14.
Table 4-1.
Six Categories of Diarrhea Interpreted in Terms of the Average Severity (– to +++) of Six
Features of Diarrhea
The Presence
of Blood
High Stool
Volume
Stool that
Suggests Fat
Abruptness
of Onset
Nausea and
Vomiting
Crampin
g Pain
Ingestive
diarrhea – + – +++ – –
Toxic diarrhea ++ +++ – +++ +++ +++
Malabsorptive
diarrhea – +++ +++ +– +– +–
Maldigestive
diarrhea – + +++ +– +– +–
Hormonal
diarrhea – +++ – +– +– +–
Colonic
diarrhea +++ ++ – ++ – –
16. Overproduction jaundice
•Intravascular hemolysis, including ineffective hematopoiesis
•Extravascular hemolysis from hematomas
•Competitive binding to albumin by certain drugs
Eponymic jaundice
•Gilbert’s syndrome (idiopathic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
•Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital nangemolytic jaundice)
•Dubin-Johnson syndrome (chromic idiopathic jaundice)
•Rotor’s syndrome (familial chronic conjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
Uptake-conjugation jaundice
Diffuse hepatocellular disease
•Hepatitis due to infectious agents
•Hepatocellular toxicity from alcohol, drugs and other toxins
Diffuse infiltrative disease of the liver
•Malignant infiltrations, like carcinomas and lymphomas
•Benign infiltrations, like sarcoidosis, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis
Excretory jaundice
•Drugs that interfere with bilirubin secretion, like 17-alpha alkylated steroids
•Drugs that impair intrahepatic bile flow, like estrogen and phenothiazines
•Disease of intrahepatic biliary radicals, like pericholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis
Obstructive jaundice
•Intraductal disease, like stones, strictures, sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiocarcinoma
•Extraductal disease, like pancreatic edema, pancreatic carcinoma, and malignant or
inflammatory lymph nodes at the porta hepatis
Sárgaságok
24. The various configurations of the
abdominal silhouette. In all
silhouettes, X is te xiphoid process,
U is the umbilicus, and P is the
pubis. (A) The configuration of the
abdomen is obesity or gaseous
distension: the umbilicus is inverted.
(B) The configuration in ascites: the
umbilicus is everted. (C) The
scaphoid (boat-shaped)
configuration of slender people. (D)
The configuration in the presence of
a lower abdominal mass, a distended
bladder for example. (E) The
configuration in the presence of an
upper abdominal mass, an enlarged
liver, for example
A has megtekintése
29. Hallgatózás a has felett
The absence of
bowel sounds
for a full 5
minutes
strongly
suggests the
existence of
intestinal atony
or ileus, which
has many
causes.
