Electric power steering (EPS) is the gateway technology to autonomous driving of the future. It is needed to enable advanced driver assistance systems such as side-wind compensation, lane assist/keeping and parking assistance systems. EPS uses a combination of electric motors, actuators, sensors and controllers to give drivers the best steering control for all driving conditions - with Magnetic Position Sensors sensors playing a key role. This event will outline the importance of magnetic position sensors, discuss emerging magnetic sensor trends, such as the inclusion of dynamic angle error compensation and stray field immunity features, to provide higher levels of accuracy performance, and provide an overview of ams’ solutions for this market. Moreover, the talk will discuss how magnetic position sensors are helping to pave the way to electric assisted power steering solutions to meet new government safety and improved fuel efficiency regulations, as well as new industry safety standards such as ISO26262 – ASIL.

1. Confidential © ams AG 2015
Magnetic position sensors
aim at electric power steering
applications
Heinz Oyrer, Senior Manager Global Marketing and Strategy
Position Sensors, Sensor and Sensor Interfaces, ams AG
Automotive Congress, Shanghai, December 2, 2015

2. Confidential © ams AG 2015
用于电动助力转向应用的
磁性位置传感器
艾迈斯半导体有限公司位置传感器、传感器及传感器接口业务
全球营销战略高级经理 Heinz Oyrer
2015 年 12 月 2 日，国际汽车技术年会（上海）

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Agenda
Automotive Congress, Shanghai, December 2, 2015
• What is Electronic Power Steering (EPS) and the technology behind it
• Who benefits from EPS and why
• EPS market growth
• Business drivers in EPS growth
• EPS manufacturer supply chain
• Magnetic Position Sensors play key role in EPS
• Technology/business drivers for use of Magnetic Position Sensors in EPS
• How EPS technology is paving the way for advanced driver assist systems (ADAS)
• Emerging trends/enhancements in Magnetic Position Sensors
• Base EPS Architecture using Magnetic Position Sensors
• Wrap Up

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议程
2015 年 12 月 2 日，国际汽车技术年会（上海）
• 什么是电动助力转向 (EPS)，它背后蕴藏着什么技术
• 谁会从 EPS 受益，原因何在
• EPS 的市场发展前景
• 促使 EPS 发展的业务因素
• EPS 制造商供应链
• 磁性位置传感器是 EPS 的关键一环
• 将磁性位置传感器应用于 EPS 中的技术/业务因素
• EPS 技术如何为高级驾驶员辅助系统 (ADAS) 奠定基础
• 磁性位置传感器的新兴趋势/发展
• 使用磁性位置传感器的基础 EPS 架构
• 总结

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• EPS uses a combination of electric
motors, actuators, sensors and
controllers to give drivers the best
steering control for all driving
conditions.
• It also gives feedback to the driver –
known as the “feel of the road.”
• EPS plays a key role in a car or
truck’s personality and performance.
What is Electronic Power Steering (EPS)
Feel of the road

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OEMs migrating from Hydraulic to EPS
Systems
• Hydraulic systems require pump that acts
as a constant engine load, which lowers
fuel efficiency
• With EPS, no pump or engine load, thus
increasing fuel efficiency ≈ 3-9%.
Heart of EPS system is a DC motor that sits
on the Rack, Pinion or Steering Column
• Motor provides assist to driver in turning
steering wheel
• DC Motor type trending from Brushed to
BLDC and PMSM
Steering ECU receives input sensor data to
know how much assist to provide to the
Steering Motor
Why Shift to EPS Systems
Enable Automobile OEMs to meet improved steering safety and fuel efficiency requirements

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C-EPS – Motor on Column
• Pros – Motor is not exposed to high temps and water
• Cons
» Motor noise in cabin
» Impacts cabin space
» Limited to smaller vehicles with light front axial loads
P-EPS – Motor on Pinion
• Pros – Improved reduction in cabin noise
• Cons
» Exposed to high temps and water
» Can not support heavier vehicles
R-EPS – Motor on Rack - Where market is headed
• Pros
» No motor cabin noise
» Flexibility where to mount motor on rack
• Cons
» Exposed to high temps and water
» More costly
Types of EPS Systems – Function of Motor Location
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors in Electronic Power Steering Applications
C-EPS
P-EPS
R-EPS

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Electric Power Steering Benefits (1)
For Drivers, Environment and Auto OEMs
EPS Benefits Drivers
• Spending less money at the gas pumps.
• Minimizes drivers’ carbon footprint
• Gives drivers the “feel of the road”
• Gives a car or truck its “personality” and performance
• Enhances safety and steering control in all driving conditions
EPS Benefits Environment
• Reduce emissions due to improved vehicle fuel efficiency.
• EPS can reduce fuel consumption by up to 6% and CO2 emissions by
8g/km. Estimations show that its EPS systems have helped save almost
3 billion gallons of gas since 1999 (Source: Nexteer Automotive)

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Electric Power Steering Benefits (2)
For Drivers, Environment and Auto OEMs
EPS Benefits to Vehicle Manufacturers
• Brushless motor technology means high efficiency, improved steering
• Greater quality, technology, performance and value
• Modular, compact designs fit the smallest cars to the largest trucks
• Seamlessly integrates with OEMs’ vehicle systems
• Decreases vehicle weight, increases fuel efficiency
• Faster response, rapid design iterations and streamlined supply chain
• Paves the way to Advanced Driver Assist
“Hitting this significant milestone comes at an exciting time as we celebrate not only how far
we’ve come, but also where we’re heading with EPS and other technologies on the path to
Advanced Driver Assist Systems and autonomous driving.”, Steve Spicer, Global Product Line
Executive – Electric Steering at Nexteer Automotive.

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2015
• EPS has 57% of global market in 2015, with
emerging markets and big vehicles still using
Hydraulic Power Steering (for the moment)
• In 2015 global EPS market exceeded 56M
units
2020
• Worldwide EPS deployment to grow 82%,
between 2015 and 2020
• C-EPS and R-EPS represent 75% of global
market in 2020
• EPS will have exceed 80M units in 2020.
Source: Nexteer Automotive
EPS Market Large and Growing
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors in Electronic Power Steering Applications

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Business Drivers for Shift to EPS
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensor ICs in Electronic Power Steering Applications
Shift in Consumer Demand
• Car morphing from a personalized extension to a transportation tool
• Affecting how much willing to pay…but….
• Expect high end features, such as EPS, to be standard
Increased Regulatory Requirements
• Tighter CAFE regulations on fuel efficiency & reduced emissions
• Increased mandates on safety-related features; elimination of loss of assist in EPS
• High profile EPS related recalls in 2014 from Automobile manufacturers
Safety Standard ISO 26262 necessitating need for EPS…
• Sensor redundancy in safety critical systems
• Enhanced diagnostics at system and even sensor level
Market Growth in Hybrid, Plug-in hybrid, and Electric Vehicles
• Requiring improved EPS motor control for reduced power consumption & cost
Consumer Value, Regulation, Safety and E-Vehicles driving need for lower cost
and higher performance sensors in EPS

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• U.S. CAFE standards require OEMs to raise
average fuel efficiency to 56.2 mpg for new
vehicles by 2025; (CAFE – Corporate
Average Fuel Economy)
• Europe CAFÉ standards require OEM’s to
raise average fuel efficiency to 60.6 mpg ≈
26 km/l for new vehicles by 2025. Translates
in CO2 emission reductions to 70 g/km by
2025.
Business drivers – improved fuel efficiency & emissions
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors in Electronic Power Steering Applications
Source: Center for Climate and Energy Solutions

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Business Drivers - Loss of Assist in EPS
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors in Electronic Power Steering Applications
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Investigated Numerous EPS Related
Recalls in 2014
Automotive – OEM1
• Recalled - 1,340,447 vehicles
• 3,489 reports of sudden loss of steering power assist while driving
• Defect - Buildup of brush debris on EPS motor armature caused motor to stop functioning.
Automotive – OEM2
• Recalled 1.1M vehicles in 2014 for power steering failures
• NHTSA investigating same issue on another 938,000 cars.
 Received 508 complaints from owners with sudden loss of EPS
Automotive – OEM3
• NHTSA investigating steering failures on 2 popular vehicle models
 Received 24 complaints of lost/diminished power steering assist on 2013 models

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Business Drivers – ISO 26262 (Automotive Safety Integrity Level)
The Safety Standard for Electrical and/or Electronic systems in Passenger Vehicles
First published in 2011, ISO26262 is:
• Development process and assessment tool for classifying risk and system safety
• Standard framework and vocabulary for hazard elimination
• Defines organizational safety management and safety life cycles for auto systems
Intended to address three important challenges in today’s automotive technologies:
• New electrical/electronic HW and SW safety functionality in passenger vehicles
• Increase in content and complexity of electro-mechanical systems and related software
• Risk from both systematic failure and random hardware failure
ISO26262 is “Technical State of the Art” and sets a Standard for Lawsuits if in Non-Compliance
• OEMs legally forced to comply with ISO26262 or risk major law suits.

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Business Drivers - ISO26262 Compliance
The Safety Standard for Electrical and/or Electronic systems in Passenger Vehicles
Vehicle hazards & operational situations are assessed and safety measures are defined for:
• Avoiding or controlling systematic failures
• Detecting or Controlling random hardware failures
• Reducing effects of hardware failures
ASIL Classification based on three factors to arrive at one of four levels (A, B, C or D)
• Severity (S0..3)
• Exposure (E0..4)
• Controllability (C0..3)
ASIL-D – Highest safety class event; having reasonable possibility of causing a life-threatening or
fatal injury, with the injury being possible in most operating conditions, and with little chance of
driver intervention/prevention.

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Business Drivers – Market Growth in Electric Vehicles
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors in Electronic Power Steering Applications
HEV - Dominates
BEV – Strongest
Growth

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EPS manufacturer supply chain (Not a complete list of market players)
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors in Electronic Power Steering Applications
EPS Motor Suppliers EPS Sensor Suppliers Tier1 EPS Suppliers Auto OEMs

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Magnetic Position Sensors Play Key Role in EPS
Torque measurement, Handwheel, and Motor position and control for ASIL-D System Safety Compliance
Torque Sensing Requirements [TOS]
• Single, Dual, Tri Die Redundancy
• Two/Three linear position sensors placed 30o to 90o from each other
• Accuracy ≈ 1-2%; with 12 to 14 bits of resolution preferred
• Shifting from analog to dedicated digital SENT interface
Handwheel Position Requirements [SAS] (On-Axis or Off-Axis)
• Dual spur gears with single/dual die angle sensor ICs under each
• Accuracy ≈ 1.0o; with 14 bits of resolution preferred
• Shift from analog, SPI or I2C to Shared SENT interface
Motor Position Requirements (On-Axis)
• Dual, Tri, and Dual-Dual redundancy
• Fast Digital Interfaces; SPI, ABI, UVW, and PWM
• Accuracy ≤ 1.0o; with 12-14 bits resolution
• Max RPM  12K to 30K
• Fast refresh rates/low latency; << 30µsecs
• Electronic Turns Counting
• Ability to operate off of Battery
• Low Power Mode (<50 µamps/die)
Torque and Handwheel
Sensor Unit [TAS]
EPS Motor
Motor position sensor IC
controls commutation of
brushless DC motor.

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Magnetic Position Sensor data to Steering ECU
includes:
• Hand-wheel position to know direction to turn
power steering motor
• Torque sensing to measure how much effort
the driver needs to turn steering wheel
• Motor position for providing motor control,
particularly in BLDC motors
Magnetic Position Sensors Ubiquitous in EPS Systems
Enable Automobile OEMs to meet improved steering safety and fuel efficiency requirements

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Magnetic Position Sensor Key Attributes in EPS
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors in Electronic Power Steering Applications
Stray Field Immunity
• Robustness against unwanted external magnetic stray fields
• Reduced BOM - eliminates the need for shielding
• Guaranteed safety, reliability and durability through contactless “system-on-chip”
Improved Accuracy over Lower and Wider Target Magnetic Field Levels
• < ±1.0o over Temp for Rotary Position
• < ±1 to 2% over Temp for Linear Position
• Operating Magnetic Field Range 5mT to 90mT
• Elimination of angle measurement lag at high RPM (DAEC)
Redundancy
• Dual and Tri Stacked die packaging
• Compliance with the latest quality standards i.e. ISO26262
• Zero-defect philosophy/culture
Increased Functionality
• Interfaces (SPI, SENT, Shared SENT, PSI5) for high performance/reduced wires
• On-chip diagnostics for ISO26262 compliance
• Turns Counting
• Low Power Modes (μamps)
• Off-axis

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On-axis and Off-Axis Rotary Position Sensing
• On-Axis (End-of-Shaft)
 No need for linearization; short programming time in production
 Mechanicals can be difficult and costly
• Off-Axis (Side-Shaft)
 Linearization required; longer programing time in production
 Mechanicals can be easier and less costly
Chopping/Differential Measurements
• Reduction in noise and improve accuracy performance
• Canceling of parasitic magnetic stray fields
Increased Resolution and Refresh Rates
• Shift from 8-10bits to 12-14 bits of output resolution for improved
accuracy
• Faster refresh rates to support higher bandwidth and RPM
requirements
Enhanced State of the Art Practices
Integrated Functionality for Improved Performance, Reliability and Safety
On-Axis Off-Axis

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Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor is Preferred Choice in EPS as it offers
better starting torque and efficiency
Controls commutation of a brushless DC motor employed in the
system
Provides fast and accurate measurements
 At startup: provides phase coil information via UVW signals
 At speed: provides position measurement via SPI or ABI signals
Eliminates need for discrete hall sensors in stator
Motor Position Sensor IC
Enables Efficient EPS Motor Commutation

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• Drivetrain of vehicles becoming partially or wholly electrified
• Electromagnetically and mechanically harsh environment
• New standards such as ISO11452-8 (immunity to magnetic fields)
and ISO26262 (functional safety)
Magnetic Stray Field Immunity Becoming Imperative
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors in Electronic Power Steering Applications

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Stray magnetic fields in EV and HEV
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors in Electronic Power Steering Applications
Position sensor with integrated stray
field immunity achieves high accuracy
performance even near high current
carrying cables

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Improved Accuracy - Dynamic Angle Error Compensation
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors (AS5147P) in High Speed Measurement Applications
Hardware Compensation integrated!
No Software needed!
External HW + SW compensation needed
MagneticPositionSensorSystem
Large lag from
angle measurement
to reporting
Moderate lag from
angle measurement
to reporting
Near zero lag from
angle measurement
to reporting
Elimination of Angle Measurement Lag and Fast Refresh Rates (1.9μs) at High RPMs

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• Hall Sensor front_end samples
target magnetic field every 110usecs
• Four hall sensor elements used to
produce differential analog Sine and
Cosine signals.
• Sin/Cos analog signals converted to
digital via 14-bit A/D
• Digitized Sin/Cos values fed to
Cordic to produce new angle value
measurement.
• Between 110usecs front_end
sample periods Interpolator/DAEC
calculates new angle output every
1.9usecs based upon device’s
calculation of target magnet
rotational rate.
How Dynamic Angle Error Compensation Works
Enables Low Latency and Fast Refresh Rates
Elimination of Angle Measurement Lag and Fast Refresh Rates (1.9μs) at High RPMs

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• EPS is the gateway technology to
autonomous driving of the future.
• EPS technology is enabling the future of
“intuitive motion control” with its advanced
mechatronic hardware/electronics, software
and sensor building blocks.
• Safety-critical components play a key role in
“Advanced Driver Assistance Systems” – or
ADAS
How EPS Technology is Paving the Way for ADAS
Source: Hitachi IR Day 2015

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Emerging Magnetic Position Sensor Trends in EPS
Advanced Magnetic Position Sensors in Electronic Power Steering Applications
Stray Field Immunity
• Robustness against unwanted external magnetic stray fields
• Reduced BOM - eliminates the need for shielding
• Guaranteed safety, reliability and durability through contactless “system-on-chip”
Improved Accuracy over Lower and Wider Target Magnetic Field Levels
• < ±1.0o over Temp for Motor and Steering Rotary Position Sensors
• < ±1 to 2% over Temp for 1D Linear Position for Torque Sensing
• Operating Magnetic Field Range 5mT to 90mT
• Elimination of angle measurement lag/faster refresh rates (1.9us) at high RPMs
Redundancy
• Dual and Tri Stacked die packaging
• Compliance with latest quality standards; ISO 26262 (ASIL)/ SEooC
• Zero-defect philosophy/culture
Increased Functionality
• Interfaces (SPI, SENT, Shared SENT, PSI5) for higher performance/reduced wires
• On-chip diagnostics for ISO26262 compliance w/ OTP for improved security
• Turns Counting and Low Power Modes (μamps)

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Base EPS Architecture
EPS System with (TAS) on Steering Column and EPS ECU/Motor Position Sensor (POS) near BLDC Motor

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Expanding Critical Safety Systems
• Increased accuracy and higher internal
bandwidths
• Package density/technology
• Integration of discretes to enable System-in-
Package designs
• All at lower costs and power
Electric Vehicles - Pinnacle of Auto
Electrification
• Increases EMI/EMC issues
• External Magnetically nosier environments
• Increased cost and power sensitivity
• Higher voltage platforms
ISO 26262 Standard is complex and expensive
to implement
• Who will pay?
• How will it affect development cycles?
Redundancy in EPS and other Safety Critical
Applications Driving Costs
• How much more?
• Who will pay?
EPS Architecture Flexibility with
Standardization – Can one size fit all?
• Vehicle class: Micros to Luxury SUV’s and
Trucks
• Rack Power
Key challenges driving magnetic position requirements
Magnetic Position Sensor ICs offer Four Key Advantages over Discrete Solutions

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Magnetic Position Sensor technology will continue to experience
strong adoption in EPS/ADAS, and other automotive safety critical
and fuel efficiency applications
New emission regulations and safety standards, along with EV
market growth and shifting consumer demand, are key business
drivers
Magnetic Position Sensor ICs offer many benefits over other sensing
technologies
• Superior durability through contactless “system-on-chip” solution
• Lower Systems Cost
• High Accuracy
• Low Power Consumption
• Require minimal space
• Increased Functional safety via on-sensor diagnostics
Wrap Up
Provide System Power and Cost savings while Improving Vehicle Performance and Safety

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磁性位置传感器技术将继续广泛应用于 EPS/ADAS 以及其它安全关键型和
燃油经济型汽车应用
全新的排放法规和安全标准、EV 市场的增长以及消费者需求的不断变化构
成了关键的业务驱动因素
与其它传感技术相比，磁性位置传感器 IC 具备诸多优势
通过无接触“片上系统”解决方案确保出色的耐用性
降低系统成本
提高精度
降低功耗
最大程度地减少占用空间
通过传感器内置诊断功能提高功能安全性
总结
能够降低系统功耗、缩减成本，同时还能提高汽车的性能和安全性

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请通过以下电子邮件地址与我联系：
Please contact me at heinz.oyrer@ams.com
请访问我们的登录页面
Please visit our landing page
http://ams.com/chi/Magnetic-Position-Sensors
或登录中文页面
or check out
http://ams.eefocus.com
Thank you for your attention!

34. Confidential © ams AG 2015
Thank you
Please visit our website www.ams.com