Produce More from Less Pulses
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11-14 February 2019. Jodhpur, India. The 13th International Conference on Dryland Development Presentation at the session 12 February: TU - ICARDA Satellite Pulses for Harvesting ‘More from Less’ in Dry Areas Shiv Kumar Agrawal, Maalouf F, Biradar C, Nangia V, Saharawat Y, Sarker A, and Baum M
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Produce More from Less Pulses
- 1. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas icarda.org cgiar.org A CGIAR Research Center Pulses for Harvesting ‘More from Less’ in Dry Areas Shiv Kumar Agrawal, Maalouf F, Biradar C, Nangia V, Saharawat Y, Sarker A, and Baum M International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) 13th ICDD Jodhpur, India Feb 12, 2019
- 2. Feeding the Growing Population • By 2050... World population will grow to 9.2 billion = growth of 37% • Food production must increase by more than 60% ... • Triple burden of malnutrition (Food insecurity, undernutrition and obesity) Demand for Agricultural products
- 3. Current Production vs Ideal Consumption
- 4. icarda.org 4 Narrow Crop Diversity After the Green Revolution, agricultural intensification has led to cereal based monoculture. MENA region 2.2 m ha legumes 85 m ha cereals
- 5. The strategy is to produce more crops: • from less land, • per drop of water, • per unit input of fertilizers and pesticides, • per unit of energy, and • per unit of C emission. Produce more from less Meeting Food Demand by 2050
- 6. Wide Spectrum of Pulses for Crop Diversity
- 7. Soil Health Benefits of Legumes to Agriculture Legumes can fix 70-210 kg/ha N BNF is 20-22 million tons N/year Residue of pulses has a lower C:N ratio (17) compared with oilseed (41) and wheat (32)
- 8. icarda.org 8 Development of Short Duration Varieties Laird ILL6005 ILL2601 SD 12h
- 9. Yield Advantage of Elite Lines in Lentil (Marchouche, 2016-17)
- 10. icarda.org 10 Extra Early LentilsSummer2018 Winter2018 Cross D50F DMAT D50F DMAT LIRN22-107xILWL 245 36 61 106 140 ILL6002xILWL 245 39 69 107 142 LIRN22-107xILWL 245 39 69 109 142 ILL10140xILWL 90 39 71 105 140 ILL10140xILWL 90 36 71 103 142 ILL7978xILWL371 39 71 104 140 LIRN22-107xILWL 245 41 75 103 146 DPL62xILWL368 41 75 106 142 DPL62xILWL368 43 75 109 146 ILL2585xILWl 76 41 75 107 146 ILL 8091xILWL 11 45 75 105 146 ILL 10081xILWL 11 43 75 93 144 ILL10140xILWL 90 39 75 90 140 ILL 10081xILWL 11 41 75 92 135 DPL62xILWL368 58 75 101 137.5 ILL2585xILWL 90 39 75 108 147 ILL6002xILWL 245 41 75 107 142 LIRN22-107xILWL 245 41 75 106 142 LIRN22-107xILWL 245 39 75 107 142 LIRN22-107xILWL 245 41 75 106 141 ILL6002xILWL 245 41 75 104 142 ILL2585xILWl 76 41 77 106 145 ILL7978xILWL371 41 77 105 146 LIRN22-107xILWL 245 41 77 99.5 146 ILL 8091xILWL 11 41 77 106 150 ILL7978xILWL371 43 77 105 146 ILL 8091xILWL 11 43 77 106 144 ILL8091xILWL 11 43 77 105 140 ILL6002xILWL 245 65 77 119 150 ILL8091xILWL 11 65 77 109 142
- 11. icarda.org 11 Biofortified Lentils Trial Zn (mg Kg-1 ) Fe (mg Kg-1 ) Se (mg Kg-1 ) Min Max Av Min Max Av Min Max Av PYT 38.7 73.3 54.5 58.4 116.1 85.7 0.02 0.17 0.08 AYT 39.6 79.5 56.3 60.0 118.8 87.2 0.02 0.17 0.08 GCP 26.6 60.0 39.1 45.7 103.5 74.1 0.05 0.36 0.23
- 12. Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Aman rice Boro rice Diversification of rice-rice system 12 <90 days Window
- 13. 1 : 1 line Includes 20 data points from Lars Ohlander, SLU Sweden Source: Angus et al (2008) Australian Agronomy Conf, Adelaide , Australia. www.regional.org.au/au/asa/2008/concurrent/rotations/5786_angusjf.htm Rotational benefits of pulses on cereal crops
- 14. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Wheat Barley Yield increase of wheat and barley after faba bean % • Wheat, barley or cotton crop grown after faba bean may recover between 11 and 17% of the plant N remaining after faba bean (NRAFB) • NRAFB represent 2-19% of the total N requirement of those following crops Jensen et al. 2010 Impact of faba bean on N dynamics of following wheat crop
- 15. Grain yield of wheat and legumes under rainfed vs irrigation 1.36 3.82 5.18 5.7 1.57 2.35 2.86 3.54 1.36 2.63 3.36 3.74 0.64 1.16 1.42 1.58 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rainfed 1/3FSI 2/3FSI FSI Wheat Faba bean Chickpea Lentil Tel Hadya, 2007-2010 Grainyield(ton/ha) Substitution of cereals in rainfed areas
- 16. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84 91 98 Waterused(kgpl-1) Days after sowing Sensitive Tolerant Tolerant: less WU at vegetative stage, more water left for reproduction and grain filling Adaptation to drought Zaman-Allah et al. 2011 JXB Vegetative Reprod/ Grain fill CHICKPEA
- 17. 147 lentil genotypes Genetic diversity for limited transpiration rate under elevated midday VPD in lentil (Guiguitant et al., 2017) Breakpoint for VPD ranged from 1.38 to 3.47 KPa, with an average of 2.61 KPa
- 18. icarda.org 18 Identification of water-saving lentils Drought tolerant ILL7833 Transpiration rate (TR in mg H2O m-2 s-1) in response to vapor pressure deficit (VPD in Kpa) 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 5 0 1 0 0 1 5 0 2 0 0 V P D (K P a ) Transpiration(mg/m2/s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 0 1 0 0 V P D (K P a ) Transpiration(mg/m2/s) Drought susceptible ILL7813
- 19. For straw and grain yield ZT > CT Early > late planting Zero tillage for low production cost Farmer practice: CT, late sowing 670kg/ha Improved practice: ZT, early sowing 1285kg/ha Zero till lentil on wheat stubble 2007-08
- 20. Chickpea genotypes CT NT Lentil genotypes CT NT FLIP09-253C 0.91 0.81 ILL6994 0.78 1.01 FLIP09-235C 0.49 0.57 L24 0.49 0.73 FLIP09-227C 0.60 0.52 LSI88 0.72 1.03 FLIP08-84C 0.88 0.81 ILL8068 0.62 0.83 FLIP09-222C 0.49 0.48 ILL8110 0.78 1.26 FLIP07-211C 0.83 0.79 ILL6002 1.17 1.30 FLIP09-226C 0.27 0.29 Zaaria 0.84 1.35 FLIP09-308C 0.48 0.52 ILL6001 1.33 1.17 FLIP09-221C 0.25 0.61 2010S96130-1 1.05 1.11 FLIP09-234C 0.81 0.74 ILL7947 0.59 0.95 FLIP09-111C 0.68 0.82 ILL7010 1.04 1.12 FLIP09-304C 0.52 0.45 ILL5883 0.92 1.08 Moubarak 0.44 0.46 Bakria 1.26 1.39 Evaluation of elite germplasm under CA Evaluation of chickpea and lentil under conventional and no-till systems
- 21. icarda.org 21 Intercropping Pulses Diversify crop-livestock systems through more legumes
- 22. • Allelopathy • Enhanced productivity, nodulation and N2 fixation of faba bean through interspecific root interactions. • Faba bean biomass and grain yield increased by 35% and 61%. • Root exudates from maize increase • root hair deformation and nodulation in faba bean, • double exudation of flavonoids • up-regulate the expression of a chalcone–flavanone isomerase gene involved in flavonoid synthesis, and genes mediating nodulation and auxin response Benefits of faba bean/maize intercropping Source: Lee et al., 2016 (PNAS)
- 23. icarda.org 23 Summary of Diversified Cropping Systems Diversified cropping systems Nutrient cycling Biodiversity conservation Natural disease break Productivity Carbon sequestration Soil and water conservation
- 24. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas icarda.org cgiar.org A CGIAR Research Center Sk.Agrawal@cgiar.org www.icarda.org Thank you
Notes de l'éditeur
- The United Nations declared 10 February as World Pulses Day, keeping alive the positive momentum surrounding these healthy, nutritious and protein-rich legumes after FAO's successful International Year of Pulses Campaign in 2016. World Pulses Day is a new opportunity to heighten public awareness of the nutritional benefits of eating pulses. Pulses are more than just nutritious foods, they contribute to sustainable food systems and a Zero Hunger World.
- By 2050... World population will grow to 9.2 billion = almost 37% more mouths than the present. To meet the demand of growing populations, Food production must increase by more than 60%. We have a choice either to go for a few crops like rice, wheat, maize or a diversified portfolio of crops including pulses. But then, we have to keep in mind the Triple burden of malnutrition (Food insecurity, undernutrition and obesity), declining natural resource base, and changing climate. Moreover, the future demand of various commodities shows that demand for oilseeds and pulses will increase more than 80% from a 2010-base.
- MENA region produces 2.6 million MT of pulses from 2.2 million ha land as compared to 78 m tonnes from 85 m ha land globally
- By 2050, we expect a population of 9 billion. This will cause a "perfect storm" of food, energy and water shortages as demand for food and energy will jump 70% and 100% and for fresh water by 30% that too at expensive rate (higher cost). Now, we have only one way to go – produce more from less. Advances in technology innovation and synergy among configurations at field, farm and landscape scales are key to the future farming as family farmers strive to feed the world with limited natural resources. Innovation are required to improve resource use efficiency especially in terms of land, water and energy to boost efficiency and yields. Recent technological innovation in the digital soil maps, crop/variety suitability maps, stress probability maps, fertility maps, etc would be useful for planning sustainable agricultural intensification and NRM.
- The current reliance on a few crop species is a cause of problems in crop production and increases the vulnerability of agriculture. If we need to protect agri-biodiversity and soils, we need to grow a wider range of crops in more diverse rotations and cropping sequences. Dry areas cover 41% of the earth’s surface, and are home to over 1.7 billion people – and majority of them are poor. About 16% of the population lives in chronic poverty, particularly in marginal rainfed areas. With climate change and depleting natural resources, we need to focus on those climate smart crops which require not only less inputs but also contribute positively to soil health. Pulses fit in the prevailing cropping systems and they need to be mainstream in cereal based agricultural system.
- Integration of legumes in the existing crop-livestock systems can reestablish the synergy which we lost in the past among plant, animal, human and environment in the quest of food and nutrition security. Integration of legumes in Cereal- livestock systems show low carbon and water footprints and provide healthy food to human and nutritious feed and fodder to animals besides of course low GHG emission due to its BNF ability. Legumes brings synergy with cereal-livestock production as they work in symbiosis with rhizobium and other beneficial microbes in the root zone that growing legumes is like SIP (systematic investment plan) for a bright future.
- The successful use of Lens ervoides holds promise as a source of genes for resistance to other diseases and possibly for plant habit, biomass production and other important agronomic and market traits. With rapid advances in embryo rescue techniques, speed breeding and biotechnology tools, the prospect of transferring useful traits from exotic materials as well as wild gene pools in lentil has brightened. Wide genetic base of cultivated varieties provides a type of insurance against the epidemics of diseases and insect pests besides, of course, making the cultivated germplasm more amenable to breeding advances.
- 30 prebred lentils tested for their maturity in summer season-2018
- In south Asia, vast area left fallow after rice harvest in rainfed regions. Rice fallow requires appropriate variety and specific production technology along with managing biotic and abiotic stresses through integrated approach. We could bring synergy by developing extra short duration varieties of legumes to fit in rice-rice systems and rice-wheat systems.
- Under rainfed conditions, the productivity of crops like wheat and rice is as good as legumes. Under such conditions, legumes with high protein and less production inputs offers a good substitute to these cereals. Selection of appropriate crops/varieties and applying deficit irrigation can help increase water productivity in water limiting regions such as Mediterranean.
- The range of atmospheric VPD in the chamber varied between 1.12 to 4.5 KPa. The value for the breakpoint ranged from 1.38 to 3.47 KPa, with an average of 2.61 KPa The slope of the regression at VPD greater than the Breakpoint ranged from 0.0773 to 30.54 mg H2O m -2 s -1 KPa-1 and an average of 20.05 mg H2O m -2 s -1 KPa-1
- Sustainable intensification of crop and livestock production can reduce the need for additional land and with it the rate of deforestation. A number of productive mixed cropping and agro-forestry systems produce more food and feed from the same area of land, helping mitigate climate change through increased carbon sequestration and improving ecosystem services such as soil fertility. The cereal-legume system produces generally lower individual yields, compared with monocropping, but increases land use efficiency and gives higher economic returns.
- Plant diversity often leads to an increase in ecosystem productivity, but the underpinning mechanisms remain poorly understood. There is a renewed interest in legume/cereal intercropping/mixed cropping, to build agro-diversity and resilient cropping systems, and this research has important implications for developing sustainable agro-diversity.
- Agriculture is at a really exciting juncture. It is perfectly timed to take advantage of the latest developments in on-farm data capture and to kick-start the process of providing end users with knowledge and tools to make data-driven farming decisions.