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Late adulthood 1
1.
2.
3. ERIKSON
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Ego Integrity Despair
Feel whole, complete, Feel many decisions
satisfied with were wrong, but now
achievements time is too short
Serenity and Bitter and unaccepting
contentment of coming death
Associated with Expressed as anger
psychosocial maturity
and contempt for
others
4. --Ego differentiation versus work-role
preoccupation
--Body transcendence versus body
preoccupation
--Ego transcendence versus ego
preoccupation
5. PERSONALITY
Remains stable
Some slight changes
Agreeableness and acceptance of
change increase slightly
Extraversion decreases slightly
6. COPING/DEALING WITH STRESS
Seniors have developed coping styles to
deal with problems
Seniors have social support, familial
support, and friends which help to
reduce stress
High quality relationships have the
greatest impact on psychological health
7. COGNITIVE-APPRAISAL COPING MODEL
(Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)
States that people choose appropriate
coping strategies to deal with situations
that tax their normal resources
2 types of coping strategies: problem-
focused or emotion-focused
8. Problem focused coping: aims at
eliminating, managing, or improving a
stressful situation
This strategy is used when the person
sees that they have a chance of
changing the situation
9. Emotion focused coping: managing or
regulating the emotional response to a
stressful situation
Works to lessen the physical or
psychological impact of the stressor
Utilized when a person realizes that little
or nothing can be done about a
situation/stressor
10. SOCIAL INTERACTION
Disengagement theory: social
interactions decline because of mutual
withdrawal between elders and society
Adults are anticipating death
Not everyone disengages
11. ACTIVITY THEORY
States that social barriers cause
decreased engagement not the desire
of elders
Yet, offering adults opportunities for
social contact does not guarantee
greater social activity
12. CONTINUITY THEORY (Atchley, 1989)
People need to maintain a connection
between past and present activities
Activity levels represents the
continuation of a person’s individual
lifestyle; adults should remain active
13. Adults engage in the same sorts of
behaviors they always have:
MEN: engage in work, leisure activities,
role of father, husband
WOMEN: engage in roles of mother,
wife, worker, volunteer, and leisure
activities
14. SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY
As we age we become more socially
selective
Adults tend to limit their contacts to
individuals with whom they have
developed pleasurable, rewarding,
relationships
15. RELATIONSHIPS IN LATE ADULTHOOD
Social Convoy: cluster of family members
and friends that provides safety and
support
MARITAL SATISFACTION
Tends to rise in late adulthood
Couples engage in joint leisure activities
Less overall stress; no children to support
16. When divorce occurs, remarriage rates
are low
Widowhood: wide variation in
adaptation
Maintain social ties, outgoing personality,
high self esteem, and self efficacy in
handling daily living tasks foster
adjustment
Women who have developed
relationships outside the marriage fare
better than men
17. FRIENDSHIPS/RELATIONSHIPS
Social support from siblings increases;
especially when they live nearby
Siblings engage in joint reminiscing
Friendships provide companionship,
acceptance, and a link to the larger
community
18. Women are more likely to have intimate
friends and secondary friends: people
with whom they spend time occasionally
Adults and their adult children are often
in touch
They exchange advice and give
moderate support
19. Grandparent/grandchild contact tends
to decline over time, but grandparent
affection remains
20. RETIREMENT AND LEISURE
Decision to retire depends on
affordability, health status, opportunities
to pursue meaningful activities, and
societal factors
Women tend to retire earlier than men
because of family events
Those near poverty will continue to work
21. FACTORS THAT AFFECT ADJUSTMENT TO
RETIREMENT
Health status
financial stability
Satisfaction derived from work
Social support
marital happiness
22. Family-focused lifestyle: low cost
activities that revolve around the home,
family, and friends
Balanced investment: time is spent
across family, work, and leisure
Serious leisure: lifestyle focused around
pursuing an interest or hobby