1. Various Authors
• ―A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation
between two or more variables‖. (Kerlinger, 1956)
• ―Hypotheses are single tentative guesses, good
hunches – assumed for use in devising theory or
planning experiments intended to be given a direct
experimental test when possible‖. (Eric Rogers, 1966)
• ―Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the
expected relationship between an independent and
dependent variable.‖(Creswell, 1994)
• A hypothesis is a logical supposition, a reasonable
guess, an educated conjecture. It provides a tentative
explanation for a phenomenon under investigation."
(Leedy and Ormrod, 2001).

2. Hypothesis Theory Fact
• A specific, testable • Well-established •is something which is
prediction about what is principle which predicts assumed to be true
expected to happen in a events in general terms
study •once a theory has been
• Arises from repeated confirmed and
•makes a specific observation and testing reconfirmed over and
prediction about a over again, we get to
specified set of •Incorporates facts, the point that it will be
circumstances laws, predictions, and treated as a "fact"
•a speculative guess that tested hypotheses that
has yet to be tested are widely accepted •doesn't mean 'absolute
certainty
•is new and relatively •extensively tested and
untested is generally accepted
•the probability of error
and correction are high
One common feature for facts, theories, and hypotheses in
science is that they are all treated as fallible — the
likelihood of error might vary greatly, but they are still
regarded as something less than absolute truth.

3. A Hypothesis
• must make a prediction
• must identify at least two variables
• should have an elucidating power
• should strive to furnish an acceptable explanation or
accounting of a fact
• must be falsifiable meaning hypotheses must be
capable of being refuted based on the results of the
study
• must be formulated in simple, understandable terms
• should correspond with existing knowledge
• In general, a hypothesis needs to be unambiguous,
specific, quantifiable, testable and generalizable.

4. STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS
A statistical hypothesis is an assertion regarding the statistical distribution of the
population. It is a statement regarding the parameters of the population
Statistical hypothesis is denoted by H
Examples:
1. H: The population has mean μ = 25
2. H: The population is normally distributed with mean μ=25 and standard
deviation
In a test procedure, to start with, a hypothesis is made. The validity of this
hypothesis is tested. If the hypothesis is found to be true, it is accepted. On the
other hand, if it is found to be untrue, it is rejected
The hypothesis which is being tested for possible rejection is called null
hypothesis.
The null hypothesis is denoted by H0. Hypothesis which is accepted when the
null
hypothesis is rejected is called alternative hypothesis.
The alternative hypothesis is denoted by H1

5. CRITICAL REGION
• From a population many samples of the same size n can be drawn.
Let S be the set of all such sample of size n that can be drawn from
the population.
• Then, S is called sample space. While testing a null hypothesis,
among the samples which belong to S, some samples lead to the
acceptance of the null hypothesis, whereas, some others lead to
the rejection of the null hypothesis.
• The set of all those samples belonging to the sample space which
lead to the rejection of the null hypothesis is called critical region.
• The critical region ids denoted by ω. The critical region is also
rejection region. The set of samples which lead to the acceptance
of the null hypothesis is the acceptance region. It is (S- ω).