi-K® ?
K+ NO3
-
13 46
- 0 -

Water solubility
Water temperature (oC) g Multi-K® / liter water
0 139
10 212
20 316
30 453
40 613

pH and EC
Concentration (%) pH EC (mS/cm)
0.05 6.5 0.68
0.1 8.7 1.30
0.15 9.1 1.96
0.2 9.3 2.60
0.3 9.6 3.80
1.0 9.9 11.40

The effect of water temperature on solubility
Temp. 0 C
g/literwater
SOP
Multi-K
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 10 20 30 40 50

Dissolution in water: the endothermic effect
Time
Temperature
Temperature
drop
Temperature
rise

Multi-K® potassium nitrate yields
Efficient plant nutrition
Stronger & healthier plants
Higher yields and better quality
Reduced effect of soil salinity
Water saving
Improved soil properties
Convenience in handling and application

Efficient plant Nutrition
A meal of nitrogen and potassium
Multi-K® potassium nitrate is the only fertilizer that
supplies both macro-nutrients, highest in the composition
of any plant:
 Nitrogen as nitrate anion (NO3-), the most available form
of nitrogen for plant uptake
 Potassium as K+, the major cation in the plant

Efficient absorption
The synergistic effect between K+ and NO3
- facilitates uptake of
both ions by the plant roots.
The electrical affinity between K+ and NO3
- prevents adsorption of
potassium to soil particles, keeping it available to plants.

100% plant nutrients
N-P2O5-K2O formula: 13-0-46
13% N = 62% NO3
-
46% K2O = 38% K+
100% KNO3
Fully consumed by the plant
Leaves no residues in the soil

Stronger & healthier plants
free of harmful elements
Multi-K is free of chloride, sodium and any other
harmful elements for the plant
Na+
Cl-

Topdryweight(g)
Chloride (mg/g)
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Stronger & Healthier plants
No Chloride
Chloride hinders plant development and reduces yields.
The higher the chloride in the plant composition, the lower its dry weight.

Multi-K® helps reversing
the adverse effects of chloride
Source: Kafkafi, Valoras and Letey
Application of nitrate reverses the process of chloride
accumulation in the plant tissues.
ChlorideContentintissues(meq/kg)
Nitrate content in tissues (meq /kg)

No Chloride
When chloride (Cl-) concentration in the soil solution increases,
plants take it up on the account of essential anionic nutrients,
especially nitrate.
High concentrations of chloride may cause toxic effects and even
death of plants
Multi-K® is free of detrimental chloride, so it is a safe for use in
all growing methods and for all crops.

Relieving chloride toxicity in avocado leaves by increasing nitrate
concentration in irrigation water containing 16 mM Cl
No Chloride
The nitrate in Multi-K® counteracts the chloride's harmful effect

When ammonium enters the root, the NH4-N is
completely metabolized in the root, consuming
the sugar that is transported to the root by the
phloem flow.
Sugar concentration is reduced and not available to
ammonium metabolism. Free ammonia (NH3)
accumulates in the cell, reach toxic levels and
causes roots death.
Low moderate temperatures
sucrose
respiration NH4
+Amide - (NH2)2
Amino - NH2
Amino - NH2
Proteins
H+
Elevated temperatures
sucrose
respiration
NH4
+NH3
NH3NH3
NH3
Both cell respiration and ammonium metabolism require sugars
No root-toxicity

High temperature in the root zone
More intensive cell respiration
Sugar concentration reduces
No sugar is available for ammonium
metabolism
Ammonium accumulates in the roots
Ammonia toxicity, root death
Ammonium
fertilization
No root-toxicity
The mechanism of ammonium accumulation in roots

No root-toxicity
At elevated temperatures (e.g. during the summer)
ammonium may accumulate in the roots, causing toxicity and
root death.
Multi-K® is an ammonium-free source of nitrogen, hence safe
for use even at high temperatures.
100% NH4
+ 50% NH4
+ / 50% NO3
- 100% NO3
-

Enhanced tolerance to extreme conditions
The potassium in Multi-K®
Helps building thicker cell walls
Increases the concentration of electrolytes inside the cell
Thus protecting the cell from frost damages
The potassium in Multi-K®
Encourages establishment and branching of roots
Improves water uptake from the soil
Thus enhancing the plant’s ability to withstand drought

Better resistance towards pathogens
Excessive N, K deficiency
Accumulation of short-chained
carbohydrates and non-protein
nitrogen
Development of bacteria, fungi,
nematodes and viruses
Adequate K supply is essential to prevent
the development of plant diseases

Higher yields & better quality
The potassium in Multi-K® increases yields
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
186 278 372
Pepper yield
(MT/ha)
K2O rate (kg/ha)
The effect of potassium (K) on pepper yield, under constant N
rate of 224 kg/ha

The potassium in Multi-K® increases yields
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
Yield (ton/ha) Mean fruit weight (g)
0 160 240 320kg K2O/ha
The effect of K rate on the yield and quality of
processing tomatoes

K for Quality
The potassium in Multi-K® helps improving quality
parameters of:
Fruit size: lager dimensions, better uniformity
Fruit looks: better color, minimized color blemishes or unusual
markings of mechanical injuries or any sign of disease
Nutritional values: higher content of protein, oil, vitamin C, etc.
Organoleptic features: enhanced flavor and aroma
Longer shelf life
Adequate processing quality for industry

K for Quality
The Effect of Multi-K ® on quality parameters
of Mineola tangelo
Source: Fuente & Ramirez, 1993
8.2
0.55
8
9
0.8
11.2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Acids (%) Sugars (Brix) Fruit diameter (cm)
Control
Multi-K

Source: Satti et Al., Muscat, Sultanate of Oman 1994
Multi-K ® Reverses the adverse effects of salinity
on Greenhouse Tomatoes
Total yield
(g/plant)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Monte Carlo Pearson
Control
Salinized
Salinized +
Multi-K
Multi-K ® combats salinity

750
850
950
1050
1150
1250
0 0 1 5
EC= 1.8
EC= 5.0
EC= 6.0
EC= 5.5
Multi-K ® increases fresh yield in greenhouse Chinese cabbage under salinity
Multi-K ® Rate (mM)
Fresh yield
(g/plant)
Source: Feigin et Al. 1990, Israel
Multi-K ® combats salinity

The Effect of Salinity and Multi-K® on Shoot Mass of Sweet Corn
Dry matter
(g/plant)
Source: Imas & Feigin, 1995. Israel
Multi-K® combats salinity
40
70
100
130
160
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
2 mM
8 mM
14 mM
E. C. of Nutrient Solution (dS/m)

Water saving
Nitrate improves water management
Nitrtate-fed plants utilize water about 100% more efficiently
than ammonium-fed plants.
The difference becomes even more significant when potassium
concentration in the soil solution is low.

Water saving
K+ enhances water uptake
K K
K
K
K
K
K
K KK
K
KK
KK
KK
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
K
Adequate K level:
Osmotic pressure draws
water into the root
K deficiency:
Reduced ability to
absorb water
K in plant roots produces a gradient of osmotic pressure

Water saving
K+ prevents water losses
The potassium in Multi-K® regulates water status in the plant

Water saving
Multi-K® prevents salinity build-up
Multi-K® is consumed by the plant completely, preventing
accumulation of salts in the soil and salinity build-up.
Multi-K
K+
NO3
-
K+ K+
K+
NO3
-
NO3
-
NO3
-
K+
NO3
-
KCl
K+
Cl-
K+
K+
K+
Cl-
K
+
Cl-
Cl-
Cl
-

Multi-K® increases soil pH
Multi-K® has an alkaline effect in the root zone.
NO3
-
uptake
NH3
OH-
pH increases
NO3
-
Reduction

Multi-K® enhances P availability
Increase in nitrate level in the soil enhances exudation of the carboxylates.
Carboxylate anions released into the rhizosphere facilitate the release of
phosphate from the soil particles to the soil solution.
The nitrate in Multi-K® increases phosphorous availability to plants.
Soil Solution
Soil particles
RCOO2-
(Carboxylic Anion)
H2PO4
-
RCOO 2-
NO3
-
PO4
3-
NO3
-
RCOO 2-
PO4
3-

Convenient handling
Multi-K® is highly soluble
Fertilizer
Solubility g / Liter Water
100C 200C 300C
multi-K (Potassium Nitrate) 210 310 450
Potassium sulfate (SOP) 80 100 110
Multi-K® dissolves in water quickly and completely, which makes it
ideal for application by Nutrigation™ (fertigation) and for foliar
application.
Solubility comparison between Multi-K® and SOP

Convenient handling
Multi-K® is non hygroscopic
Hygroscopicity is the capacity of a product to absorb moisture from the air.
Hygroscopic fertilizers are more difficult for storage and handling.
Fertilizer Relative humidity (%)
Mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) 91.6
multi-K (potassium nitrate) 90.5
Ammonium Sulfate 79.2
Ammonium chloride 77.2
Urea 72.5
Sodium nitrate 72.4
Ammonium nitrate 59.4
Calcium nitrate 46.7
Multi-K® can be stored either in bags or in bulk without absorbing
moisture that may cause caking and handling difficulties.
Relative Humidity of Air in Equilibrium with Saturated Solutions of Nitrogen
Materials at 30°C

Convenient handling
Multi-K® is compatible with other fertilizers
SO4
2-
PO4
3-
Chemical interactions in the soil solution
HCO3
-
HCO3
-
HCO3
-
Mg2+
Mg2+
Mg2+
Mg2+
PO4
3-
PO4
3-
PO4
3-
SO4
2-
SO4
2-
SO4
2-
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+ SO4
2- PO4
3-Ca2+ Mg2+ PO4
3- HCO3
-Ca2+
High pH in water can cause precipitates of calcium carbonate
Hazard of clogging emitters

Convenient handling
Multi-K® is compatible with other fertilizers

Convenient handling
Multi-K® is non-volatile
Unlike ammonium, the nitrate in Multi-K® is non-volatile, so there is no
need to work it into the soil when applied by top- or side-dressing.
Urea KNO3
NH3
NH3
NO3
- NO3
-

Multi-K® is fully soluble in water,
safe for Nutrigation™ through all irrigation
systems.
Advantages: High solubility

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Solubility(g/100gwater)
Temp (oC)
Multi-K® is more soluble than other chloride-free potassium fertilizers
Advantages: High solubility

Advantages: application methods
Multi-K® products suit highly-efficient application methods:
• Nutrigation™
• Foliar application
• Side-dressing
These methods enable matching nutrient supply to plant
dynamic needs

Annual uptake….
Dynamics of Nutrient Uptake
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
N P K Ca Mg
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 5 10 15 20
K
N
Ca
P
Mg
… is not consumed at once
The charts show an example of nutritional requirements of tomatoes (grams per plant)
Left: total for the season. Right: weekly consumption.

Nutrigation with Multi-K® in tomatoes
N P2O5 K2O
Crop requirements kg/ha 300 60 550
Correction factor soil application 1.2-1.25 1.9-2.2 1.4-1.6
Correction factor Nutrigation 1.1-1.2 1.6-1.9 1.2-1.4
Corrected requirements 330 100 650
Nutrient level in the soil 20 ppm 150 kg/ha
Balance to apply 330 100 500

K2OP2O5N
500100330Required rate kg/ha:
30%50%30%%
Base-dressing
15050100kg/ha
70%50%70%%
Nutrigation
35050230kg/ha

A. Base-Dressing
Nutrigation with Multi-K ® in tomatoes
K2OP2O5N
15050100Application rate kg/ha:
SOPTSPASSource
0-0-500-46-021-0-0Composition
300110480kg/ha

B. Nutrigation
Nutrigation with Multi-K ® in tomatoes
K2OP2O5N
70%50%70%%
35050230kg/ha
Growth phase
N:P2O5:K2O
ratio
kg/ha/day
days
Total
N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O
Planting to flowering 1:1:1 1.0 1.0 1.0 30 30 30 30
Flowering to fruit-set 2:0.4:3 4.0 0.8 6.0 25 100 20 150
Fruit-set to ripening 1:0:2 3.0 0 6.0 20 60 0 120
Fruit ripening to
harvest
2:0:3 1.3 0 1.7 30 40 0 50
Total 230 50 350

kg/ha/day
kg/ha/day
Ratio
Fertilizers
Growth
phase K2OP2O5NK2OP2O5N
1.0---0.282.246030Multi-K®
Planting to
flowering
---1.00.181.6506112Haifa MAP
------0.541.600034A.N.
1.01.01.0111Total
6.0---1.713.046012Multi-K®
Flowering
to fruit-set
---0.80.151.306112Haifa MAP
------2.156.30034A.N.
6.00.84.030.42Total
Detailed Nutrigation program

kg/ha/day
kg/ha/day
Ratio
Fertilizers
Growth
phase K2OP2O5NK2OP2O5N
6.0---1.713.046013Multi-K®
Fruit-set to
ripening
------1.33.80034A.N
------1.32.80046Urea
6.03.0201Total
1.7---0.53.746013Multi-K®
Fruit
ripening to
harvest
------0.82.40034A.N
------0.81.80046Urea
1.71.3302Total
Nutrigation with Multi-K in tomatoes
Detailed Nutrigation program

Foliar Nutrition with
Haifa Bonus

Haifa Bonus
High-K foliar formulas
Specially designed to allow for concentrated sprays
Based on Multi-K® potassium nitrate
Enriched with phosphorus
To enhance nutritional value
To keep pH at the optimal level for foliar absorption
For improved compatibility with pesticides
Contains special adjuvant
For better adhesion to the leaf surface
For improved absorption
For prolonged action

Haifa Bonus – how it works
1. Haifa-Bonus™ npK is applied by foliar
spray and forms droplets on the leaf

2. Portion of the fertilizer is absorbed immediately.

3. When the air gets hot and dry, the
fertilizer droplets dry up and nutrient
uptake temporarily discontinued.

4. At night, the dew re-dissolves the fertilizer
and nutrient uptake is renewed.

Multi-K® potassium nitrate
Complete range of potassium nitrate products
Crystalline Products (Nutrigation, foliar application)
Prills & Granules (side-dressing)
Special Grades (greenhouses)
Enriched formulas (+ P, Mg, B, Zn, S, Micronutrients)

Multi-K® potassium nitrate
Multi-K® Classic
Multi-K® GG
Multi-K® pHast
Multi-K® TOP
Multi-npK®
Multi-K® Mg
Multi-K® Zn
Multi-K® ME
Multi-K® Prills
Multi-npK® Prills
Multi-K® Mg Prills
Haifa Bonus

N total 13.4%
N-NO3 13.4%
K2O 46.0%
K 38.1%
Insoluble matter 350 ppm
Bulk density 1.0 g/cm3
Multi-K® Classic
Crystalline potassium nitrate
Applications
Nutrigation and foliar feeding of all crops
Preparation of fertilizer blends
Production of liquid fertilizers
Packaging
25, 50, 500 and 1000kg bags

N total 13.5%
N-NO3 13.5%
K2O 46.2%
K 38.4%
Multi-K® GG
Greenhouse-Grade potassium nitrate
Applications
Preparation of fertilizer blends
Production of liquid fertilizers
Packaging
25, 50, 500 and 1000kg bags

N total 13.5%
N-NO3 13.5%
K2O 46.2%
K 38.4%
pH (10% soln.) 4.0
Multi-K® pHast
Low-pH potassium nitrate
Applications
Nutrigation and foliar feeding
Packaging
25, 50, 500 and 1000kg bags

N total 13.8%
N-NO3 13.8%
K2O 46.5%
K 38.6%
pH (10% soln.) 6.0-8.5
Multi-K® TOP
Top-Grade potassium nitrate
Applications
Hydroponics
Nutrigation of top-quality crops
Preparation of fertilizer blends and nutrient
solutions
Packaging
25, 500 and 1000kg bags

Multi-npK
Potassium nitrate enriched with phosphorus
Available formulae
13-5-42
13-3-43
13-2-44
Applications
Packaging
25, 500 and 1000kg bags

Multi-K® Mg
Potassium nitrate enriched with magnesium
Available formulae
12-0-43+2MgO
11-0-40+4MgO
12-2-43+1MgO
12-2-42+2MgO+0.5Mn
12-0-42+2MgO+0.2B
Applications
Favorable source of potassium for magnesium-
consuming crops (e.g. potato, tobacco, bulbs)
Packaging
25, 50, 500 and 1000kg bags

Multi-K® Zn
Potassium nitrate enriched with zinc
Available formulae
11-0-40+4Zn
12-0-43+2Zn
Applications
Prevention and curing of zinc deficiencies
(e.g. in citrus and pecan)
Packaging
25, 500 and 1000kg bags

Multi-K® ME
Potassium nitrate enriched with magnesium and micro-nutrients
Applications
Packaging
25 kg bags
N total 12.0% Micro-Nutrients
N-NO3 12.0% Fe* 1000 ppm
K2O 43.0% B 200 ppm
K 35.7% Zn* 140 ppm
MgO 1.0% Mn* 500 ppm
pH (10% soln.) 4.5-6.5 Mo 70 ppm
Insoluble matter 500 ppm Cu* 110 ppm
* EDTA chelates

N total 13.2%
N-NO3 13.2%
K2O 46.0%
K 38.1%
Multi-K® Prills
Potassium nitrate prills
Applications
Base-dressing and side-dressing of all
crops
Bulk-blending- production of granular NPK
fertilizers
Packaging
25, 50, 500 and 1000kg bags

Multi-npK® prills
Potassuim nitrate enriched with phosphorus
Available formulae
13-3-43
13-2-44
Applications
Base-dressing and side-dressing of all crops
Bulk-blending- production of granular NPK
fertilizers
Packaging
25, 50, 500 and 1000kg bags

Multi-K® Mg prills
Potassium nitrate enriched with magnesium
Available formulae
12-0-42+2MgO
11-0-39+4MgO
Applications
Base-dressing and side-dressing of all
crops
Favorable source of potassium for
magnesium-consuming crops (e.g. potato,
tobacco, bulbs)
Packaging
25, 50, 500 and 1000kg bags

Summary
Multi-K® is the ideal source of potassium (K) for plants:
Enriches plant nutrition with nitrate-N
Contains plant nutrients only
Free of sodium and chloride
Suitable for highly-efficient applications
Nutrigation™
Foliar nutrition (recommended to use Haifa Bonus)
Side-dressing
Wide range of formulae to suit all crops
and growth environments.

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Haifa Multi-K™ potassium nitrate fertilizers

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