2. Soufiane ADRANEFrom Media Culture and Society Volume 2, Number 1, January 1980.

4. Stuart Hall

5. Cultural Studies

6. Two paradigms:

7. Culturalism

8. Structuralism

10. Cultural Studies Cultural studies is an academic field grounded in critical theory, which combines political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies. Cultural studies researchers often concentrate on how a particular phenomenon relates to matters of ideology, nationality, ethnicity, social class, sexuality, and/or gender.

12. Culture is terrain on which ideological representations of class, gender, race are enforced, and contested by social groups validating their experience.

13. Hegemony

14. operates in the realm of representations and consciousness

15. implies power inequality in different segments of society

16. naturalizes a class ideology and renders it in the form of common sense

17. exercised through ‘authority,’ not physical force

18. operates through institutions (educational system, media and the family)

20. R. Hoggart was a key figure in the emergence of cultural studies in the late 1950s and 1960s. He founded the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies ( 1964 ) at the University of Birmingham (the Birmingham school) and wrote a seminal early analysis of working-class culture, The Uses of Literacy ( 1957 ). Raymond Henry Williams was a Welsh academic, novelist and critic. He was an influential figure within the New Left and in wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the mass media and literature are a significant contribution to the Marxist critique of culture and the arts. Some 750,000 copies of his books have sold in UK editions aloneand there are many translations available. His work laid the foundations for the field of cultural studies and the cultural materialist approach. Edward Palmer Thompson was an English historian, writer, socialist and peace campaigner. He is probably best known today for his historical work on the British radical movements in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, in particular his sociological work The Making of the English Working Class (1963). He also published influential biographies of William Morris (1955) and (posthumously) William Blake (1993) and was a prolific journalist and essayist. He also published the novel The Sykaos Papers and a collection of poetry.

21. Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swisslinguist whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in linguistics in the 20th century. Saussure is widely considered to be one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics,and his ideas have had a monumental impact throughout the humanities and social sciences. Claude Levi-Strauss, the French philosopher widely considered the father of modern anthropology because of his then-revolutionary conclusion that so-called primitive societies did not differ greatly intellectually from modern ones, died Friday at his home in Paris from natural causes. He was 100. Louis Pierre Althusser was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, where he eventually became Professor of Philosophy. Althusser is commonly referred to as a Structural Marxist, although his relationship to other schools of French structuralism is not a simple affiliation and he is critical of many aspects of structuralism.

22. « What is important are the significant breaks – where old line of thought are disrupted, older constellations displaced, and elements, old and new, are regrouped around a different set of premises and themes. »

23. « Cultural Studies, as a distinctive problematic, emerges from one such moment, in the mid-1950s.» « These three books constituted the caesura out of which- among other things- « Cultural Studies » emerged.» « And this is perhaps the point to note that this line of thinking was roughly coterminous with what has been called the « agenda» of the early New Left…» « Politics of intellectual work ‘ Squarely at the centre of cultural studies from the beginning»

25. Definition 2 : « refers the social practices » and « the study of relationships between elements in a whole way of life » « the sum of their inter-relationships »

27. For Williams ‘ culture is threaded through all social practices, and is the sum of their inter-relationship’

29. What is at stake in the distinction between "culturalism" and "structuralism" is the significance of theory.

30. Hall's discussion of these contesting paradigms is part of a historical narrative of the emergence and development of cultural studies.

31. However, Hall's use of the categories of hegemony and "articulation" does not in and of itself solve the problem of determination, or even provide the elements of such a solution.

33. Aside from the wholly distinct intellectual and conceptual universes within which these alternative paradigms developed, there were certain points where, despite their apparent overlaps, Culturalism and structuralism were starkly counterposed. We can identify this couterposition at one of its sharpest points precisely around the concept of ‘experience’’