2. Consulting firm with a specialty in financing for
clean energy & environmental strategy.
Domestic and International government, non-
profit and private clients.
Published numerous papers on clean energy
finance.
Clean energy finance clients include states,
lenders, national and regional associations and
advocacy organizations. Working with these
clients to set up new financing programs.
3. The Challenge and the Role of Financing
The Use of Leverage and Private Capital
4. EE resource standards requiring reductions
in energy use now imposed in 20 states.
Greenhouse gas emissions reduction
requirements and goals in Northeast, West,
nationally(??).
Energy security and jobs goals rely on big
gains in efficiency.
The Massive Deep Retrofit is the talk of the
topic of the day, month, year.
5. These Goals, and the Cost of
Meeting These Goals, is Far
Beyond What is Possible
Through the Means of Funding
We Have Used to This Point.
6. It’s all about going to scale:
◦ 100 million households in the United States.
◦ Typical basic-only efficiency installation investment is
$7,500, including HVAC, duct sealing, insulation -- but
can range higher, up to $10,000.
◦ Total market, on this basis is $750,000,000,000-
$1,000,000,000,000.
◦ Private investor capital is critical.
◦ Leverage through Credit Enhancements will be Critical.
7. In some cases, average loan size is small and
per loan transaction costs high.
Liquidity: Barely developed 2ndary Market.
Scale – growing but still many programs with
slight-large differences.
Conformity: No standard loan product.
Credit enhancements still being structured.
Pricing hard to match to market.
8. Energy efficiency investments consist of:
Market Measures Typical Per-
Installation Cost
Residential HVAC systems,
insulation, duct
sealing, appliances,
water heaters,
windows, doors
$7,500
Commercial Lighting, HVAC,
Motors
$10,000 and up
Industrial Motors, Customized
Improvements
$100,000 and up
Our
Primary
Focus for
this Mtg.
9. Product Characteristics
Unsecured High volume, low value loans. Consumer credit model.
Underwriting typically based on credit score, debt-income
ratios. Fast-response loan evaluation. Conforming product
draft in development. Limited 2ndary market.
Secured Higher value (>$12,500-$30,000) loans. Tax or other lien
typical. Often for “whole house” renovations or solar.
PACE model is getting attention. Limited 2ndary market.
10. It’s not the HDTV purchase…
Program Default
Rate
Criteria Used to Assess Credit Quality
Keystone
HELP
1.5% Credit score of 640 minimum. Average score is 720
Manitoba
Hydro
<1% Current on utility bill for at least 12 months; credit score considered
Midwest
Energy
0% Current on utility bill for 12 months
United
Illuminating
<1% Current on utility bill. In business for at least six months.
Sempra <1% Account in good standing with non disconnect in previous 12 months;
applicant must have been a utility customer for at least 24 months. Default
leads to disconnection.
11. Credit unions: Understand small loans,
community-minded.
Specialty Lenders: Know energy finance very
well
Community Development Financial Institutions
(CDFI) lenders: low cost, but limited amounts of
capital
Public lenders (state or municipal bonding
authorities such as housing finance agencies):
low cost capital availability
12. Servicing: $7-$15/month.
Origination: $300-$600/loan is typical for a
mortgage loan.
On a $5,000 loan, it’s really important to reduce
these costs.
And…typical mortgage lenders will not be
interested in these loans. They aren’t set up to do
a lot of small unsecured loans.
13. A market for loans – deal flow. (Many lenders
hungry for good quality loans).
Good quality borrowers with good credit.
A secondary market for loans (a place to sell the
loans).
Credit enhancements.
14. Loss Reserves or Guarantees
Interest rate buydowns sometimes fall into this
category
Subordinated Debt
Loan Insurance
15. 5% loss reserve based on the total portfolio of
loans that lender holds = 20x leverage ratio. $3
million=$60 million.
Lender be able to recover up to 80% of defaulted
amount (skin in the game).
Unsecured loan – although possibly tied to a
meter and disconnection threat.
For this, lenders willing to offer 7% loans. (about
½ market rate).
16. Can be on bill or companion bill
Loan tenor goes out to 10 years for loan
value>$5,000.
Transaction costs are kept low through out-
sourcing of loan origination.
Speed of approval addressed through
standardization of application procedures and
underwriting terms. (Approval within seconds).
17. Approved FNMA Lenders make loans according
to FNMA rules.
Lenders sell loans on a daily basis at pre-set rates
and terms to FNMA.
Creates streamlined and ready market for
unsecured energy loans.
Cost is high (13.99%) and generally requires a
buydown, costing about $1,200/loan.
18. Without financing we can’t make our climate,
energy independence or other goals.
Financing requires working with financial
institutions in new ways.
The fundamentals of a good product exist, but big
gaps remain –
Secondary markets
Credit enhancement structures.
19. Move beyond the small scale pilot to large scale
implementation of efficiency.
Make the programs simple to use, with a low
hassle factor.
Remove the first-cost barrier to energy
efficiency.
Balance credit management with amortization
period: longer loan terms = smaller monthly
payments.
Attract low cost capital to finance the program.
20. 3rd Party Loans
◦ Personal/business loans originated and serviced by a
non-utility/non-gov’t lender.
On-Bill Loans
◦ Personal/business loans originated and serviced by a
utility.
On-Bill Tariffs
◦ Financing (not loans) originated by a utility, attached
to meter.
Property Tax/Local Gov’t Fees
◦ Loans or financing originated and serviced by local
gov’t. Attached to tax or gov’t charge.
21. Remember the financing alternatives
◦ Home equity line of credit
Typically variable rate product.
Assumes that one has equity in the home.
More difficult to access now than 2+ years ago.
◦ Consumer credit
Typical of a Home Depot/Loews credit card.
Often with a discounted teaser rate that increases dramatically.
◦ SBA 7(a) loans:
May often be for larger amounts than typical business retrofits.
Personal guarantee required of the business owner.
22. Simplicity Appropriate to the Need
◦ Different market and submarkets need different levels of
complexity. For example:
Mortgage loans require much greater due diligence than a
small $5,000 loan or credit card.
Small business needs for energy retrofits differ greatly from
residential energy retrofits or emergency appliance
replacements.
23. Consider the influence of loan term on monthly
payments.
◦ Shortest term loans are often for personal or business
loans.
◦ Mid-length term loans often occur with on-bill tariff
programs.
◦ Longest terms occur with efficiency/solar loans that are
tied to mortgages.
24. Hypothetical Project
Annual Energy Savings: 42,301 kWh
Annual Energy Cost Savings: $6,927
Monthly Energy Cost Savings: $577
16 Month Term 24 month Term 36 Month Term
Project Cost (net of $7,800
rebate)
$8,835 $8,835 $8,835
Monthly 0% Loan Payment $552 $368 $245
Net Savings (Between Energy
Cost Savings and Monthly
Principal & Interest)
$25 $209 $332
Source: United Illuminating Company, 2008.
25. Interest rate
◦ Low interest rates are not necessary for all sectors.
Some of the highest participation programs (Manitoba
Hydro, Keystone HELP) are not the lowest rate programs.
Interest rates and low-as-possible monthly payments are
likely most important for residential or small business audit-
based energy retrofits.
26. Among most successful ee financing: simple
and effective with an innovative capital source.
Keystone HELP offers unsecured personal loans
at rates ranging from 4.99%-6.99%.
◦ 4.99% for whole-house, audited measures.
◦ 5.99% for advanced measures.
◦ 6.99% for straight-up ENERGY STAR® measures
Administered by a 3rd party lender that
specializes in energy lending.
Delivered through a certified contractor
network& 1-800 number.
27. Typical loans are from $5,000-$7,000 over a 4-5
year term.
Capitalized with $20 million + from State
Treasurer.
Distribution of ~3,500 installations:
Whole-House 10%
Windows/Insulation 30%
HVAC 60%
28. PUC allows the utility to put an “energy service charge”
on the bill.
◦ One specific program is known as PAYS (Pay As You Save)
The charge is actually a rate approved by the PUC.
Energy savings will always exceed P&I payments.
Failure to pay could result in disconnection in extreme
circumstances.
Obligation to pay passes to the next owner -- it stays
with the meter.
29. Utility sets up a loan that is usually offered at a
subsidized rate and at a term of up to 5 years.
Customer pays for the loan through the utility bill.
Energy savings typically exceed P&I.
Obligation typically stays with the customer.
30. Most successful loan program in the country with
$200 million through 50,000 loans. Residential
sector only.
4.9% rate for all loans is subsidized by utility (non-
subsidized rate would be 5.9%). Maximum loan
size is $7,500.
Covers insulation, lighting HVAC, windows, doors
+ others.
Program administered by uitility.
But delivered through a strong network of
contractors.
31. Most successful loan program in the country with $200
million through 50,000 loans. Residential sector only.
4.9% rate for all loans is subsidized by utility (non-
subsidized rate would be 5.9%). Maximum loan size is
$7,500.
Covers insulation, lighting HVAC, windows, doors +
others.
Program administered by uitility.
But delivered through a strong network of contractors.
The program uses a streamlined application process.
◦ Borrowers know within minutes if they are approved.
32. One of the more successful on-bill tariff programs,
designed for the residential sector, primarily.
A PAYS-like program; many elements are modeled
after the Pay As You Save Model.
Customers agree to make a payment on their energy
bill that covers efficiency measures identified in an
energy audit.
Customers pay 4% for this financing. This is a
subsidized rate that would otherwise be 8% absent a
buydown from the KHRC.
33. This energy charge is not considered a loan.
Any unamortized portion of the remaining balance is
passed on to the next building occupant. This allows for
an extended repayment period.
Repayment term is capped a 180 months for residential
and 120 months for the commercial sectors.
Program requires that energy $ savings must exceed
financing charge, and financing charge be no larger than
90% of the energy savings.
◦ In some cases, this means that the customer must make a
financial contribution to bring down the size of the loan.
◦ Typical projects have resulted in financing = to 82% of the energy
savings.
34. After 20 months of operation, the program had
~450 projects completed or in the queue.
Substantial interest in the program existed. It
may be taken state-wide as well.
1/2 of projects were thermal shell improvements
in addition to HVAC measures. Typical projects
cost is $4,500.
14% of the projects are on rental locations.
Almost all are in the residential sector.
