Hemal Jhaveri - Framing Differences in Gender Related Sport Insurance coverage by Internet Sites and Newspaper publishers. Read the full ppt to know more.

1. Framing Differences in Gender-Framing Differences in Gender-
Related Sport InsuranceRelated Sport Insurance
coverage by Internet Sites andcoverage by Internet Sites and
Newspaper publishersNewspaper publishers

2. New MediaNew Media
New press are modifying the wayNew press are modifying the way
information is collected, allocated,information is collected, allocated,
utilized, and absorbed (Shultz &utilized, and absorbed (Shultz &
Sheffer, 2007).Sheffer, 2007).
Online visitors tend to be younger thanOnline visitors tend to be younger than
other press customers. The Online hasother press customers. The Online has
now exceeded magazines as a primarynow exceeded magazines as a primary
information resource for People ininformation resource for People in
america, and competitors television asamerica, and competitors television as
the prevalent information resource forthe prevalent information resource for
U.S. youngsters (Pew Research, 2008).U.S. youngsters (Pew Research, 2008).

3. Research on Sport MediaResearch on Sport Media
Material and textual studies onMaterial and textual studies on
journal, paper, and tv gamejournal, paper, and tv game
protection during the last 35 yearsprotection during the last 35 years
have usually proven men gethave usually proven men get
more overall protection thanmore overall protection than
women at all stages of gamewomen at all stages of game
(e.g., Bishop, 2003; Eastman &(e.g., Bishop, 2003; Eastman &
Billings, 2000; Kian, 2008).Billings, 2000; Kian, 2008).

4. Research on Sport MediaResearch on Sport Media
Game press often structureGame press often structure
women sportsmen as sex things,women sportsmen as sex things,
are more likely to search into theare more likely to search into the
personal lifestyles of ladies inpersonal lifestyles of ladies in
sport, and reduce theirsport, and reduce their
achievements and expertise byachievements and expertise by
consistently evaluating theirconsistently evaluating their
capabilities to mencapabilities to men (Hardin et al., 2005; Vincent, 2004).(Hardin et al., 2005; Vincent, 2004).

5. FramingFraming
Creating is an expression consistentlyCreating is an expression consistently
applied to explain the means throughapplied to explain the means through
which reporters understand informationwhich reporters understand information
activities by choosing information andactivities by choosing information and
embedding them in story lines. Pressembedding them in story lines. Press
not only figure out which experiencesnot only figure out which experiences
are newsworthy, but also the ways inare newsworthy, but also the ways in
which those information activities arewhich those information activities are
created and portrayed(Kuypers, 2002;created and portrayed(Kuypers, 2002;
Lind & Salo, 2002).Lind & Salo, 2002).

6. Research on Sport MediaResearch on Sport Media
Traditionally, in most of the world, game hasTraditionally, in most of the world, game has
provided as a hegemonic organization,provided as a hegemonic organization,
assisting to protect the effectiveness of menassisting to protect the effectiveness of men
over females (Schell & Rodriguez, 2000).over females (Schell & Rodriguez, 2000).
Numerous students suggested theNumerous students suggested the
organizations of game and press are two oforganizations of game and press are two of
the primary causes strengthening hegemonicthe primary causes strengthening hegemonic
maleness in European community (e.g.,maleness in European community (e.g.,
Connell, 1990; Duncan & Messner, 1998;Connell, 1990; Duncan & Messner, 1998;
Kian & Hardin, 2009).Kian & Hardin, 2009).

7. PurposePurpose
A task to the conventional creating ofA task to the conventional creating of
men’s and women’s game by popularmen’s and women’s game by popular
press may be growing with thepress may be growing with the
improving occurrence of the Online.improving occurrence of the Online.
Several authors have found theSeveral authors have found the
community nature of the Internet iscommunity nature of the Internet is
more accommodating to women thanmore accommodating to women than
traditional forms of communication(e.g.,traditional forms of communication(e.g.,
Royal, 2008; Spender, 1995; Turkle,Royal, 2008; Spender, 1995; Turkle,
1995).1995).

8. PurposePurpose
However, analysis on Internet game media isHowever, analysis on Internet game media is
in its beginnings (Real, 2006). The fewin its beginnings (Real, 2006). The few
released analysis on sex have given combinedreleased analysis on sex have given combined
outcomes (e.g., Cunningham, 2003; Kian etoutcomes (e.g., Cunningham, 2003; Kian et
al., in press; Jackson, 2004; Stories et al.al., in press; Jackson, 2004; Stories et al.
2000).2000).
None of those released performs inNone of those released performs in
comparison Internet content of womencomparison Internet content of women
sportsmen with protection of women’ssportsmen with protection of women’s
game through more conventionalgame through more conventional
channels.channels.

9. PurposePurpose
This research tries to find out if anyThis research tries to find out if any
important variations are present in howimportant variations are present in how
some press (newspapers) and moresome press (newspapers) and more
recent press (Internet) use descriptors torecent press (Internet) use descriptors to
structure protection of the same men’sstructure protection of the same men’s
and women’s game.and women’s game.
Since golf is one of the only activitiesSince golf is one of the only activities
where the women’s and men’s activitieswhere the women’s and men’s activities
have identical stages of reputation, thehave identical stages of reputation, the
U.S. Start was chosen for evaluation.U.S. Start was chosen for evaluation.

10. Research QuestionsResearch Questions
Analysis concerns were applied ratherAnalysis concerns were applied rather
than theories for this exploratorythan theories for this exploratory
research. Three overriding researchresearch. Three overriding research
concerns advised this study:concerns advised this study:
RQ1: What important variations – if anyRQ1: What important variations – if any
– are available in the gender-specific– are available in the gender-specific
descriptors used to border paper contentdescriptors used to border paper content
on the U.S. Start men’s competition,on the U.S. Start men’s competition,
women’s competition, and content onwomen’s competition, and content on
both?both?

11. Research QuestionsResearch Questions
RQ2: What important variations – if any – areRQ2: What important variations – if any – are
available in the gender-specific descriptors usedavailable in the gender-specific descriptors used
to structure Best online content on the U.S.to structure Best online content on the U.S.
Start men’s competition, women’s competition,Start men’s competition, women’s competition,
and content on both?and content on both?
RQ3: What important variations – if anyRQ3: What important variations – if any
– appear in the gender-specific– appear in the gender-specific
descriptors used to structure paperdescriptors used to structure paper
content on the U.S. Start men’scontent on the U.S. Start men’s
competition, women’s competition, andcompetition, women’s competition, and
content on both in comparison tocontent on both in comparison to
descriptors in on the internet gamedescriptors in on the internet game
websites on the same tournaments?websites on the same tournaments?

12. MethodologyMethodology
Material research of all resource boxMaterial research of all resource box
(name of author) U.S. Start golf content(name of author) U.S. Start golf content
released in three everyday magazinesreleased in three everyday magazines
(The Los Angeles Periods, The New You(The Los Angeles Periods, The New You
are able to Periods, USA Today) andare able to Periods, USA Today) and
three popular online game press websitesthree popular online game press websites
(ESPN Online, FoxSports.com, SI.com)(ESPN Online, FoxSports.com, SI.com)
over a 16-day interval in drop, 2007.over a 16-day interval in drop, 2007.
Byline articles…Byline articles…

13. Coding Categories and ProceduresCoding Categories and Procedures
Written text of content were written forWritten text of content were written for
nine illustrative groups based onnine illustrative groups based on
pervious research: (1) physicalpervious research: (1) physical
appearances/attire; (2) fitnessappearances/attire; (2) fitness
prowess/strengths; (3) fitnessprowess/strengths; (3) fitness
weaknesses/limitations; (4) beneficialweaknesses/limitations; (4) beneficial
expertise level/accomplishments;expertise level/accomplishments;

14. Coding Categories and ProceduresCoding Categories and Procedures
(5) unfavorable skill level/failures; (6) family(5) unfavorable skill level/failures; (6) family
members role/personal relationships; (7)members role/personal relationships; (7)
psychological/emotional strong points; (8)psychological/emotional strong points; (8)
psychological/emotional weaknesses; (9) sensepsychological/emotional weaknesses; (9) sense
of humor.of humor.
Pretest and Intercoder reliabilityPretest and Intercoder reliability
Excel; ANOVA (alpha=0.05); PairwiseExcel; ANOVA (alpha=0.05); Pairwise
comparisons; Binomial check for levelscomparisons; Binomial check for levels

15. Assumptions Based onAssumptions Based on
Previous ResearchPrevious Research
Women’s experiencesWomen’s experiences
would include morewould include more
descriptors on physicaldescriptors on physical
performances, familyperformances, family
positions or personalpositions or personal
connections, fitnessconnections, fitness
weak points, negativeweak points, negative
capability or problems,capability or problems,
emotional or emotionalemotional or emotional
weak point, and comedy.weak point, and comedy.
Men’s articlesMen’s articles
consist of moreconsist of more
descriptors ondescriptors on
fitness expertise,fitness expertise,
beneficial capabilitybeneficial capability
or achievements,or achievements,
and psychological orand psychological or
psychological strongpsychological strong
points (e.g., Billingspoints (e.g., Billings
et al., 2002; Harriset al., 2002; Harris
& Clayton, 2002;& Clayton, 2002;
Kian et al., 2008).Kian et al., 2008).

16. General FindingsGeneral Findings
Internet ArticlesInternet Articles Total ArticlesTotal Articles % of all Articles% of all Articles
Men’s TennisMen’s Tennis 2727 48.2%48.2%
Women’s TennisWomen’s Tennis 1414 25%25%
BothBoth 1515 27%27%
TotalTotal 5656 100%100%
Newspaper ArticlesNewspaper Articles Total ArticlesTotal Articles % of all Articles% of all Articles
Men’s TennisMen’s Tennis 5757 41.9%41.9%
Women’s TennisWomen’s Tennis 2626 19.1%19.1%
BothBoth 5353 39%39%
TotalTotal 136136 100%100%

17. RQ1 and RQ 2RQ1 and RQ 2
For all paper articles analyzed, pairwiseFor all paper articles analyzed, pairwise
evaluations revealed results mostlyevaluations revealed results mostly
strengthening past game media research.strengthening past game media research.
Among the 10 important variations, the onlyAmong the 10 important variations, the only
surprising outcome was comedy wassurprising outcome was comedy was
considerably more likely to be used in contentconsiderably more likely to be used in content
about men’s golf than content on women’s golfabout men’s golf than content on women’s golf
or on both sexes.or on both sexes.
Programming and pairwise evaluations of BestProgramming and pairwise evaluations of Best
internet articles provided combined results thatinternet articles provided combined results that
overall did not strengthen traditionaloverall did not strengthen traditional
generalizations in game press coverage asgeneralizations in game press coverage as
believed, since only five of the 11 significantbelieved, since only five of the 11 significant
results were predicted.results were predicted.

18. RQ3RQ3
When evaluating paper and Best internet contentWhen evaluating paper and Best internet content
only on men’s tennis, online content wereonly on men’s tennis, online content were
considerably more likely to use descriptors onconsiderably more likely to use descriptors on
emotional strong points and physical weakemotional strong points and physical weak
points, while magazines considerably used morepoints, while magazines considerably used more
descriptors on family positions and comedy.descriptors on family positions and comedy.
For content completely on women’s golf,For content completely on women’s golf,
magazines were considerably more likely tomagazines were considerably more likely to
employ descriptors on physical performances,employ descriptors on physical performances,
fitness weak points, and family positions. Onlinefitness weak points, and family positions. Online
content were more likely to use features oncontent were more likely to use features on
positive capability, emotional strong points, andpositive capability, emotional strong points, and
emotional weak points on women’s golf.emotional weak points on women’s golf.

19. RQ3RQ3
In content concentrating on both men’sIn content concentrating on both men’s
and women’s tennis, the binomialand women’s tennis, the binomial
assessments for two ratios revealedassessments for two ratios revealed
magazines were considerably more likelymagazines were considerably more likely
to use descriptors on fitness expertise,to use descriptors on fitness expertise,
fitness weak point, and family positions.fitness weak point, and family positions.
Web sites used considerably moreWeb sites used considerably more
descriptors per article for positivedescriptors per article for positive
capability and negative capability incapability and negative capability in
content on both sexes.content on both sexes.

20. DiscussionDiscussion
Outcomes for descriptors within paper contentOutcomes for descriptors within paper content
strengthened the variety of past gender-relatedstrengthened the variety of past gender-related
game press research, reducing the athleticism ofgame press research, reducing the athleticism of
women and trivializing their achievements.women and trivializing their achievements.
Results within Best internet content were combinedResults within Best internet content were combined
but did not signify a important task to conventionalbut did not signify a important task to conventional
creating of men’s and women’s game.creating of men’s and women’s game.
However, evaluations between channels revealedHowever, evaluations between channels revealed
Best internet content were significantly more likelyBest internet content were significantly more likely
to alter the ways media structure femaleto alter the ways media structure female
sportsmen than were paper content.sportsmen than were paper content.
Thus, hegemonic maleness was pushed far more inThus, hegemonic maleness was pushed far more in
on the internet content.on the internet content.

21. Limitations/DelimitationsLimitations/Delimitations
This research only analyzed six significant pressThis research only analyzed six significant press
sites, and targeted on one men’s and women’ssites, and targeted on one men’s and women’s
game performed at the maximum level.game performed at the maximum level.
Overview cannot be made from analyzing sixOverview cannot be made from analyzing six
game information sites based in the U. s.game information sites based in the U. s.
Declares, where golf is not considered as anDeclares, where golf is not considered as an
extremely macho game.extremely macho game.
These six magazines or websites are all veryThese six magazines or websites are all very
popular, nationwide sites. However, no morepopular, nationwide sites. However, no more
compact, or local sites were analyzed.compact, or local sites were analyzed.
Therefore, the opportunity of this research mayTherefore, the opportunity of this research may
have been too wide.have been too wide.