3. The Idea of Modernism
The Idea of Modernism can be traced all the way back to the 16th Century.
With the church gaining strength, religion was dominating most aspects of life, such as Administration, Science, Art & Architecture.
Modernism started with questioning aspects of life that were being dictated.
4. What is Modernism
Searching Modernism on the internet reveal its definition, as “a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-
scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries.” Further reading reveals that modernism,
is primarily a movement in the arts, flourishing in the early twentieth century, which sought to break with the forms and traditions of the past through
innovations, such as the stream-of-consciousness in literature, atonality in music, and the abstract in art.
Real or primal Modernism, the mother of all other modernisms, including the artistic movement of the same name, is to bring the beliefs of the Catholic
Church “up to date” in the light (or shadow) of recent developments in philosophy. It is this “up-to-dateness” which is the real spirit of Modernism. It is
the presumption that whatever is up-to-date is better than whatever is deemed to be out-of-date.
At the root of this presumption is a belief that the present is superior to the past and that, by logical extension, the future will be better than the present.
It is what might be called optimistic presumption, or the prejudice of optimism. As with other forms of prejudice, it tends to look down at its neighbors,
which is why those who are optimists in terms of their belief in inexorable progress, i.e. their belief that things are always getting better, are also and
always pessimists about the collective inheritance of human experience and knowledge, which is the history of civilization.
5. Architectural Modern Period
The 20th Century is broadly considered to be the period during which the Modern Architectural Movement occurred.
The Industrial Revolution marked the start, after which, due to the introduction of new technologies, structures came into being that tested the limits of
physics.
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8. Period of the Industrial Revolution
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9. Period of the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was a time when the manufacturing of goods moved from small-scale (cottage) to large-scale industries. This shift brought
about changes in culture as people migrated from rural areas to large cities in order tofind work. It also introduced new technologies, new types of
transportation, and a different way of life for many.
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 1700s. Many of the first innovations that enabled the Industrial Revolution began in the
textile industry. With an abundance of raw material, such as coal and iron, Britain was able to manufacture and operate large machines for mass
production of products.
The Industrial Revolution lasted for over a century. After beginning in Britain, it spread to Europe and the United States.
10. Period of the Industrial Revolution
• First Industrial Revolution - The first wave of the Industrial Revolution lasted from the late 1700s to the mid-1800s. It industrialized the
manufacture of textiles and began the move of production from homes to factories. Steam power and the cotton gin played an important role in this
period.
• Second Industrial Revolution - The next wave took place from the mid-1800s to the early 1900s. During this phase large factories and companies
began to use more technologies to mass produce goods. Important innovations during this period include the use of electricity, the production line,
and the Bessemer steel process.
11. Aspects of the Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Technologies Social Cultural
12. Technologies
New inventions and technologies played an important role in the Industrial Revolution. They changed the way things were powered, how goods were
manufactured, how people communicated, and the way goods were transported. These new developments allowed the industrial revolution to grow
rapidly
Steam Power - Steam power had been around for a while, but in 1781 James Watt invented a new type of steam engine that could be used to power
machines in factories. This allowed factories to be located anywhere. Throughout the 1800s steam engines grew bigger and more powerful. They were
used to not only power factories, but also in transportation to power steamboats and trains.
Electricity - Electricity became important during the Second Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s. Electric lights allowed factories to stay open longer
and produce more goods.
Communications - The ability to communicate across long distances improved dramatically during the Industrial Revolution. It began with the invention
of the electrical telegraph by Samuel Morse in 1844. This system allowed for messages to be transmitted much quicker and cheaper than old methods.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone which changed the way people communicated forever.
Transportation - Large amounts of goods needed to be shipped from factories to stores throughout the country. One of the first successful steamboats
was developed by Robert Fulton in 1807. Steamboats were soon used to carry goods and passengers along rivers throughout the United States. The
steam locomotive was invented in the early 1800s. Trains became one of the most important modes of transportation during the Industrial Revolution.
13. Technologies
The Steam Engine (James Watt, 1785)
The steam engine was one of the most important inventions of the
Industrial Revolution. Steam engines were used in all sorts of
applications including factories, mines, locomotives, and steamboats.
Steam engines use hot steam from boiling water to drive a piston (or
pistons) back and forth. The movement of the piston was then used
to power a machine or turn a wheel. To create the steam, most steam
engines heated the water by burning coal.
The steam engine helped to power the Industrial Revolution. Before
steam power, most factories and mills were powered by water, wind,
horse, or man. Water was a good source of power, but factories had to
be located near a river. Both water and wind power could be unreliable
as sometimes rivers could dry up during a drought or freeze during the
winter and wind didn't always blow.
Steam power allowed for factories to be located anywhere. It also
provided reliable power and could be used to power large machines.
Amos Steam Engine 1867
14. Technologies
Transportation
The Industrial Revolution completely changed the way people traveled
and how goods were transported. Before the Industrial Revolution,
transportation relied on animals (like horses pulling a cart) and boats.
Travel was slow and difficult.
Steam boats - One of the best ways to travel and ship goods before the
Industrial Revolution was the river. The problem to travel downstream
and upstream was solved during the Industrial Revolution by the steam
engine. In 1807, Robert Fulton built the first commercial steamboat. It
used steam power to travel upstream. Steamboats were soon used to
transport people and goods along rivers throughout the country.
Canals - In order to make better use of water transportation, canals
were built to connect rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Railroads - The invention of the railroad and the steam powered
locomotive opened up a whole new world in transportation. Now trains
could travel wherever tracks could be built. Transportation was no longer
limited to rivers and canals. Before railroads, it could take months to
travel, but now, letters, goods, and packages could also be transported
much faster
16. Social
In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of
nobility and gentry.
Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under strict working
conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines.
However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel
- child labour, dirty living conditions and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution concentrated labour into mills, factories and mines, thus facilitating the organization of combinations or trade unions to help
advance the interests of working people.
The power of a union could demand better terms by withdrawing all labour and causing a consequent cessation of production. Employers had to decide
between giving in to the union demands at a cost to themselves or suffer the cost of the lost production.
The main method the unions used to effect change was strike action. Many strikes were painful events for both sides, the unions and the management.
In England, the Combination Act forbade workers to form any kind of trade union from 1799 until its repeal in 1824. Even after this, unions were still
severely restricted.
17. Cultural
Women
The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history and
changed the way of life for everyone. One major change was a shift in
the roles of women. For the first time, a large number of women began
to work jobs outside of the home. This newfound independence gave
rise to other changes including the women's rights movement.
20. The Industrial Revolution and Architecture
Growth of heavy industry brought a flood of new building materials, such
as Cast Iron, Steel and Glass. With the introduction of new materials, new
construction technologies also came into existence.
• Cast Iron, an essentially brittle material, is approximately four times as
resistant to compression as stone.
• Structures consisting of metal columns and girders no longer needed
walls for their statics. This marked the onset of the most significant
technological revolution in architectural history.
• Solid structures could be replaced by skeleton structures, making it
possible to erect buildings of almost unrestricted height and width very
quickly, using prefabricated elements.
• Wrought Iron, which is forty times as resistant to tension and bending
as stone, is only four times heavier. It can be form and molded into any
shape.
• Glass can be manufacture in larger sizes and volumes.
• The development of reinforced concrete construction, overcame the
weakness which existed in previous reinforced concrete structures.
Coalbrookdale bridge 1779: first cast iron bridge
