Presented by Delia Grace and Tom Randolph at the third annual conference on Agricultural Research for Development: Innovations and Incentives, Uppsala, Sweden, 26-27 September 2012
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Innovations and incentives in agricultural research for poor countries
1. Innovations and incentives in
agricultural research for poor countries
Delia Grace and Tom Randolph
Agricultural Research for Development: Innovations & Incentives
Uppsala, Sweden, 26-27 September 2012
2. Outline
The livestock laboratory
CGIAR: science, evidence, or innovations?
Case studies
Community-based tsetse control
Smallholder dairy development
Innovations + incentives = impacts?
3. International Livestock Research Institute
member of the CGIAR Consortium which conducts livestock, food and
environmental research
to help alleviate poverty
and improve food security, health & nutrition,
While protecting the natural resource base.
India
Mali
700 full time staff-1000 total
100 scientists & researchers
54% from 22 developing
countries China
more than 30 scientific Vietnam
disciplines
2012 budget USD 60 million
Laos
ILRI works with a range of
Nigeria
research & development
partners Mozambique
across 7 CGIAR research
Kenya
programs
Ethiopia Thailand
5. Livestock support livelihoods
• In many developing countries, especially SSA, livestock contributes at least
40% agriculture GDP
• Around one billion poor people depend on livestock: 70% of the rural and 25%
urban poor. Dependency: 12-50%
• Livestock high value and rapidly growing sector
Projected global consumption in 2050
Rosegrant et al., 2009
6. Livestock nourish billions
• Over half developing world’s food
(crops and livestock) comes from
population (millions)
mixed crop livestock systems -
livestock are integral
• Livestock provide food for over 480.3 295.1
830 million food insecure people:
6-36% of protein and 2-12% of 1099.2
calories
• Small amounts of animal source
foods make a huge difference to
nutrition (cognitive development,
maternal health) 2674
7. Livestock bring lethal gifts …..
• Low income countries:
• Zoonoses & diseases emerged from animals 26% IDB, 10% total burden
• High income countries:
• Zoonoses & emerged 0.7% IDB, 0.02% total burden
8. Livestock have a long shadow…
• 31% of total freshwater use is for is for livestock
• Livestock impact on climate change- 18%?
• Livestock compete for other land uses
Additional grains
1048 million tonnes
more to 2050
Human
Livestock
consumption
430 million MT
Monogastrics mostly
458 million MT
Biofuels
160 million MT
10. Impacts of the CGIAR
65% of the total area planted to the world’s 10 most important food
crops is sown to improved varieties
The overall economic benefits of the CGIAR estimated at US$14 -
$120 billion
For every $1 invested in CGIAR research, $9 worth of additional food
is produced in the developing world
Without CGIAR research developing countries would produce 8%
less food and have converted12 million more hectares to farm land
Around 80,000 students, scientists and professionals have benefited
from capacity-building
(The CGIAR at 40 and beyond, 2011)
13. Case study 1:Innovations that fail
Community-based tsetse
control
Trypanosomosis: the most
important disease of cattle
wherever present
Spread by the unusual tsetse fly
Also causes sleeping sickness
Controlled initially by bush
clearing, game culling, areal
spraying insecticides…
14. What was done? Community based tsetse
Innovation
Screens that kill tsetse
Science showed
Tryps the most important
disease. 10% infected.
production by 15%
Screens cheap, effective
High satisfaction
High use (until..)
16. Case study 1:Innovation that succeeds
Kenya smallholder dairy
Milk: 2nd largest item of
urban household
expenditure
Milk: Per capita daily
consumption of 0.2-0.4
kg
3.5% of Kenya’s Gross
Domestic Product
(GDP) and 14% of the
agricultural GDP.
Smallholder farmers
produce around 80% of
the total production
17. What was done? Training informal milk sellers
Innovation
Training, branding, certification of
informal sector
Fail to meet standards
Metal milk cans, quality checks 100%
Science showed
Importance of smallholder dairy
Milk hazards high but health risks low
Formal milk no safer than informal
Raw milk Pasteurised
Training hawkers increases safety
18. Impacts of training informal actors
Policy change
Informal sector recognised
Impacts
Increase in milk handled
Around 80% actors trained
Around 50% licensed
$33 million USD annual benefits
Vibrant smallholder sector
Major donor investment
19. Some differences between case studies
Community-based tsetse control Training informal sector milk sellers
Novel behaviour Socially endorsed behaviour
Collective action required Individual action required
Risk averse target group Entrepreneurial target group
With success, motivation fades With success, motivation remains
Distant link with behaviour and Clearlink between behaviour and
income income
Innovation in a static market Innovation in dynamic market
20. LESSONS AROUND INOVATION & INCENTIVE
FAILURE IS GETTING EASIER TO PREDICT – but not necessarily
success
INNOVATIONS ARE THE LEVER – but often succeed in the project
context but not in the real world
PICKING WINNERS IS WISE BUT PORTOFOLIO SHOULD BE WIDER–
strong markets and growing sectors drive uptake
INCENTIVES ARE CENTRAL: value chain actors need to capture visible
benefits
POLICY: not creating enabling policy, so much as stopping the dead hand
of disabling policy and predatory policy-implementers
“think like a systemicist, act like a reductionist”
CRP4 was submitted by IFPRI; proposal was prepared in close collaboration with ILRI, and with support from 10 other Centers and an extensive consultation process with a large number of partners from ag, health, nutr