Knowledge and Cognition

1. Knowledge and Cognition

2. • Cognition is the process by which the sensory
input is transformed, reduced, elaborated,
stored, recovered, and used. In science,
cognition is a group of mental processes that
includes the attention of working memory,
producing and comprehending language,
learning, reasoning, problem solving, and
decision making.

3. • Cognition is a faculty for the processing of
information, applying knowledge, and
changing preferences. Cognition, or cognitive
processes, can be natural or artificial,
conscious or unconscious.

4. • "Cognition" is a word that dates back to the
15th century when it meant "thinking and
awareness. "Attention to the cognitive process
came about more than twenty-three centuries
ago, beginning with Aristotle and his interest
in the inner-workings of the mind and how
they affect the human experience. Aristotle
focused on cognitive areas pertaining to
memory, perception, and mental imagery.

5. Types of knowledge:
Conceptual knowledge, such as the
concept of momentum or energy, or that the
velocity of an object changes when it
accelerates, or that the gravitational potential
energy of an object decreases as it falls.

6. • • Factual knowledge, such as the value of
the gravitational constant, the radius of the
moon, or the density of iron.
• • Representational knowledge, such as how
to draw and use graphs.

7. • • Strategic knowledge, such as the ability to
recognize the applicability of a concept, such
as, momentum is conserved when there are
no external forces, or that energy is conserved
when there are no non-conservative forces.

8. • • Meta-cognitive knowledge, for example,
the awareness of underlying assumptions, or
that an answer should be checked by solving
the problem a different way.
• • Self knowledge, such as knowing one's
likely sources of mistakes, or knowing that one
should be more procedural when solving
problems.

9. • • Operational knowledge, such as how to
take the cross product or dot product of two
vectors, or how to take the determinant of a
matrix, or how to draw a free-body diagram.

10. • • Problem-state knowledge, which are the
features of a problem used for deciding how
to solve it. Examples are: knowing that there
are no external forces in a particular problem,
or that there are no non-conservative forces in
the problem, or that an object is at rest
initially, or that the object is on an incline.

11. Sensual and Rational cognition
• The structure of cognition: The cognition is consisted from
sensual and rational cognition.
• The cognition is difficult and complex process and starts
with sensual cognition. The main forms of sensual cognition
are:
• • Sensation - reflection of separate aspects of reality by
organs of feeling.
• • Perception - process of formation of subjective shape
of things.
• • Conception - clear (visual shape of things in our
memory. Memory is cognitive process consisting of
remembering, saving , re-remembering and forgetting of
gained experience.

12. • The main forms of rational cognition are:
• • Notion or concept - logical shape of
external world.
• • Judgement - reflection of things with its
connections and relations
• • Conclusion-Deduction - process of making
final conclusion from all previous judgements.

13. • Sensualism (also called sensationalism or
sensism is a philosophical doctrine of the
theory of knowledge, according to which
sensations and perception are the basic and
most important form of true cognition. It may
oppose abstract ideas. The basic principle of
Sensualism is "there is not anything in mind,
which hasn't been in the sensations."

14. • In epistemology, rationalism is the view that
"regards reason as the chief source and test of
knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason
as a source of knowledge or justification."
More formally, rationalism is defined as a
methodology or a theory "in which the
criterion of the truth is not sensory but
intellectual and deductive."