1. Mutation-induced variability for improved
yield and rust resistance in wheat in hot
irrigated environments
Abdelbagi M. Ali1, 2, Izzat S.A. Tahir2, Abdalla M.A. Kurmut2, Sufian M. Suliman2,
Nasrein M.K. Omer2 , Tahani Y. Elagib2 , Pierre Lagoda1 and Brian Forster1
1. Plant Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and
Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency - P.O. Box
100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
2. Agricultural Research Corporation, PO Box 121, Wad Medani, Sudan
a.mukhtar-ali-ghanim@iaea.org

2. Contents
• Introduction to the Division NAFA of IAEA
• TC projects for NA
• Projects related to mutation breeding for
resistance to wheat rust diseases
• Progress made and out come
• Conclusion/way forward

3. International Atomic Energy AgencyFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Corporate Mission
Atomic energy for
peace, health and
prosperity
Sustainable agricultural
development, improved
nutrition and food security
to contribute to sustainable
food security and safety by
use of nuclear techniques
and biotechnology

4. Division of NAFA
Nuclear
Techniques
Insect Pest Control
by Sterile Insect and Related
Biological Techniques
Plant Breeding &
Genetics
by Mutation Techniques
Animal Production &
Health
by Serological and Molecular
Techniques
Soil & Water Management
& Crop Nutrition
by Isotopic and Nuclear
Techniques
Food & Environmental
Safety
by Food Irradiation and Radio-
analytical Techniques

5. Feedback
Technology
Transfer

6. 96 Member States served
CRP & TCP
(7) (65)

7. International Atomic Energy AgencyFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Mandate
Plant Breeding and Genetics
To improve national capacities in plant mutation breeding, especially in
developing countries:
Mutation induction
Mutation detection
Mutant line development (pre-breeding)
and other enabling technologies

8. Radio-sensitivity test to optimum dose
y = -0.208x + 112.3
R² = 0.942
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Seedlingheightaspercentageofcontrol
Doses (Gy)
Stimulation
Induction
Genes studies
International Atomic Energy AgencyFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
12-15% Moisture
100% moisture

9. International Atomic Energy AgencyFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Generating and identifying mutants
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
Time (min)
Intensity(mV)
Mutation
Hin a Studies, Fluorescence
Hin a 96
Hin a 72
Hin a 48
Hin a 32
Hin a 24
Hin a 16
Hin a 10
Hin a 8
Hin a 6
Hin a 4
Hin a 2
Hin a WT
Hin a Hom
Mutagenic
treatmentMo seed
M1 plants M2, M3 … ..
Genotyping
Seed resource of
identified mutants
Phenotyping

10. International Atomic Energy Agency
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Mutant line
development
Identified mutant
Check BGSAD for potential alleles Rounds of selfing
Cross to reference genotype
Produce segregating population
Bulk segregant analysis
Fine Map
Candidates via synteny
Validation
Adaptive backcross to elite line
Varietal
development
Varietal
development

11. Recurrent
parent
Donor
mutant
F1
BC1
BC2
BC3
BCn
Backcross inbred lines
Selfing
DH, MM, Rapid cycling
DH, MM, Rapid cycling
FAST SLOW
Homozygous
mutant lines
Mutant induction
Accelerated mutation breeding by combinations
of DH, MM and short crop cycle
Repeated
generation
cycles
(5-6/year)

12. International Atomic Energy AgencyFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Successes in plant mutation breeding
3218 registered mutant varieties in 214 plant sp.
Majority (> 80%) have been developed by nuclear techniques
Most are food security crops
Legumes 492 Others 378
Cereals 1589
Flowers 642
Oil crops 110

13. INT5150 (2009-2013)
Wheat Stem Rust
SECOND DEFENSE LINE: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia
BACK UP DEFENSE LINE: Pakistan, South Africa
LOGISTICS SUPPORT: Australia, Austria, Italy, Mexico, Syria, USAFIRST DEFENSE LINE: Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Jordan, Kenya, Sudan, Syria,
Turkey, Uganda, Yemen
SUGGESTED ADD. PARTNERS: India, Iraq, Lebanon, Oman, Saudi Arabia
IMPORTANT WHEAT PRODUCING AREAS
Technology Transfer
Capacity Building
Networking 300 000 M2 and M3

14. Autors (in alphabetical order): (11)Al-Bokari M.,
(9)Al-Maawali Q. S. A., (9)Al-Mutasim Al-Busaidi R.,
(11)Al-Salman A., (14)Arabi M. I. E., (10)Arain M. A.,
(15)Ben Chedli Trifa Y., (1)Benbelkacem A.,
(3)Bhagwat S. G., (3)Bhavani S., (1)Djenadi C., (8)El
Amil R., (2)Elsayed S. S., (14)Ghannam A.,
(10)Hussain M., (10)Khanzada S. K., (11)Khashoggi
A., (7)Kimurto P. K., (7)Kinyua M. G., (7)Kiplagat O.,
(12)Le Roux J., (21)Li C., (22)Liu L., (13)Mohamed G.,
(4)Mostafavi H. A., (2)Moustafa R. A. K., (13)Mukhtar
A. A. G., (7)Mutui T. M., (15)Rezgui S., (18)Saif A.,
(6)Shakhatreh Y., (20)Singh D., (16)Tutluer M. I.,
(17)Wagoire W. W., (19)Yahyaoui A., (5)Younus M. &
(23)Lagoda P. J. L.
(1)Algeria
(2)Egypt
(3)India
(4)Iran
(5)Iraq
(6)Jordan
(7)Kenya
(8)Lebanon
(9)Oman
(10)Pakistan
(11)Saudi Arabia
(12)South Africa
(13)Sudan
(14)Syrian Arab Republic
(15)Tunisia
(16)Turkey
(17)Uganda
(18)Yemen
(19)ICARDA, Syrian Arab Republic
(20)CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya
(21)Department of Agriculture and Food of
Western Australia
(22)Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences (CAAS)
(23)FAO/IAEA, Austria (Luxembourg)

15. SCREENING PROTOCAL FOR M2 - M3 AND M4
1. To avoid escape from rust plant, screen M2 – M3 and M4
2. Use all known pathotype in inoculum
3. Use three highly adopted lines as check (susceptible in your area).
4. Planting dates two 1) Normal 2) Date for rust screening
Morrocco 00000000000000000000 00
Sr 31 oooooooooooooooooooo 00
Sr 24 oooooooooooooooooooo 00
Sr 36 oooooooooooooooooooo 00
Check (1) OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 00
M2 1 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
2 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
3 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
4 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
5 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
6 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
7 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
8 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
9 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
10 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
Check (2) OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 00
Morrocco 00000000000000000000 00
M2 1 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
2 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
3 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
4 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
5 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
6 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
7 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
8 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
9 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
10 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
Check (3) OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 00
Morrocco 00000000000000000000 00
M2 1 °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° 00
-
-
-
To develop proper rust infection
 Inoculate your materials in the evening (by spraying).
 Mix all virulence in equal proportions.
 1gm of rust spores is sufficient for inoculation of one hectare.
 Take notes / observations when checks and isogenic lines give you maximum rating (above
505).
 Collect inoculum for next year. Separate and maintain for the conformation of mutants
selected.
Screening Protocol for
M2, M3 and M4
Eldoret, Kenya
Screen House : M3 and M4
(inoculum spray)

16. Selections screening of mutants per country.
COUNTRY Selection R MR MS
Algeria Bulk (M2) 1 13 8
Australia Bulk (M2) 3 5
Egypt Bulk (M4) 6 10
India Bulk (M2) 10
Iran Bulk (M2) 5 6
Iraq Bulk (M4) 1 9
Kenya Pedigree (M7) 8 5 5
Lebanon
Bulk (M4) 6 5
Bulk (M2) 1 8
Pakistan Bulk (M4) 3
South Africa Bulk (M2) 31 60
Sudan Bulk (M2) 16 84
Syria Bulk (M2) 1 24 3
Turkey Main Tillers (M2) 4
Uganda Bulk (M5) 1 11 2
Yemen
Bulk (M4) 1 3 4
Bulk (M2) 8 5
TOTALS 13 132 231
4 resistant mutant lines
Submitted to National
Performance Trials

17. Screening workshop

18. Phenotype of resistant mutants and susceptible
wild wheat genotypes (Eldoret, Kenya )
Photographs courtesy of Amos Ego
Wild
parent
Wild
parent
Wild
parent
Resistant
mutant
Resistant
mutant Moderately
resistant
mutant

19. Visual and diseases scores for M5 lines in two populations at the
two testing sites; Wad Medani and New Halfa., Sudan 2012
Visual Scores 1
Wad
Medani
New
Halfa
Disease1
Scores
Stem
rust
Leaf rust
0 Poor 221 277 R-trR 256 6
√ Acceptable 136 125 trR-MR 154 45
* Good 73 62 MR-MS 68 84
** Very good 61 32 MS-S 19 311
*** Excellent 7 2 S 3 54
Total 498 498 Total 500 500
1
R= resistant, tr= trace infection, MR= moderately resistant, MS= Moderately susceptible, S= susceptible
Visual scoring in both sites while the diseases scoring was at New Halfa Research Station

20. • Genetic Stocks
o Major gene resistance type
o Minor gene resistance type
• Released mutant variety-Kenya
• Advance lines (6) With high yield and resistance to
stem and leaf rust (Sudan)
Future outlook
• Release mutant varieties
• Identify/characterize genes/alleles
• Develop Molecular markers
• Utilize the resistance source in backcross breeding
• Expand the work for resistance to stripe rust
Opportunity for collaborations
Conclusion

21. Thanks for
your
attention