Ei 1540 design_construction_commissionin (2)

EI 1540
Design, construction, commissioning, maintenance
and testing of aviation fuelling facilities
5th edition
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EI RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 1540
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, COMMISSIONING, MAINTENANCE AND TESTING
OF AVIATION FUELLING FACILITIES
5th edition
October 2014
Published by
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DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, COMMISSIONING, MAINTENANCE AND TESTING OF AVIATION FUELLING FACILITIES
3
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.4 Classes of aviation fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.1 Jet fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.2 Aviation gasolines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.4.3 General classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2 Depot location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Methods of fuelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Depot location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Restrictions on airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.2 Approach, take-off and clearway funnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.3 Runway side clearance areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.4 Taxiway clearance areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.5 Parking apron clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.6 Other restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Depot layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1 Safety distances and hazardous areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2 Tankage and number of tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3 Equipment access and operability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4 Depots located outside a controlled area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4.1 Boundary and enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4.2 Tankage layout – safety distances, fire walls and tank compounds . . . . . . 19
3.4.3 Buildings – location and spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.5 Depots located within a controlled area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5.1 Tanks, packaged oil stores, pumping equipment and filling points . . . . . . 20
3.5.2 Boundary and enclosures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.6 Drainage and oil/water separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.6.1 Surface water – general . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.6.2 Drainage from operational areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.7 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.8 Electrical safety precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.8.2 Static electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.8.3 Portable electronic devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4 Depot plant, fixed equipment and buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Tankage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4
Contents continued...
Page
4.2.1 Design and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.3 Tank foundations and supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.4 Tank inspection and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.5 Tank fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2.6 Tank vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.7 Earthing of tanks and depot components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.8 Tank pipe connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2.9 Tank corrosion protection and painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.10 Tank bunds/dikes and other methods of containment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.2.11 Buried and mounded tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.3 Pipework and valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.1 Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.2 Segregation of grades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.3.3 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3.4 Flexible or articulated pipe connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3.5 Pressure/thermal relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3.6 Buried pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.3.7 Corrosion protection and painting of above-ground piping . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3.8 Pipe identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.3.9 Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4 Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4.2 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4.3 Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4.4 Pump installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4.5 Driving units for pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4.6 Electrical equipment for pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.5 Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.6 Fueller loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.6.1 Requirements for equipment for the loading of fuellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.6.2 Loading from a hydrant pit valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.6.3 Loading facilities receiving supply from a hydrant system . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.7 Container filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.8 Pumping operations – precautions against static electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.9 Vehicle test stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.10 Product recovery tanks (PRTs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.10.1 Tank-side product recovery systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.10.2 Flush tank inlet sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.10.3 Flush tank inlet and return pipework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.10.4 Large product recovery tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.11 Closed-circuit sampling system (CCSS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.12 Slop tanks/containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.13 Additive injection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.13.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.13.2 Aviation fuel additive injection systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.13.3 Aviation fuel additive storage tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.13.4 Maintenance of additive systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.13.5 Commissioning of additive systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

5
Page
4.14 Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.14.1 Power supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.14.2 Earthing/grounding and bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.14.3 Electromagnetic radiation hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.14.4 Control facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.15 Commissioning the depot fuel system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.15.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.15.2 Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.15.3 Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.15.4 Fuel quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.15.5 Civil/mechanical/electrical works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.15.6 Hose commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5 Fuel hydrant systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2 Definition of a hydrant system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3 Hydrant system layouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.4 General system design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.5 Hydraulic analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.6 Hydrant system design for cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.7 Pipe slopes, designated low points and high points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.7.1 Pipe slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.7.2 Designated low points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.7.3 High points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.7.4 Low and high point sampling valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.8 Hydrant pipe material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.9 Hydrant pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.10 Hydrant pit valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.11 Valve chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.12 Pumps and control systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.12.1 Hydrant pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.12.2 Hydrant pump control system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.13 Identification of hydrant system features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.14 Hydrant system section valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.15 Corrosion protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.16 Ancillary equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.17 Automated hydrant integrity testing system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.18 Hydrant emergency shutdown (ESD) system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.19 Commissioning of new hydrant systems and hydrant system extensions . . . . . . . . . 63
5.20 Hydrant construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.20.1 Maintaining cleanliness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.20.2 Supervision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.20.3 Off-site preparation/prefabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.20.4 Pipe joint welding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.20.5 Setting-out levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.20.6 Backfill and compaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.20.7 Valve chamber construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.20.8 Construction precautions to avoid ingress of contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . 65

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6 Mobile fuelling and hydrant maintenance equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.2 Mobile fuelling equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.2.1 Chassis design and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.2.2 Equipment and systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.2.3 Fueller tank design and construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.2.4 Fueller tank fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.5 Specific equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.3 Overhauled or new equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.4
Mobile fuelling equipment for lubricants and special products other than aviation fuels . 76
6.5 Grade identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7 Fuelling hoses and hose assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.2 Hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.2.1 Hose types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.2.2 Hose application by type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.2.3 Low temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.2.4 Industrial-type hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.2.5 Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.2.6 Hose record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.2.7 Hoses for thrust augmentation fluids or aviation fuel additives . . . . . . . . 80
7.2.8 Hoses for very low lead/unleaded aviation gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.2.9 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
7.2.10 Service reeling diameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7.2.11 Hose life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
7.3 Hose couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8 Equipment maintenance and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.2 Pressure control equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.3 Hose inspection, commissioning and test procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.3.1 Hose inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.3.2 Hose testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.3.3 Test pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.3.4 Testing procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.4 Bulk meter proving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.4.1 Performance limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.4.2 Proving procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.4.3 Frequency of proving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.4.4 Proving records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.5 Interlock system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
8.6 Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.7 Tank integrity testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.8 Hydrant systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.9 Mobile equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.9.1 General requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
8.9.2 Inspection, testing and maintenance personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

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8.9.3 Documentation of maintenance activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.9.4 Example vehicle inspection reference lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8.10 Un-serviceable equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.10.1 Defect reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
8.10.2 Return to service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
9 Health, safety, environment and security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
9.1 Safety management system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
9.2 Hygiene precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
9.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
9.2.2 Skin contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
9.2.3 Eye contact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
9.2.4 Ingestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
9.2.5 Aspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
9.2.6 Petroleum vapour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
9.2.7 Non-petroleum products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
9.3
First aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
9.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
9.3.2 Burns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
9.4 Health hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
9.5 Personal protective clothing and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
9.5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
9.5.2 Specific equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
9.6 Breathing apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
9.7 Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
9.7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
9.7.2 Specific requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
9.8 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9.8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9.8.2 Security fencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9.8.3 Entrances and exits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9.8.4 Visitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9.8.5 Private vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9.8.6 Terrorists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9.8.7 Closed-circuit TV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9.8.8 Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
9.9 Protecting the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
9.9.1 Pollution prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
9.9.2 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
9.9.3 Maintaining the integrity of fuel tanks and systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
9.9.4 Maintenance of fuelling vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
10 Fire protection and emergency procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
10.1.1 Matches and lighters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
10.1.2 'No smoking' signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
10.1.3 Safety exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
10.1.4 Safety diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
10.1.5 Parking of vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

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10.1.6 Emergency stop switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.1.7 High level controls and alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.1.8 Condition of road vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.1.9 Two-way radio equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.1.10 Emergency towing chains, bars, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.1.11 Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
10.2 Apron spillages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
10.3 Fire precautions and equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
10.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
10.3.2 Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
10.3.3 Fire-fighting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
10.3.4 Personnel fire-fighting training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
10.3.5 Aircraft brake fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
11 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
11.1 Importance of training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
11.2 Personnel to be trained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
11.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
11.2.2 Training courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
11.3 Training subjects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
11.3.1 Vehicle and equipment testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
11.3.2 Aircraft fuelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
11.3.3
Speciality products, handling lubricating oil, thrust augmenting fluids, etc. . 103
11.3.4 Equipment maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
11.4 Emergency procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
11.4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
11.4.2 Initial training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
11.4.3 Follow-up training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
11.5
Instruction manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
12 Retail or consumer fuelling facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
12.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
12.2 Types of aviation fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
12.3 Depot/airfield facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
12.3.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
12.3.2 Depot/facility layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
12.3.3 Plant, fixed equipment and buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
12.3.4 Fixed fuelling facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
12.4 Mobile fuelling equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
12.5 Hoses and hose assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
12.6 Equipment maintenance and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
12.7 Health, safety, environment and security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
12.8 Fire protection and emergency procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
12.9 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

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Annexes
Annex A Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Annex B Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
B.1 Standards relevant to aircraft fuelling facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
B.2 Standards applicable to sections within this publication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Annex C Equipment/installation pre-conditioning prior to use with aviation fuel . . 129
C.1 Introduction to pre-conditioning (flushing and soak testing) . . . . . . . . . 129
C.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
C.3 Soak periods for storage tanks, pipes and ancillary equipment . . . . . . . . 130
C.4 Soak quantities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
C.5 Sampling and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
C.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Annex D List of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

10
FOREWORD
This publication supersedes the fourth edition of API/EI Recommended Practice 1540, published in
2004.
This publication has been prepared by the EI’s Aviation Committee, with technical feedback from
other industry stakeholders, and is intended to provide guidance/good practice on the siting, layout,
design, construction, testing, commissioning and maintenance of aircraft fuelling facilities, including
the design and construction of fuellers, hydrant servicers and ancillary equipment used in fuelling
aircraft.
This publication is intended for adoption worldwide, by any company or organisation involved in the
design, construction, testing, commissioning and maintenance of aviation fuelling facilities located
on airports. It addresses safe design practices, environmental protection and operating efficiency in
its recommendations.
The guidance contained in this fifth edition has been revised from the previous edition to ensure that
the safe practices contained herein reflect current levels of knowledge and industry experience.
For the purpose of this publication the definitions given in Annex A apply irrespective of any other
meaning the words may have in other connections.
The EI is not undertaking to meet the duties of employers to warn and equip their employees, and
others exposed, concerning health and safety risks and precautions, nor undertaking their obligations
under local and regional laws and regulations.
Nothing contained in any publication produced by the EI is to be construed as granting any right,
by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product
covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publication be construed as
insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent.
It is hoped and anticipated that this publication will assist those involved in aviation fuel handling
at airports. Every effort has been made by the EI to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data
contained in this publication; however, the EI makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in
connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss
or damage resulting from its use or for the violation of any local or regional laws or regulations with
which this publication may conflict.
Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish
Street, London, W1G 7AR (e: technical@energyinst.org).

11
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The preparation of this edition of this publication was undertaken by John Thurston (World Fuel
Services), John Rhode (Air BP) and Anthony Kitson-Smith (Vitol Aviation), with input from technical
representatives of the following companies/organisations:
Airlines for America
Air BP Limited
Air TOTAL
Aviation Fuel Services & Management GmbH
Chevron
ExxonMobil Aviation International Ltd.
International Air Transport Association, Technical Fuel Group
Joint Inspection Group
Kuwait Petroleum International Aviation Company Ltd.
Phillips 66 Company
Shell Aviation Ltd.
Shell Global Solutions
Vitol Aviation
World Fuel Services Corp.
A draft version of this publication was distributed to industry stakeholders for technical review.
Ibon Ibarrola Armendariz (CLH Aviación), Kyriakos Gennadis (OFC Aviation Fuel Services), Richmond
Hannah (Aviation Refuelling Compliance Solutions), Lee Taylor/Tom Reynolds (BBA Aviation) and
George Zombanakis (United Airlines) generously gave of their time to provide feedback, which is
greatly appreciated.
Technical editing and project coordination was carried out by Martin Hunnybun (EI).
Figures 1 to 6 are reproduced with permission of The Clouds Network Ltd.

12
1 GENERAL
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The following sections in this publication describe industry recommended practices in the
design, construction, commissioning, maintenance and testing of aviation fuelling facilities
located in commercial airports.
1.2 SCOPE
This publication is primarily intended to provide guidance for designers, constructors and
commissioning operators of new build and refurbished fuelling facilities. Engineering
companies, airport authorities and operators of existing facilities will also find useful reference
material in this recommended practice.
The guidance relating to design of installations and fuelling equipment is primarily
intended for new facilities, and modifications to existing facilities and equipment (apart from
repairs, like-for-like replacement etc). Whilst it is not directly intended that the guidance be
applied retrospectively, operators/owners of existing facilities should use this recommended
practice as part of continuous improvement reviews.
Users of this recommended practice shall note that this publication should not be
used as the sole reference during the design, construction and commissioning, or ongoing
maintenance, of aviation fuel handling facilities and equipment at an airport. Such activities
require detailed engineering knowledge and aviation fuel handling experience, which are
outside the scope of EI 1540.
The following are excluded from the scope of this publication:
−
− Airport hydrant operation (recommendations are provided in EI 1560 Recommended
practice for the operation, inspection, maintenance and commissioning of aviation
fuel hydrant systems and hydrant system extensions).
−
− Airport facilities specifically intended for military applications.
−
− Aviation fuel quality requirements upstream of airports, (see EI/JIG 1530 Quality
assurance requirements for the manufacture, storage and distribution of aviation
fuels to airports, or API RP 1595 Design, construction, operation, maintenance and
inspection of aviation pre-airfield storage terminals).
−
− Airport operating standards, (see B.2).
1.3 APPLICATION
This publication is not intended to provide a set of rigid requirements. Users of this publication
should be aware that due consideration should be given to the effect of any unusual or
abnormal circumstance, on which it is not possible to generalise within the scope of this
publication.
Before finalising any design, and prior to construction, a review of the proposals by
experienced operations and maintenance personnel should be undertaken to ensure the
practicality of the facilities for smooth commissioning and ongoing operations.
As it is difficult for a clear delineation to be made between commercial and military
airport facilities and others such as are found in retail or consumer operations, users of this
publication should decide which sections are applicable to their specific operation. Some

13
specific guidance is offered in section 12 on retail or consumer operations. Many of the
practices and procedures may also be suitable for military operations, except where they
conflict with specific regulations and codes that are designed to fulfil military requirements.
Local, national, regional, international or industry standards may be applicable
to certain aspects of aviation fuelling facilities and/or equipment, depending on location
and shall be adhered to. A list of the most widely applied of these is provided in Annex B.
References to this Annex are made throughout this publication, and such references, and
all other similar references, refer to the latest edition of the publication in question. This
publication is intended to be complementary to these established controls and practices.
It is recommended that where a local or national standard either does not exist, or
is less stringent than a standard with a similar scope listed at Annex B, the standard listed
at Annex B should be used. Conversely, where a local or national standard is more stringent
than a standard with a similar scope listed in Annex B, then the more stringent standard shall
be used.
For the purposes of demonstrating compliance with this publication the words 'shall',
'should' and 'may' are used to qualify certain requirements or actions. The specific meaning
of these words is as follows:
−
− 'shall' is used when the provision is mandatory.
−
− 'should' is used when the provision is recommended as good practice.
−
− 'may' is used where the provision is optional.
1.4 CLASSES OF AVIATION FUELS
1.4.1 Jet fuels
The basic types of jet fuels are kerosine-type jet fuel, such as Jet A-1, Jet A, Russian grade
TS-1 (a kerosine type with a lower flash point than Jet A/A-1) and wide-cut jet fuel (Jet B).
Wide cut fuels are now only in limited and isolated use (e.g. in northern Canada).
Kerosine-type jet fuels have a minimum flash point of 38 °C (100 °F) and do not
give off flammable vapour at normal ambient temperatures. At ambient temperatures above
38 °C (100 °F) they shall be treated as flammable liquids and additional precautions shall be
taken in handling them at these temperatures.
Russian TS-1 fuel has a minimum flash point of 28 °C (82 °F). At ambient temperatures
above 28 °C (82 °F) they shall be treated as flammable liquids and additional precautions
shall be taken in handling them at these temperatures.
Wide-cut jet fuels are relatively wide boiling range distillate fuels and are highly
flammable under most conditions.
It should be noted that the above fuels do not contain identification colour dyes and
so are visually indistinguishable.
1.4.2 Aviation gasolines
Aviation gasoline (avgas) is a high performance gasoline developed specifically for aviation
spark ignition piston engines. While a number of grades are available, global demand
has largely rationalised to a high octane grade, 100LL, developed for thermally efficient
engines. To achieve the necessary anti-detonation quality of 99,6 Motor Octane Number,
130 Performance Number minimum, manufacture necessitates the use of the additive
tetraethyl lead. As such, avgas represents one of the few remaining leaded transport fuels
available in the world today. Industry activities to develop an unleaded alternative to current
100LL avgas were launched in the 1990s and have continued to evolve in both scope and
level of participation into a major research initiative.

14
Grades of avgas are identified by their nominal minimum lean-mixture antiknock
rating (e.g. avgas 100) and are dyed (e.g. blue for 100LL) to facilitate their identification.
Avgas is highly flammable under almost all conditions and shall be handled in accordance
with local and national regulations. These may include:
−
− Small horizontal storage tanks being equipped with pressure vacuum vents.
−
− Large vertical storage tanks being equipped with internal floating roofs/pans.
To reduce the risk of incorrect offloading or transferring to vehicles in facilities where both
jet fuel and avgas are stored, selective couplings shall be adopted for both offloading and
transfers to vehicles.
1.4.3 General classification
The local regulatory classification of aviation fuels, which will divide fuels into classes based
on flash point and other considerations, shall lead to the determination of safety separation
distance of tanks, the type of tank and its fittings, handling precautions, etc. when designing
and operating facilities. The classification of aviation fuels is not a simple matter and in all
cases local or national standards shall be adhered to (see B.2).
When handling petroleum products in hot climates or in circumstances where the
products are artificially heated, special consideration of the effect of these circumstances
shall be taken as they may change the classification of the product being handled. The
requirements of local or national standards shall be adhered to.

15
2 DEPOT LOCATION
2.1 METHODS OF FUELLING
Depending on the scale of operation at an airport, the usual fuelling methods used can be
mobile fuellers, a hydrant system, a fixed dispensing unit or an underground chamber system.
Where mobile fuellers are employed, the airport depot facilities allow for the fuel
required by the aircraft to be pumped from the storage tank into fuellers which then proceed
to the aircraft where the fuel is delivered.
In the case of hydrant fuelling, the facilities provide for the fuel to be pumped directly
from the airport fuel depot storage tanks to the aircraft parking apron by means of pipes and
then transfer from hydrant pit(s) into the aircraft via hydrant servicer(s).
In cases where for any reason main airport stocks of fuel are located at such a distance
that a direct fuelling service is impracticable, intermediate tankage for this purpose may be
provided at a satellite or forward fuel depot conveniently close to the fuelling area. A satellite
depot should be supplied by pipe(s) from the main depot.
The use of fixed dispensing units is normally limited to smaller airfields where light
aircraft are fuelled. These may be the sole source of fuel or they may supplement mobile
fuellers. They may take the form of a cabinet supplied from an underground tank, a remotely
positioned above-ground tank, or in the case of a modular unit, from an integrally mounted
horizontal tank. The cabinet or dispensing unit shall be fitted with a suitable type of filter, a
hose reel, a meter, a bonding cable, safety shutoff and deadman device (if pressure fuelling).
The aircraft requiring fuel taxis to the fuelling area. These are often self-service operations
with card swipe or other controlled access. Such facilities should be located away from normal
taxiing areas in order to minimise the risk of damage to equipment from passing aircraft.
A further system, to be found extensively on military bases and some commercial
airports, is the underground chamber system whereby the equipment normally found on a
hydrant servicer is located in a pit adjacent to the aircraft parking/fuelling position.
2.2 DEPOT LOCATION
The selection of the best site for an airport fuel depot is governed firstly by the restrictions
which are necessary to ensure the safety of aircraft operations (see 2.3) and secondly by the
efficiency in fuelling aircraft.
Depots from which mobile fuelling is carried out should preferably be located so as
to give ready and easy access to the fuelling area by mobile fuellers, making as little use as
possible of public highways and airport roads open to general traffic. Where practicable, the
necessity for mobile fuellers to cross runways or their approaches should be avoided. When a
number of fuelling areas exist on an airport a compromise location, or more than one depot,
may be necessary.
Hydrant systems are subject to hydraulic shock pressures or surge pressures when
supply to the aircraft is shut off. Therefore, ideally the distance between the airport fuel depot
and the fuelling area should be as short as possible (see section 5 for further information on
managing surge pressure).
When it is not possible to locate the airport fuel depot near to the fuelling area then
a satellite area, with office and parking space for fuelling equipment, to facilitate supervision
of fuelling operations, should be considered.

16
Supplies of fuel may arrive at the airport by pipeline, road tanker, rail tank car or
water-borne transport and these factors should be taken into consideration in locating the
airport fuel depot. (See B.2 for relevant sources of information.) One-way traffic flow for road
transportation and fuellers is strongly preferred. Road transportation and fuellers should not
have to reverse into position.
For vehicles supplying the airport fuel depot by road (i.e. bridging) there should be
easy access from the public highway without the need to encroach upon areas in regular use
by aircraft and/or passengers.
In the case of rail and water-borne transport, it may not always be possible to
reconcile the location of rail sidings or vessel berths with the requirements for airport fuel
depot location in relation to the fuelling area. In such cases, consideration should be given
to providing a minimum distance between the airport fuel depot and the fuelling area. In
routing pipes, due regard should be given to the location of other airport services. Where
it is preferred for the pipes to pass under runways, taxiways etc, the shortest possible route
across should be selected.
The depot’s location should also provide easy access for emergency authorities (fire
and rescue services, ambulance, police, airport company, etc.) to effectively respond to any
incidents that occur. Consideration should also be given to security controls.
2.3 RESTRICTIONS ON AIRPORTS
2.3.1 General
When selecting airport fuel depot sites, airport authority, local government, and national
requirements shall be observed. B.2 includes a listing of some sources of information on
national aviation authority standards for the siting of airport fuel depots.
As most airports operate a system of taking off and landing in both directions on the
same runway, the most critical conditions apply to both ends of the runway.
The prohibited zones to be considered are:
−
− at the ends of runways, known as approach, take-off and clearway funnels;
−
− runway and taxiway side clearances; and
−
− around aircraft parking aprons.
As a general policy it is advisable to locate all airport fuel depots outside the above zones but,
for technical reasons, this may not always be possible.
Where practicable, the location of the fuel depot should also take into account
potential realistic airport growth and land use development.
The recommendations contained in this section apply to all airports.
2.3.2 Approach, take-off and clearway funnels
The extent of each of these zones limits the height of any structures or temporary features
within these zones. The potential hazard in approach/take-off zones is greatest on the
extended centre line of the runway.
2.3.3 Runway side clearance areas
These areas are parallel to the runway; with ground level height limitations on either side of
the runway centre line. Siting airport fuel depots within these areas is prohibited.

17
Depots with fuel storage tanks, buried, mounded or above ground, may be sited
beyond these areas provided the maximum permissible structure height is not exceeded.
2.3.4 Taxiway clearance areas
These areas are parallel to each taxiway and extend from the centre line of the taxiway on
either side of it. Airport fuel depots should not be sited within these areas.
2.3.5 Parking apron clearance
The clearance between parked aircraft and any part of the airport fuel depot shall be agreed
with the authority having jurisdiction over the site, taking into account the requirements for
operating the facility and the safety of both the depot and aircraft parked near it.
2.3.6 Other restrictions
Other restrictions may result from line of sight limitations of ground radar equipment. The
local aviation authority may not permit a depot to obstruct the line of sight from a control
tower (or other observation locations) to runways, taxiways and parking stands, or be located
such that spurious radar reflections may occur from the side of tanks or buildings.
Whilst it is beneficial to have the fuelling facility located for easy access by the airport
fire service, it should not be so close that a major fire could adversely affect operation of the
firefighting facilities.

18
3 DEPOT LAYOUT
3.1 SAFETY DISTANCES AND HAZARDOUS AREAS
The airport depot shall be planned and designed in accordance with local or national
requirements with regard to safety distances, tank compound capacities etc. Hazardous area
classification assessments shall be carried out for all aviation fuel handling installations and a
hazardous area classification drawing shall be prepared, using locally-approved methodology.
Where such local or national codes are not available, it is recommended that an
appropriate code be chosen from those referenced in B.2 to best suit the installation under
consideration.
3.2 TANKAGE AND NUMBER OF TANKS
Consideration should be given to the calculation of an adequate number and size of tanks, to
satisfy fuel quality control requirements and maintenance needs without supply disruption.
The airport peak demand in aircraft fuelling, including future development, shall be taken
into account. For further information see IATA Guidance on airport fuel storage capacity.
3.3 EQUIPMENT ACCESS AND OPERABILITY
When the type and size of the main items of equipment have been established and their
location within the fuelling facility determined based on the minimum safety distances,
consideration should be given to the ease of access and operability of each piece of equipment.
Ease of access should take into account the access required both during initial construction of
the facility and to subsequently allow safe and efficient operation and maintenance.
Stairways, work platforms and adjustable gangways shall meet all health and safety
national requirements for handrails, mid-rails, toe boards and fall protection (and be included
in maintenance regimes, see 8.1). Stairways, work platforms and adjustable gangways shall
be equipped as required with national health and safety placards/signage.
Typically points that should be considered include:
−
− Are there adequate pedestrian and vehicle access routes, including where necessary
platforms, ladders or stairs to enable unhindered operation and maintenance of the
equipment?
−
− Are all valve handles at the best orientation and within easy reach? Can all gauges
etc. be clearly seen? Is there adequate room to take samples in jars or buckets, and
to perform quality tests? Is there a bare metal bonding lug?
−
− Is there sufficient space and clearance for each item of equipment that is likely to
require routine inspection or maintenance (such as a filter, pump, pump motor,
valves, interceptor), including room to lift out the item for replacement if necessary?
−
− Are all platforms, high-level walkways, stairs etc. protected by hand railing and fitted
with kicker plates to prevent persons and objects falling?
−
− No stairway should have a slope greater than 45 degrees.
−
− The routine use of ladders should be avoided wherever possible.
−
− Is there sufficient headroom, especially under access platforms, or can valves be
moved to more open positions?
−
− Are sufficient emergency escape routes in place?

19
−
− Are sufficient emergency access routes and safe areas provided for firefighting etc?
−
− Is there a safe means of access for entry into oil/water separators, interceptors?
Before finalising a design, a review of the proposals by experienced operational and
maintenance personnel is essential.
3.4 DEPOTS LOCATED OUTSIDE A CONTROLLED AREA
3.4.1 Boundary and enclosures
Airport depots shall be effectively bounded by fencing or walls composed of suitable
incombustible materials. Unless local or national regulations are more stringent, the total
vertical height should not be less than 2 m (6 ft) from ground level to the top of the fence or
wall including any barbed wire. The boundary may in part be formed by the walls of depot
buildings or bund walls. Adequate access for fire-fighting vehicles, especially around the
tanks, pumps and filters shall be provided as required by national or local requirements (see
also B.2 and 3.5.2.).
3.4.2 Tankage layout – safety distances, fire walls and tank compounds
3.4.2.1 Spacing of tanks
For the spacing of above-ground tanks reference shall be made to an applicable code, local
or national codes or a code referenced in B.2.
For smaller airport depots where buried or mounded tanks are installed, the distance
between any tank and the outer boundary of the depot depends on constructional and
operational convenience only unless there is a more stringent local or national code in place.
(See B.2.)
3.4.2.2 Tank compounds/bunded areas/dikes
For the requirements for tank compounds/bunded areas/dikes for product containment and
fire protection, reference shall be made to an applicable code, local or national code, or a
code referenced in B.2.
3.4.3 Buildings – location and spacing
3.4.3.1 Offices, including crew rooms, canteens, etc.
For the location and spacing of buildings reference shall be made to an applicable local or
national code (see B.2).
These buildings should be located whenever possible in non-hazardous areas and
preferably near to the main depot entrance gates.
When, for operational or other reasons, these buildings cannot be located in non-
hazardous areas, they should be constructed of fire-resisting material and shall comply with
local fire and safety regulations.
It shall be ensured that in the event of a major fuel spillage or fuel fire there remains
a safe escape route from buildings for all personnel.
Arrangements should prevent unauthorised entry by visitors into the depot working
areas.

20
3.4.3.2 Operational buildings
These buildings shall be constructed of materials complying with local fire and safety
regulations and are divided into three groups as follows:
(a) Group 1 Housings for boilers, power plants and fire-fighting pumps:
These buildings should be sited in non-hazardous areas so that the equipment in
them does not present a risk of ignition and can be safely operated in the event of a
spillage in an operational area.
(b) Group 2 Packaged oil stores, pump houses, filling points:
No packaged oil store, pump house or filling point handling avgas or jet fuels falling
into applicable Class I Classification should be situated less than 15 m (50 ft) from
any part of the outer boundary of the depot when it is constructed with open type
fencing. When the outer boundary consists of a continuous solid wall at least 2 m
(6 ft) high without openings, this distance may be reduced but should not in any
case be less than 6 m (20 ft). For pumping equipment installed in open premises, the
distance to the outer boundary should not be less than 15 m (50 ft). When packaged
oil stores, pump houses and filling points handle only jet fuel that does not fall within
Class I the distance to an open type boundary fence may be reduced to 6 m (20 ft).
Packaged oil stores, pumping equipment and filling points handling avgas
and/or jet fuels falling within Class I should be located at a minimum distance of 15
m (50 ft) from any building or compound in which hot work is normally carried out.
In the case of jet fuels that do not fall within Class I, this distance may be reduced to
6 m (20 ft).
Packaged oil stores should be positioned so that there is a minimum
separation distance of 6 m (20 ft) between them irrespective of the classification of
oils and quantities stored therein.
Packaged stocks which are held in drums or other receptacles and which
should be stored in the open air will be subject to the same distances referred to in
(b) Group 2.
(c) Group 3 Maintenance shops, service buildings:
These buildings may include sources of ignition and therefore they should be situated
in non-hazardous areas.
The walls of any buildings except those for which safety distances are
specified in Group 2 may form part of the boundary of the airport depot.
Reference for vehicle maintenance provision and associated separation
distances shall be made to an applicable code, either local or national, or a code
referenced in B.2, whichever is the most stringent.
3.5 DEPOTS LOCATED WITHIN A CONTROLLED AREA
When airport depots are constructed within a controlled area, then the conditions imposed
for that area should not be less onerous than the requirements contained in this publication.
3.5.1 Tanks, packaged oil stores, pumping equipment and filling points
When the depot is located within a controlled area, the distances between these facilities and
the depot boundary should be governed solely by constructional convenience. In all cases,
however, the distances between these facilities and the perimeter of the controlled area
should not be less than those quoted to the depot boundary in 3.4.

21
3.5.2 Boundary and enclosures
Where security fencing is not necessary by virtue of the depot being located within a
controlled area, the boundary should be defined by other suitable means. Adequate access
for fire-fighting vehicles shall be provided.
Access controls consistent with airport security threat level guidance shall be
implemented to control the movement of staff, visitors, contractors, other service providers
and other airport users.
3.6 DRAINAGE AND OIL/WATER SEPARATORS
3.6.1 Surface water – general
The protection of both surface and ground waters from pollution is essential. Drainage
shall be planned in accordance with local or national requirements and practices and in
consultation with the regulatory authorities concerned, who may set quality standards for
any water discharged from the site. Where possible, the drainage system should take full
advantage of any natural drainage at the site for the disposal of surface water. It is essential
that drains and separators are regularly inspected and maintained. (Refer to B.2.)
3.6.2 Drainage from operational areas
Guidance on drainage from the depot area, the tank compound and filling area can be found
in the publications listed in B.2.
3.7 LIGHTING
Adequate lighting should be provided to allow all tasks which have to be carried out during
the hours of darkness to be performed safely. Depot lighting should not be such that it is
hazardous to aircraft operations. All lighting shall conform to airport regulations. Reference
shall be made to an applicable code, either a local or national one or a code referenced in
B.2, whichever is the most stringent.
Ideally all lights should be located outside of hazardous areas. Where this is not
possible (e.g. sample rooms) they shall be correctly specified for the zone in which they are
located.
In these and other similar circumstances, the correct type of lights and switches
should be used. Therefore, prior to ordering and installing lights and ancillary equipment,
reference shall be made to the hazardous area drawing and relevant electrical specifications.
3.8 ELECTRICAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
3.8.1 General
Electrical design, installation and commissioning work associated with aviation fuelling
facilities is specialised and requires suitably qualified and experienced electrical contractors.

22
Local or national electrical safety codes, and other publications, set out in detail the
special precautions needed to safeguard against the risk of fire or explosion due to the use
of electrical current and lightning. (See B.2 for a listing of some national standards.) Due
consideration shall be given to the requirements/ guidance contained therein.
3.8.2 Static electricity
Local or national codes and other publications set out in detail the special precautions needed
to safeguard against the risk of the effects of static electricity. (See B.2 for a listing of some
codes and standards.) Due consideration shall be given to the requirements/guidance therein.
3.8.3 Portable electronic devices
The use of any portable electronic device, such as a mobile telephone, camera, security
scanner, radio, radio telephone, tablet etc, shall be prohibited within any hazardous area
unless it is designed and approved for use in those areas.

23
4 DEPOT PLANT, FIXED EQUIPMENT AND BUILDINGS
4.1 GENERAL
The information contained in this publication covers the minimum requirements for the
design of depot facilities.
The observance of sound engineering practices in the design of facilities is considered
essential to ensure that fuel quality is maintained.
All facilities used for handling aviation fuels shall be fully grade-segregated.
A schematic piping diagram identifying tanks, valves, pumps, pipes, etc, shall be
available in each storage depot with instructions for performing the various operations, e.g.
loading, unloading. These diagrams should be displayed where they are readily available for
reference by personnel operating depot equipment and by other interested authorities.
All sites handling flammable products shall be subjected to a process hazard analysis
(e.g. HAZOP, CHAZOP) and any subsequent modifications should undertake the same review.
4.2 TANKAGE
4.2.1 Design and construction
All tanks shall be constructed in accordance with a relevant local or national standard, see
B.2. Aviation fuels should be stored in horizontal or fixed roof vertical tanks. Fixed roof
vertical tanks may be fitted with an internal floating roof/pan. All tanks shall be constructed
and installed to allow settling and removal of water and particulate matter through a low
point connection. To achieve this, new horizontal tanks shall be installed with a minimum
slope of 1:50 and new vertical tanks shall be constructed with a coned-down bottom having
a slope of not less than 1:30 to a low point sump with floor plates lapped to aid the drainage
of any moisture or sediment towards the low point sump. Horizontal tank plate butt weld
joints may require welds to be ground flush with the surface. If avgas is stored in a vertical
tank, an internal floating roof or blanket may be used to reduce vapour losses. Environmental
legislation may require that all new vertical avgas tanks be fitted with an internal floating
roof or blanket providing an adequate seal to reduce vapour emissions to the atmosphere.
It is normal practice to free-vent the ullage space of tanks fitted with internal floating roofs.
However, the use of such a roof or blanket does not remove the need to install a floating
suction unit as required in 4.2.5. Pressure/vacuum (P/V) valves provide an alternate, but less
efficient, method of reducing vapour losses and shall be fitted to all above-ground avgas
tanks not equipped with an internal floating roof or blanket. If P/V valves are used, the
working pressure of the vent shall be taken into account in the structural design of the tank.
The number and size of tanks on site should be sufficient to provide adequate
working capacity and consideration should be given to the following:
a) Peak period volumes.
b) Supply replenishment arrangements.
c) Minimum stock levels/days cover agreements. (These may be imposed by governments
for strategic reasons.)
d) Tank settling times.
e) Tank routine inspection and cleaning periods.
f) Tank major integrity testing schedules.

24
4.2.2 Materials
Tanks referred to in this section are typically of steel construction. Tank materials other than
carbon steel should be designed to an appropriate standard and in accordance with good
engineering practice. If glass reinforced plastic (GRP) tanks, which shall only be used for
underground storage, are to be used then they shall meet local or national standards (see B.2).
It is essential to ensure that the tank material will not affect the quality of the product. Also
the product and water shall not affect the tank material. Specialist advice should be sought
in selection and application of protective linings and appropriate documentation supporting
these requirements should be obtained prior to using any epoxy resin. See 4.2.9.3.
4.2.3 Tank foundations and supports
The construction of foundations for storage tanks shall meet local or national tank standards
(see B.2). Where local standards are less stringent than those listed, it is recommended
that one of the listed standards is used. The foundation design will depend generally on
site conditions and consideration should be given to incorporating an impermeable barrier
such that continuity of the tank containment system is achieved. The design should provide
drainage, should prevent external corrosion of the tank bottom, should minimise rainwater
accumulation between the annular plate and the tank shell as this area is prone to corrosion,
and should give stability to the tank under test and under all service, wind, seismic, and other
climatic conditions likely to be encountered. Where the tank site may be subject to flooding,
further protection against erosion and flotation should be provided. Airport depots are often
located on reclaimed or low lying areas where ground stability may require the tank base to
be piled. The potential relative movement between tanks, pipework, pumps and filters shall
be considered.
Further advice is given in publications listed in B.2.
4.2.4 Tank inspection and testing
Factory and site inspection of tanks shall be carried out in accordance with the selected tank
standard, see B.2.
4.2.5 Tank fittings
Tanks shall be provided with separate fittings for filling and outlet and for drawing off
water and draining, emptying below the depth when the floating suction has landed for
maintenance purposes, sampling, venting and, where necessary, for tank gauging and
temperature monitoring.
4.2.5.1 Product level indicators
Low level alarms and tank contents’ instrumentation should be installed on all tanks. Tanks
shall be fitted with overfill warning and automatic shutdown devices. (See also 10.1.7.)
4.2.5.2 Floating suction units
Tanks in Jet A/A-1 service shall be equipped with floating suction units. Means of carrying out
regular checks of the buoyancy of these units shall be provided. The use of a floating suction
unit may also be considered for tanks in avgas service.
4.2.5.3 Status indicator boards
Unless the status of the tank (e.g. filling, settling, released or in service) is shown on control
panels or monitor screens, a board or similar sign to indicate the tank status should be
provided adjacent to the outlet valve.

25
4.2.5.4 Fire fighting

Fire-fighting fittings such as foam injection points/nozzles and water cooling systems,
meeting national and local requirements for storage tanks and fire suppressant system design
codes, shall be installed on large vertical tanks. It is recommended that the agreement of the
local fire service be obtained for the design.
4.2.5.5 Access stairs

Access stairs (and if necessary, a secondary emergency escape ladder) and walkways to
tank access chambers shall meet national and local requirements and where necessary to
connect tanks, should be installed on all tanks. The walkways and handrails should surround
each tank access chamber to allow safe access when carrying out any maintenance work or
checks. The top of the tank should be accessible by means of a sloped stairway to a work
platform located on the top of each tank.
4.2.6 Tank vents
Tanks shall be adequately vented to prevent the development of pressure or vacuum outside
the design limits of the tank. It is recommended that tanks in Jet A/A-1 service be free vented.
P/V valves shall be used on above-ground tanks in avgas/Jet B service unless they are fitted with
an internal floating roof/pan affording the necessary seal against vapour emissions. However,
the use of such a roof/pan does not remove the need to install a floating suction unit. Venting
devices shall be selected to ensure adequate venting capacity at all times and in all weather
conditions, to deal with flow rates associated with receipt into tankage from supply pipelines
and, particularly, deliveries from tankage into hydrant systems. They shall also be selected
taking into account higher flowrates achieved during hydrant flushing, dry commissioning
and periodically during operations. Normal and emergency venting requirements for fixed
roof tanks shall meet local or national standard requirements. (See B.2.)
Screens to prevent the ingress of foreign bodies shall have a coarse mesh with
minimum 5 mm (0,25 inch) holes.
4.2.7 Earthing of tanks and depot components
Tanks and the depot components shall be effectively earthed in accordance with the detailed
recommendations for earthing given in local or national standards. (See B.2.) Electrical
continuity shall be maintained between the tank shell and tank access stairways, gauge floats
and floating suction arms.
4.2.8 Tank pipe connections
(a) All connections and valves fitted to the tank shell and bottom shall be of steel
construction. Connections should be via flanges; screwed joints should not be used.
(b) All tanks shall be fitted with a low point sump provided with a drain line and suitable
valve for the draining of water and sediment. The drain line should be of non-rusting
material, selected to avoid galvanic action created by dissimilar metals (for example
between stainless steel and mild steel), of approximately 50 mm diameter fitted with
an in-line sampling valve. In the case of above-ground vertical tanks, the drain line
should lead to a large capacity stainless steel or internally lined sample receiving
vessel, provided with a self-closing (spring-loaded or equivalent) quick-acting valve
at entry, a cone-down bottom with drain valve, and a suitable motor-driven product
return system. This receiving vessel should be of at least 200 litre (53 USG) capacity.
There will be instances where it will need to be significantly larger depending on,

26
for example, the storage tank size or mode of delivery of product to the storage
tank. The design shall ensure that it is not possible for water to accumulate in the
drain lines (where it could freeze and prevent draining in cold weather conditions).
Provision should be made for taking a running sample from the tank drain line
between the tank and the sample-receiving vessel. The self-closing valve at entry to
the sample-receiving vessel and the valve used for taking a running sample shall be
simultaneously accessible to allow for one-man operation.
(c) In the case of above-ground tanks the low point sump should also be provided with
a large diameter flushing line and isolating valve suitable for purging water and
particulate.
(d) Tanks shall be fitted with separate product inlet and outlet connections. Vertical
tanks shall be filled through a nozzle near to the bottom of the shell and designed
to minimise turbulence. Outlet connections shall be fitted with floating suction units
(see 4.2.5.2).
(e) All tank inlet/outlet valves and piping isolation valves shall have thermal relief. (See
also 4.3.5.)
4.2.9 Tank corrosion protection and painting
4.2.9.1 External protection
Tank shells, roofs, fittings and fixtures shall be painted externally with an oil-resistant paint to
prevent corrosion. The type, thickness and colour of the protective coating should be selected
to suit atmospheric conditions and, where applicable, to minimise evaporation of contents.
Note also the requirements of EI 1542 regarding labelling.
4.2.9.2 Cathodic protection
Consideration should be given in special circumstances to protect tank bottoms by the
installation of cathodic protection using impressed current or sacrificial anodes. However, it
is important that where cathodic protection is employed, the tank should be insulated from
all other steel structures or pipes in its vicinity that are not protected by the same system. See
B.2 for a listing of appropriate standards or sources of information that should be applied.
4.2.9.3 Internal protection
All steel vertical or horizontal tanks shall be coated on all internal surfaces with a suitable
protective lining (see B.2) in the interests of fuel quality control and to facilitate tank inspection
and cleaning. The lining material shall meet the performance requirements specified in EI
1541 and be warranted by the manufacturer to be compatible with aviation fuels. The lining
shall be properly applied as per the supplier’s recommendations and be allowed to fully
cure as per the manufacturer’s recommendations. The lining material/application should be
covered by a 10-year application and material warranty.
4.2.10 Tank bunds/dikes and other methods of containment
All above-ground tanks shall be contained within a bund or dike unless other means of
containing spillages such as double-walled construction or installing a secondary shell are
implemented. Where a bund or dike is used, its capacity shall comply with local or national
standards. A secondary shell system shall be capable of containing the spilled contents of the
tank or tanks that it is protecting.
Where no such standards exist, or are less stringent, it is recommended that each
area should be capable of containing a minimum of 110 % of the volume of the largest
tank within the containment area. Low permeability materials are recommended for new

27
installations. The surface areas shall have a positive slope and drainage to an oil/water
separator.
If local legislation permits the second skin of a double skin tank to qualify as secondary
containment then this is acceptable provided that:
−
− Vertical 'catchpot' tanks (typical German design) have a double bottom on the
primary containment.
−
− Tank overfill containment is provided (the volume and extent of overfill containment
shall be assessed against the environmental risk, but will typically be based on flow
rate and time).
−
− Horizontal double-skinned tanks have all pipework entries above the maximum liquid
level, but discharge shall be at low level inside the tank.
−
− The second skin containment volume meets national regulations (110 % rule may
not apply).
Where earth bunds or dikes have been used, an assessment of the risk to surface and ground
waters shall be undertaken and appropriate steps taken to protect the environment.
Any rainwater drain-down valves in the bund or dike walls shall be subject to
procedures to ensure that they are kept shut when not in use and that any contaminated
water is properly disposed of. (See also 9.9.3 and B.2.)
Expansion joints between concrete bund concrete slab sections shall be leak-proof
and sealed with fuel- fire- and U/V-resistant flexible jointing materials.
Penetrations of pipes or other services through bund walls should be avoided but
where necessary, they shall be leak-proof and sealed with fuel- fire- and U/V-resistant flexible
materials.
Bund permeability testing at the time of construction and each 10 years thereafter
may be required by some local or national standards. Where this is required, valves, electrical
and other control systems shall be positioned above the flood test water line.
4.2.11 Buried and mounded tanks
4.2.11.1 General
Design and construction details are provided in local or national standards. (See B.2.)
Tanks shall be designed to withstand external loads imposed by the ground and by
groundwater when the tank is empty. In certain applications it may be necessary to install a
pumped drainage system to dispose of groundwater.
Where high water tables above tank bottoms can be experienced tanks shall be
anchored to prevent uplift.
4.2.11.2 Access to tanks
Access chambers should be not less than 800 mm (32 inches) diameter, and shall be so
positioned as to enable personnel in protective clothing to enter or leave the tank with ease
in case of emergency. A caged ladder may be permanently attached internally to the tank
shell extending from the top access point and fixed to the tank bottom.
4.2.11.3 Ventilation
In access tunnels or below-ground chambers, natural ventilation should be used when
possible. When forced ventilation is used it should be of the blower type and it should be
ducted to a low point adjacent to the tank to ensure maximum dissipation of any vapours.
Consideration should also be given to the installation of oxygen and hydrocarbon sensing
devices and alarms, which should be included in an inspection and test programme.

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