Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women and Under Two- Years Children Among Beneficiaries of a Livelihood Improvement Program
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Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women and Under Two- Years Children Among Beneficiaries of a Livelihood Improvement Program
1. DELIVERING FOR NUTRITION IN SOUTH ASIA
Implementation Research in the Context of COVID-19
Date:1 December, 2021
Gulshan Ara
Associate Scientist
Nutrition and Clinical Services Division
Icddr,b
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Dietary
Diversity and Nutritional Status of
Pregnant Women and Under Two- Years
Children Among Beneficiaries of a
Livelihood Improvement Program
2. Background and rationale
• The global social and economic crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic poses
grave risks to the maternal and child undernutrition across LMICs (Heady et al., 2020)
• The crisis setbacks to already insufficient progress towards meeting the global nutrition
targets set for 2025 for stunting, wasting, maternal anaemia and breastfeeding
(Headey, D. et al., 2020)
• It is estimated that by 2022, COVID-19-related disruptions could result in an additional
9.3 million wasted children and 2.6 million stunted children
• 168,000 additional child deaths, 2.1 million maternal anaemia cases, 2.1 million
children born to women with a low BMI
• US$29.7 billion in future productivity losses due to excess stunting and child mortality
(Saskia et al, 2021)
3. • The objective of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on
dietary intake and nutritional status among pregnant women and under two years
children who were exposed to a nutritional intervention from a livelihood improvement
project for two years
Specific objectives:
To assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dietary intake and nutritional status
among pregnant women beneficiaries of a livelihood program
To assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dietary intake and nutritional status
among Under two years children beneficiaries of a livelihood program
Objective
4. •Pregnant women
•U-2 Children
Cross - sectional Population
•24 Upzilas-Project
•14 Upazilas-Control
Multistage cluster
sampling Study area
•Pre-COVID: Feb-Mar, 20
•During COVID- Sep, 20
Duration
Standard Operating
procedure
SES,IYCF, MDD,ANC,
anthropometry,
Haemoglobin
Training
Design
Sampling
procedure
Sample size Pregnant:1701
U-2:3535
Data collection
SES: Socio-economic status, IYCF: Infant and Young Child Feeding, MDD: Minimum Diversity
Both descriptive and inferential statistics were performed in STATA 14
Data analysis
Methods/Analysis
5. Background Characteristics of the Respondents
28
62
10
13
2
16
9
42
17
54
31
28
61
11
15
5
12
22
12
31
43
24
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Percent
*
*
• Significantly higher proportion of households in the project areas were involved in poultry rearing and owned
any homestead garden *p < 0.05
6. Intake of Different Food Groups by the Pregnant
Women
*
*
• Significantly higher proportion of project women consumed pulse/lentil, dairy, egg and vit A rich fruits and vegetables in
last 24 hours in the pre-COVID survey compared to the during - COVID survey
54
60
90
72
57
66
38
36
87
48 47
41
0
20
40
60
80
100
Percent
Project Pre-COVID Project During-COVID
*
* *
30
39
85
50 50
39
41
36
86
44
49
29
Control Pre-COVID Control During-COVID
* p<0.05
7. Dietary Diversity (MDD-W) of Pregnant Women
25
75
50 50
56
44
55
45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
< 5 food groups > 5 food groups < 5 food groups > 5 food groups
Percent
Project Control
Pre-COVID During-COVID
• Significantly higher proportion of project women consumed more than 5 food groups before COVID-19
*
*p < 0.05
8. Average Weight of Pregnant Women During Three Trimesters
• Average weight of the project women was 2 kg higher in 2nd and 3rd trimester before COVID-19
52
54
58
52 52
56
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Ist Trimester 2nd Trimester 3rd Trimester
Mean
weight
(kg)
Pre-COVID
52
53
58
50
52
57
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
Ist Trimester 2nd Trimester 3rd Trimester
Mean
weight
(kg)
During-COVID
9. Anemia Status of Pregnant Women
41
59
33
67
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
> 11.0 g/dl (Non -Anemic) < 11.0 g/dl (Anemic)
Percent
Pre-COVID
*
37
63
21
79
> 11.0 g/dl (Non -Anemic) < 11.0 g/dl (Anemic)
During-COVID
•Prevalence of anemia was significantly higher in control area in both study points
*
*p < 0.05
10. IFA Supplementation by Pregnant Women
83
39
61
89
11
61
21
79
89
11
50
22
78
81
19
60
16
84
87
13
0
20
40
60
80
100
IFA Recived > 90 IFA < 90 IFA Daily Weekly IFA Recived > 90 IFA < 90 IFA Daily Weekly
Percent
During - COVID
Pre - COVID
• IFA consumption was significantly higher among the project women before COVID but no difference was
observed in during- COVID survey
*
*
*p < 0.05
11. Antenatal Care (ANC) of the Pregnant Women
19
67
13
45
48
7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
No ANC 1-3 Visit 4 + Visit
Percent
Before- COVID Project Before- COVID Control
*
*
39
56
4
42
51
8
No ANC 1-3 Visit 4 + Visit
During - COVID Project During - COVID Control
• During COVID data collection; a higher percentage of project women did not have ANC check up
*
* p<0.05
12. Infant Feeding Practices
84
95
5
86
77
88
11
82
68
89
22
69
80
92
9
76
0
20
40
60
80
100
EIBF Received
Colostrum
Prelacteals
given
EBF EIBF Received
Colostrum
Prelacteals
given
EBF
Percent
Project Control
During - COVID
Before - COVID
*
*
*
*
• EBF rate was significantly higher in project area in both study points
• Pre-lacteal feeding practice was significantly lower before COVID *p < 0.05
13. Intake of Different Food Groups by Children
95
42 40
65
60
63
45
89
25
40 41
33
39
28
0
20
40
60
80
100
Percent
Pre- COVID Project Pre- COVID Control
* * *
*
91
23
41
59
49 51
33
19
32
56
45 44
31
During-COVID Project During-COVID Control
*
*
• Significantly higher proportion of project children consumed pulse, animal protein, vit A rich fruits and vegetables
in last 24 hours in the before COVID
* p<0.05
14. Complementary Feeding Practices
63
79
53
97
32
55
24
94
0
20
40
60
80
100
MDD MMF MAD Continuation of
BF
percent
*
*
*
46
75
40
96
38
68
32
94
MDD MMF MAD Continuation of
BF
• Uptake of minimum acceptable diet among project children aged 6–23 months was significantly higher before COVID
Before - COVID During - COVID
*p < 0.05
15. Prevalence Stunting, Wasting and Underweight
among the Study Children
• Prevalence of underweight was significantly higher among the control children in the during – COVID survey
*
*p < 0.05
22
7
15
23
9
16
0
5
10
15
20
25
Stunting Wasting Underweight
Pre- COVID Project Pre- COVID Control
21
8
15
22
10
21
Stunting Wasting Underweight
During- COVID Project During- COVID Control
17. • The dietary diversity of pregnant women and children in the project was
significantly better than control children and women before COVID-19. The during-
COVID survey showed no significant difference in the dietary diversity between the
project and control areas
• The average weight of the project pregnant women were 2 kg higher in their
second and third trimester before COVID – 19
• Prevalence of anemia was significantly higher in control areas in both study points
• Underweight rate was significantly higher in the control children than the project
children in the during-COVID survey
Conclusion and Policy Implications
18. • Recommended intake of IFA supplementation was higher before COVID-19
among the project pregnant women
• Deterioration in dietary diversity, increased underweight among the control
children and low uptake of health services by the pregnant women in during-
COVID survey could be explained by the downward livelihood status of the poor
rural people and disruptions to food and health systems
• In pandemic situations, the availability of and access to food depend on:
opportunities for agricultural production; purchasing power and market access
• Emergency food ration for the marginal income families can be a potential solution
to protect and prevent pregnant women and children from worsening their
nutritional status
• Governments and donors must maintain nutrition as a priority, continue to support
resilient systems and ensure the efficient use of new and existing resources