15 bentley3

Chapter 15

The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia

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Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE)

 Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han
dynasty
 Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China,
initiates Sui Dynasty
 Massive building projects
 Military labor
 Conscripted labor

2

The Grand Canal
 Intended to promote trade between north and south China
 Most Chinese rivers flow west-east
 Linked network of earlier canals
 2000k (1240 miles)
 Roads on either bank
 Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20th century

3

The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)

 Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui
dynasty
 Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion
 Emperor assassinated in 618
 Tang Dynasty initiated

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Tang Taizong
 Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE)
 Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take
throne
 Strong ruler
 Built capital at Chang’an
 Law and order
 Taxes, prices low
 More effective implementation of earlier Sui
policies

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Major achievements of Tang Dynasty
 Transportation and communications
 Extensive postal, courier services
 Equal-field System
 20% of land hereditary ownership
 80% redistributed according to formula
 Family size, land fertility
 Worked well until 8th century
 Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries

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Bureaucracy of Merit
 Imperial civil service examinations
 Confucian educational curriculum
 Some bribery, nepotism
 But most advance through merit
 Built loyalty to the dynasty
 System remains strong until early 20th century

7

Tang Military Expansion and Foreign
Relations
 Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
 One of the largest expansions of China in its
history
 Established tributary relationships
 Gifts
 China as “Middle Kingdom”
 The kowtow ritual

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The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 C.E.

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Tang Decline
 Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music,
favorite concubine
 775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military
commander
 Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763
 Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress
rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang
 Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last
emperor abdicates 907

10

Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
 Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts
 Military not emphasized
 Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE)
 Former military leader
 Made emperor by troops
 Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants,
expanded meritocracy

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The Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

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Song Weaknesses
 Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
 Two peasant rebellions in 12th c.
 Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy
 Civil service leadership of military
 Lacked military training
 Unable to contain nomadic attacks
 Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern
China (Southern Song)

13

Agricultural Economies of the Tang
and Song Dynasties
 Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops
per year
 Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals
 Soil fertilization, improved irrigation
 Water wheels, canals
 Terrace farming

14

Population Growth

120
 Result of increased
agricultural production
100
 Effective food distribution
80
system
60  Transportation networks
Millions built under Tang and Song
40
dynasties
20

0
600 1000
CE

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Urbanization

 Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2 million
residents
 Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million
 Several cities over 100,000

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Patriarchal Social Structures

 Increased emphasis on ancestor worship
 Elaborate grave rituals
 Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased
ancestors
 Footbinding gains popularity
 Increased control by male family members

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Footbinding

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Technology and Industry
 Porcelain (“Chinaware”)
 Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal,
in furnaces
 Agricultural tools, weaponry
 Gunpowder invented
 Earlier printing techniques refined
 Moveable type by mid-11th century
 Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block
technique easier
 Naval technology

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Emergence of a Market Economy
 “Flying cash:” letters of credit developed to deal with
copper coin shortages
 Promissory notes, checks also used
 Development of independently produced paper money
 Not as stable, riots when not honored
 Government claims monopoly on money production in
11th century

20

China and the Hemispheric Economy

 Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese
cities
 Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases
local demands for imported luxury goods

21

Cultural Change in Tang and Song
China
 Declining confidence in Confucianism after
collapse of Han dynasty
 Increasing popularity of Buddhism
 Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam
also appear
 Clientele primarily foreign merchant class

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Dunhuang
 Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in western China
(Gansu province), 600-1000 CE
 Buddhist temples, libraries
 Economic success as converts donate land holdings
 Increase popularity through donations of agricultural
produce to the poor

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Conflicts with Chinese Culture
 Buddhism:  Confucianism:
 Text-based (Buddhist  Text-based (Confucian
teachings) teachings)
 Daoism not text-based
 Emphasis on Metaphysics  Emphasis on ethics,
 Ascetic ideal politics
 Celibacy  Family-centered
 isolation  Procreation
 Filial piety

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Chan (Zen) Buddhism
 Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate
 Dharma translated as dao
 Nirvana translated as wuwei
 Accommodated family lifestyle
 “one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”
 Limited empahsis on textual study, meditation instead

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Persecution of Buddhists
 Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late
Tang dynasty
 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist
temples, expulsions
 Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well
 Economic motive: seizure of large monastic
landholdings

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Neo-Confucianism

 Song dynasty refrains from persecuting
Buddhists, but favors Confucians
 Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought
 Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) important synthesizer
 Popular to 20th century

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China and Korea

 Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea
recognizes Tang as emperor
 Technically a vassal statue, but highly
independent
 Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive

28

China and Vietnam

 Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture,
technology
 But ongoing resentment at political domination
 Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in
10th century

29

China and Early Japan
 Chinese armies never invade Japan
 Yet Chinese culture pervasive
 Imitation of Tang administration
 Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan”
(710-794 CE)
 Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings
 Yet retention of Shinto religion

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Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)
 Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto)
 Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of
Fujiwara clan
 Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power
behind the throne
 Helps explain longevity of the institution

31

Japanese Literature
 Influence of Chinese kanji characters
 Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese
 Development of hiragana, katakana syllabic alphabet
 Court life: The Tale of Genji
 Written by woman with weak command of Chinese,
becomes classic of early Japanese literature

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Institution of the Shogun

 Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in
12th century
 Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE
 Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to
continue in Kyoto

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Medieval Japan

 Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi
(1336-1573 CE) periods
 Decentralized power in hands of warlords
 Military authority in hands of samurai
 Professional warriors

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